Alternative Tracing Gas Mixtures for Valve Fugitive Emission Measurements

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Lejeune ◽  
Laurent Cougnon
Keyword(s):  
Test Procedure ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Tracer Gas ◽  
Fugitive Emissions ◽  
Fugitive Emission ◽  
Mass Spectrometers ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Leakage Measurement ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Different Gases

Helium is commonly used as a tracer gas for leakage measurements across the world. This gas is easy to use without safety issues and enables to measure a very wide magnitude of leakage rates with well proven detectors (Mass Spectrometers). Nevertheless, shortage and price increase of helium in several world areas, encourage industry users to look for alternative tracing gases for leakage measurement. The Valve Commission of CETIM has decided to investigate the use of two alternative tracer gas mixtures in the field of packing fugitive emissions testing according to ISO 15848-1. This standard allows the use of Helium and Methane as tracer gases. The leakage measurements based on Hydrogen tracer gas has been developed in the recent years, with the use of Hydrogen (5%)-Nitrogen (95%) mixture for safety concerns. The test programme involves comparative fugitive emission measurements on graphite packing, following ISO 15848-1 test procedure with Helium, Hydrogen (5%)-Nitrogen (95%) and Methane (10%)-Nitrogen (90%) mix tracer gases. Several measuring methods are investigated as sniffing, accumulation, flushing and global vacuum using the relevant detectors for the different gases and measurement methods. Whereas the measurements did not appear to be sensitive enough with the Methane (10%)-Nitrogen (90%) for some measurements methods, the Hydrogen (5%)-Nitrogen (95%) mixture has shown a good potential for fugitive emission measurements according to ISO 15848-1.

Tackling the Methane Quandary: Curbing Emissions from Control Valves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Pacini ◽  
Stefano Rossini
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Control Valve ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Fugitive Emissions ◽  
Fugitive Emission ◽  
Control Valves ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

Abstract In the wake of Eni's strategy to curb fugitive emissions - in particular methane – an innovative control valve (Clarke Shutter Valve) has been deployed and tested in an Italian Eni facility. This shutter type valve is capable of reducing the fugitive emissions by more than 90%, as well as greatly curbing purchase costs, thanks to an innovative design in bonnet and regulating mechanism. In order to assess the real potentiality of the innovation, four Fisher globe valves and one Fisher V-ball were substituted with the Shutter Valves on different hydrocarbon streams of the Trecate facility (Piedmont), in particular on streams containing oil, gas and corrosive fluids. The valves were monitored for more than a year and fugitive emissions tests have been performed to detect and estimate methane leak rates. Since this represented a first deployment of this technology in Europe, a thorough analysis and technology validation of the valves has been performed. A successful installation and start-up were performed in 3 days by Eni's staff at in February of 2020. The valves were fully operational after the installation and to date no issues have been reported. In order to monitor the valves performances of flow control, continuous data collection on each valve has been implemented, and the analysis performed showed that all valves behave correctly as to Eni's standards. A fugitive emission test that has been performed at the end of 2020 with a certified portable FID/PID analyzer displayed that no methane emissions were detected from the valves. Lastly the one year and half long technology validation concluded that the Shutter Valves are a valid technology for curbing methane emissions from the Oil and Gas plants, and that suggested to qualify the company as Eni partner for control valves. This deployment and field tests, as well as the technological assessment performed by Eni's professionals showed the potentiality of this new type of valves in reducing the methane emissions from the petroleum industry. Understanding the potentiality of intrinsically carbon neutral technology is a crucial step for the mitigation of greenhouse gases emissions and towards the creation of a more environmentally friendly industry.

Gas Leakage Correlation

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Cazauran ◽  
Yves Birembaut ◽  
Rolf Hahn ◽  
Hans Kockelmann ◽  
Stephanie Moritz
Keyword(s):  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Leakage Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Gas Leakage ◽  
Testing Installation ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Leakage Measurement ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Gases

A project has been carried out on the correlation of leakage measurements of different gases in specific conditions in bolted flanged assembly. The objectives were: • to check if the relationship between the leakage measurements of Helium, CO2, refrigerant R134a and CH4 would be similar to results of calculations that can be found when using correlation formulas, • to compare emissions of a typical laboratory fluid (Helium) with process fluids like methane, used in petrochemical plants, as well as CO2 and R134a, used in the refrigeration industry. Referring to TA Luft and VDI 2440, which specify a unique test for the certification of gaskets, the configurations of the testing installation used consist of flanges assembled with either PTFE based, graphite or fibre based gaskets. Different gasket loads and internal pressure were applied in order to simulate molecular, intermediate or laminar leakage flow rates. This article describes the test configurations and shows the leakage measurement results. It also compares the ratios between the leakage values and the results that would be obtained by predicting the leakage of another gas and/or in other pressure conditions, using Poiseuille or Knudsen laws.

