scholarly journals Orientation Effects on Fatigue Behavior of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thale R. Smith ◽  
Joshua D. Sugar ◽  
Chris San Marchi ◽  
Julie M. Schoenung
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Build Orientation ◽  
Design Flexibility ◽  
Deposition Parameters ◽  
Design Choice ◽  
Direct Energy ◽  
Near Net Shape

Direct energy deposition (DED) is an additive manufacturing process that can produce complex near-net shape metallic components in a single manufacturing step. DED additive manufacturing has the potential to reduce feedstock material waste, streamline manufacturing chains, and enhance design flexibility. A major impediment to broader acceptance of DED technology is limited understanding of defect populations in the novel microstructures produced by DED and their relationship to process parameters and resultant mechanical properties. A design choice as simple as changing the build orientation has been observed to result in differences as great as ∼25% in yield strength for type 304L austenitic stainless steel deposited with otherwise identical deposition parameters. To better understand the role of build orientation and resultant defect populations on fatigue behavior in DED 304L, tension-tension fatigue testing has been performed on circumferentially notched cylindrical test specimens extracted from both vertical and horizontal orientations relative to the build direction. Notched fatigue behavior was found to be strongly influenced by the manufacturing defect populations of the material for different build orientations.

scholarly journals Plasma Metal Deposition for Metallic Materials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Ariza Galván ◽  
Isabel Montealegre Meléndez ◽  
Cristina Arévalo Mora ◽  
Eva María Pérez Soriano ◽  
Erich Neubauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Metal Deposition ◽  
Welding Parameters ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Direct Energy ◽  
Lightweight Alloys ◽  
Near Net Shape ◽  
Feedstock Material

Plasma metal deposition (PMD®) is a promising and economical direct energy deposition technique for metal additive manufacturing based on plasma as an energy source. This process allows the use of powder, wire, or both combined as feedstock material to create near-net-shape large size components (i.e., >1 m) with high-deposition rates (i.e., 10 kg/h). Among the already PMD® processed materials stand out high-temperature resistance nickel-based alloys, diverse steels and stainless steels commonly used in the industry, titanium alloys for the aerospace field, and lightweight alloys. Furthermore, the use of powder as feedstock also allows to produce metal matrix composites reinforced with a wide range of materials. This chapter presents the characteristics of the PMD® technology, the welding parameters affecting additive manufacturing, examples of different fabricated materials, as well as the challenges and developments of the rising PMD® technology.

Anwendungszentrum für additive Fertigung/Center for Applied Additive Manufacturing – Influence of process parameters during high-speed laser direct energy deposition

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (06) ◽  
pp. 368-371
Author(s):  
Sebastian Greco ◽  
Marc Schmidt ◽  
Benjamin Kirsch ◽  
Jan C. Aurich
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Influence Of Process Parameters ◽  
Direct Energy Deposition ◽  
Additive Fertigung ◽  
Powder Bed ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Direct Energy ◽  
Near Net Shape

Additive Fertigungsverfahren zeichnen sich durch die Möglichkeit der endkonturnahen Fertigung komplexer Geometrien aus. Die geringe Produktivität etablierter Verfahren wie etwa dem Pulverbettverfahren hemmen aktuell den wirtschaftlichen Einsatz additiver Fertigung. Das Hochgeschwindigkeits-Laserauftragschweißen (HLA) soll durch deutlich erhöhte Auftragsraten und somit bisher unerreicht hoher Produktivität bei der additiven Fertigung dazu beitragen, deren Wirtschaftlichkeit zu steigern.   Additive manufacturing enables the near-net-shape production of complex geometries. The low productivity of established processes such as powder bed processes is currently limiting the economic use of additive manufacturing. High-speed laser direct energy deposition (HS LDED) is expected to improve the economic efficiency of additive manufacturing by significantly increasing deposition rates and thus previously unattained high productivity.