scholarly journals Methodology of Corrosion Testing of Nuclear and Fusion Reactors Materials Using TGA/DSC and MS Complex Techniques

2019 ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Ponkratov ◽  
V.S. Bochkov ◽  
K.K. Samarkhanov ◽  
I.S. Karambayeva ◽  
S.K. Askerbekov
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Fission Products ◽  
Structural Materials ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Fusion Reactors ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Thermal Gravimetric ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Active Elements ◽  
Different Gases

The behavior of structural materials of nuclear and fusion reactors during operation largely determines their safe and economical work. Structural materials of nuclear and fusion reactors are operating under conditions of interaction with various chemical active elements (gases, vapor-gas mixtures, fission products, etc.) in a wide temperature range; they are subject to high requirements in terms of their thermal and corrosion resistance. This paper presents the new methodology of complex studies on structural materials corrosion resistance of nuclear and fusion reactors with different gases and vapor-gas mixtures by thermal-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential-scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mass spectrometry (MS) methods simultaneously.

Evaluation of Leakage Through Graphite-Based Compression Packing Rings

2016 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Kazeminia ◽  
Abdel-Hakim Bouzid
Keyword(s):  
Gas Flow ◽  
Effective Diffusion ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Fugitive Emissions ◽  
Diffusion Term ◽  
Sealing Performance ◽  
Challenging Tasks ◽  
Packing Rings ◽  
Different Gases ◽  
Reliable Correlation

The prediction of leakage is one of the most challenging tasks when designing bolted flanged connections and industrial valves. Failure of these pressure vessel components can cause shutdowns but also accidents, loss of revenue, and environmental damages. With the strict regulations on fugitive emissions and environmental protection laws new tightness-based standards and design methods are being adopted to improve the sealing performance of bolted joints and valves. In addition, there is a practical interest in using a reliable correlation that could predict leak rates of one fluid on the basis of tests carried out with another on compressed packings. The paper presents an innovative approach to accurately predict and correlate leak rates in porous braided packing rings. The approach is based on Darcy–Klinkenberg to which a modified effective diffusion term is added to the equation. Experimentally measured gas flow rates were performed on a set of graphite-based compression packing rings with a large range of leak rates under isothermal steady conditions. Leakage from three different gases namely helium, nitrogen, and argon were used to validate the developed correlation. In the presence of the statistical properties of porous packings, the leak rates for different gases can be predicted with reasonable accuracy.

scholarly journals Performance of a Low Energy Ion Source with Carbon Nanotube Electron Emitters under the Influence of Various Operating Gases

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huzhong Zhang ◽  
Detian Li ◽  
Peter Wurz ◽  
Adrian Etter ◽  
Yongjun Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Ion Current ◽  
Electron Field Emission ◽  
Mass Spectrometers ◽  
Electron Field ◽  
Electron Emitters ◽  
Different Gases

Low energy ion measurements in the vicinity of a comet have provided us with important information about the planet’s evolution. The calibration of instruments for thermal ions in the laboratory plays a crucial role when analysing data from in-situ measurements in space. A new low energy ion source based on carbon nanotube electron emitters was developed for calibrating the ion-mode of mass spectrometers or other ion detectors. The electron field emission (FE) properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for H2, He, Ar, O2, and CO2 gases were tested in the experiments. H2, He, Ar, and CO2 adsorbates could change the FE temporarily at pressures from10−6 Pa to10−4 Pa. The FE of CNT remains stable in Ar and increases in H2, but degrades in He, O2, and CO2. All gas adsorbates lead to temporary degradation after working for prolonged periods. The ion current of the ion source is measured by using a Faraday cup and the sensitivity is derived from this measurement. The ion currents for the different gases were around 10 pA (corresponding to 200 ions/cm3 s) and an energy of ~28 eV could be observed.

scholarly journals Research of Surrogate Measure for Freeway Crashes Based on Tire Skid Marks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Yan Ma ◽  
Wenjing Huang ◽  
Zong Tian ◽  
Donghong Li ◽  
Hongzhou Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sliding Window ◽  
Safety Hazards ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Northern Nevada ◽  
Strong Linear Correlation ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Surrogate Measure ◽  
Traffic Systems ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Traditional approaches to evaluating and predicting safety issues in traffic systems are via crash records. However, considering the characteristics of scarcity, inconsistency, inaccuracy, and incompleteness of crash records, conclusions and recommendations drawn purely based on crashes have limitations. Tire skid marks are considered an indication of some safety hazards, and it could have good potential to be used as surrogates for crashes. By collecting and analyzing the data based on selected arterial and freeway segments in the Reno-Sparks area in northern Nevada, a methodology was developed to categorize different tire skid marks. Sliding window and linear regression techniques were applied to determine any correlation between tire skid marks and crashes. The analyses indicated that there was a relatively strong linear correlation between skid marks and crashes on freeway segments.

Discussion on Fugitive Emission Monitoring of Air Pollutants

2013 ◽  
Vol 807-809 ◽  
pp. 88-91
Author(s):  
Yu Gao ◽  
Hong Bo Pan
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Production Equipment ◽  
Fugitive Emissions ◽  
Emission Standard ◽  
Fugitive Emission ◽  
Project Completion ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Emission Monitoring ◽  
Project Location ◽  
Operational Errors

Construction project completion and acceptance of environmental protection, fugitive emissions of air pollutants monitoring sites based on the Integrated emission Standard of air pollutants (GB16297-1996) and Technical guidelines for fugitive emission monitoring of air pollutants and the relevant technical documents. The main source of fugitive emissions was production equipment obsolete, unreasonable design, operational errors, improper command and poor management. Existing problems: too theoretical, poor operability, from monitoring sites to point measured project location far, representative is not strong. Recommendations that distribution specification,always pay attention to fugitive emissions sampling,scientific and rational way to find the maximum concentration, Monitoring points arrangement as far as possible with less points to achieve better representative monitoring data .

Differentiating among Gas Mixtures Using a Single Tin Oxide Gas Sensor

2014 ◽  
Vol 605 ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faramarz Hossein-Babaei ◽  
Amir Amini ◽  
Khachik Babaians
Keyword(s):  
Gas Sensor ◽  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Feature Space ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Resistive Gas Sensors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Gases

Despite all their positive features oxide-based resistive gas sensors are nonselective and respond similarly for different gas and gas mixtures. The authors have recently demonstrated that the response patterns generated by a generic tin oxide gas sensor induced by thermal shocks contain considerable amounts of information regarding the nature of the present gas. Here, the results of using a similar technique on different two-component gas mixtures are reported. The gas mixtures are (1-butanol)x(2-butanol)1-x, (1-propanol)x(2-butanol)1-x, (1-butanol)x(1-propanol)1-x, and (1-butanol)0.33(2-butanol)0.33, (1-propanol)0.33, each at various total concentrations. The diagnostic features of the response patterns were extracted, by applying wavelet transform, and used for their discrimination in a three dimensional feature space. The positions of the clusters related to different gases are consistent with their composition and facilitate estimating the individual concentrations of the components.

Robust Design of a Test Bench for PHM Study of Ball Screw Drives

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Bertolino ◽  
A. De Martin ◽  
G. Jacazio ◽  
S. Mauro ◽  
M. Sorli
Keyword(s):  
Flight Control ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Ball Screw ◽  
Process Noise ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Research Themes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Ball Screw Drives ◽  
Fidelity Model

Abstract Over the last two decades, one of the most prominent research themes in the aerospace community involved the definition of “more electric aircrafts”. For flight control systems the trend is to replace the traditional electro-hydraulic solution with electro-mechanical actuators. However, safety issues severely hinder the diffusion of this technology. A possible breakthrough in this field can be the development of robust PHM techniques to anticipate the occurrence of failures. Ball screws feature one of the highest failure rate within EMAs’ mechanical components. Since their accurate modeling is fairly complex, experimental results are needed to support simulation outcomes to help in the definition of reliable health monitoring schemes. This paper presents the model-based design of a novel test bench intended for PHM analyses of ball screw drives. At first the test bench layout is introduced and compared to the state of the art. A high-fidelity model of the test bench is presented and exploited to perform a Monte Carlo simulation campaign with the goal to characterize its behavior versus measure and process noise in presence of varying size backlash. Finally, a test procedure for backlash identification is defined.

Development of a New Simple Protocol and Test Device for the Detection and Measurement of Elastomeric Seal Material By-Pass Leak

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Fribourg ◽  
Y. Morio ◽  
Y. Birembaut
Keyword(s):  
Surface Quality ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Gas Permeation ◽  
Tracer Gas ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Groove Surface ◽  
Simple Protocol ◽  
Leakage Measurement ◽  
And Diffusion

When leakage measurement on an elastomeric seal is performed with a tracer gas (helium), the measured global leak is the result of the combination of the two following phenomena: a) a phenomenon of gas permeation related to the solubility and diffusion of gas in and through the material, b) a phenomenon of by-pass or interfacial leakage related to the gas flow around the seal due to geometrical defaults at the interface (capillaries, cuts, seal and groove surface quality, etc).

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