Additive manufacturing of 316L stainless-steel structures using fused filament fabrication technology: mechanical and geometric properties

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Caminero ◽  
Ana Romero ◽  
Jesús Miguel Chacón ◽  
Pedro José Núñez ◽  
Eustaquio García-Plaza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Geometric Properties ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Build Orientation ◽  
Manufacturing Alternatives

Purpose Fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique using metal filled filaments in combination with debinding and sintering steps can be a cost-effective alternative for laser-based powder bed fusion processes. The mechanical behaviour of FFF-metal materials is highly dependent on the processing parameters, filament quality and adjusted post-processing steps. In addition, the microstructural material properties and geometric characteristics are inherent to the manufacturing process. The purpose of this study is to characterize the mechanical and geometric performance of three-dimensional (3-D) printed FFF 316 L metal components manufactured by a low-cost desktop 3-D printer. The debinding and sintering processes are carried out using the BASF catalytic debinding process in combination with the BASF 316LX Ultrafuse filament. Special attention is paid on the effects of build orientation and printing strategy of the FFF-based technology on the tensile and geometric performance of the 3-D printed 316 L metal specimens. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a toolset of experimental analysis techniques [metallography and scanning electron microcope (SEM)] to characterize the effect of microstructure and defects on the material properties under tensile testing. Shrinkage and the resulting porosity of the 3-D printed 316 L stainless steel sintered samples are also analysed. The deformation behaviour is investigated for three different build orientations. The tensile test curves are further correlated with the damage surface using SEM images and metallographic sections to present grain deformation during the loading progress. Mechanical properties are directly compared to other works in the field and similar additive manufacturing (AM) and Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) manufacturing alternatives from the literature. Findings It has been shown that the effect of build orientation was of particular significance on the mechanical and geometric performance of FFF-metal 3-D printed samples. In particular, Flat and On-edge samples showed an average increase in tensile performance of 21.7% for the tensile strength, 65.1% for the tensile stiffness and 118.3% for maximum elongation at fracture compared to the Upright samples. Furthermore, it has been able to manufacture near-dense 316 L austenitic stainless steel components using FFF. These properties are comparable to those obtained by other metal conventional processes such as MIM process. Originality/value 316L austenitic stainless steel components using FFF technology with a porosity lower than 2% were successfully manufactured. The presented study provides more information regarding the dependence of the mechanical, microstructural and geometric properties of FFF 316 L components on the build orientation and printing strategy.

Low Tension-Tension Cycle Fatigue Properties of 301 Stainless Steel Thin Sheets

2013 ◽  
Vol 351-352 ◽  
pp. 887-891
Author(s):  
Shi Ming Cui ◽  
Rui Dong Wang ◽  
Yong Jie Liu ◽  
Tao Long ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stress Ratio ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Loading Frequency ◽  
Thin Sheets ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Low Tension

By using of a micro mechanical fatigue testing system, low tension-tension cycle fatigue properties of 301 stainless steel thin sheets with a thickness of 0.1 mm were studied. The effects of loading frequency and stress ratio were considered in the tests. The results show the S-N curves descend continuously in the low cycle regime. Cyclic σ-N curve was obtained according to the traditional fatigue theory. It agrees well with the experimental data, showing that the traditional fatigue research methods are also suitable to describe thin sheets in a certain extent. With the increase of loading stress ratio, the fatigue strength of thin sheets is increased. There is an evident effect of frequency on the fatigue behavior of the thin sheets.

scholarly journals Microstructure and Fatigue Behavior of 2205/316L Stainless Steel Dissimilar Welded Joints

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Saúl Leonardo Hernández-Trujillo ◽  
Victor Hugo Lopez-Morelos ◽  
Marco Arturo García-Rentería ◽  
Rafael García-Hernández ◽  
Alberto Ruiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Welded Joints ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Solidification Mode ◽  
Tension And Compression ◽  
Weld Toe

The relation among microstructure and fatigue behavior of 2205/316L stainless steel dissimilar welded joints was investigated. Plates of 6.35 mm in thickness with a single-V joint configuration were gas metal arc welded (GMAW) in a single pass by feeding at 6 m/min an ER2209 filler wire with a heat input of 1.2 kJ/mm. Grain growth in the high temperature-heat affected zone (HT-HAZ) occurred mostly at the mid-height of the plates, delimiting the width of this region up to ~1.28 and ~0.73 mm of the 2205 and 316L plates, respectively. Dilution of the 316L plate with the ER2209 filler altered the solidification mode in this side of the weld and led to a significant content of austenite along the fusion line. Fatigue tests were performed using sinusoidal waveform at room temperature applying uniaxial cyclic loading, between constant stress limits within the elastic deformation of tension and compression (Δσ) with stress ratio R = −0.3. With stress ranges of 98% and 95% the fatigue specimens rapidly failed in much less than 106 cycles. The failure crack initiated at the surface of the 316L in the HT-HAZ near the weld toe. Surface analyses of unbroken specimens before and after fatigue testing revealed a significant increment in roughness of the 316L base material owing to the formation of intrusions and extrusions.

Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting

2016 ◽  
Vol 704 ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Kirchner ◽  
Burghardt Klöden ◽  
Thomas Weißgärber ◽  
Bernd Kieback ◽  
Achim Schoberth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Electron Beam Melting ◽  
Lead Time ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Complex Geometries ◽  
Powder Bed ◽  
Near Net Shape ◽  
High Degree

Powder bed additive manufacturing of titanium components offers several advantages. The high freedom of design enables the fabrication of structurally optimized, lightweight parts. Complex geometries may serve additional functions. The use of additive manufacturing has the potential to revolutionize logistics by dramatically reducing lead time and enabling a high degree of customization. Manufacturing near net shape parts reduces the loss of expensive material.For the application in safety relevant parts certainty about static and fatigue strength is critical. A challenge arises from complex influences of built parameters, heat treatments and surface quality. Ti-6Al-4V specimen built by electron beam melting (EBM) were subjected to heat treatments adapted to various employment scenarios. The results of tensile and fatigue testing as well as crack propagation and fractography will be compared to titanium manufactured conventionally and by selective laser melting (SLM). The mechanical behavior will be correlated to the microstructural evolution caused by the heat treatments

Modeling the Influence of Build Orientation on the Monotonic and Cyclic Response of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel GP1/17-4PH

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanna F. Siddiqui ◽  
Nathan O’Nora ◽  
Abiodun A. Fasoro ◽  
Ali P. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Cyclic Response ◽  
Build Orientation ◽  
Experimental Findings

Rapid prototyping has led to strides in improved mechanical part design flexibility and manufacturing time. Along with these advances, however, is the extremely high costs associated with additively manufacturing components that can limit a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical performance of these materials. This can be circumvented through the use of constitutive models which can both support experimental findings in addition to providing approximations of expected material behavior. The present study has demonstrated the influence of build orientation on as-built direct metal laser sintered (DMLS) stainless steel (SS) GP1/17-4PH, manufactured along varying orientations in the xy build plane, through strain-controlled tension and completely reversed low cycle fatigue experiments. Experimental findings from monotonic tension testing are used to model failure surfaces, which can be used to approximate failure regions for DMLS SS GP1 manufactured along varying build orientations within the horizontal xy build plane. Further, a Chaboche model is used to simulate the cyclic response of this material based upon experimental findings through low cycle fatigue testing. Conclusive findings from these models are used to assess the vital role that build orientation plays in affecting the mechanical performance of additively manufactured materials.

scholarly journals The Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel Additively Manufactured by Direct Energy Deposition Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Tomer Ron ◽  
Avi Leon ◽  
Amnon Shirizly ◽  
Eli Aghion
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Aisi 316L ◽  
Direct Energy Deposition ◽  
Direct Energy

Traditional additive manufacturing (AM) technologies tend to focus on powder bed fusion (PBF) methods, such as SLM (selective laser melting) and EBM (electron beam melting), that are attractive for the rapid production of complex components. However, their inherent drawbacks include the high cost of powders, high energy consumption and size limitation. Hence, more affordable and flexible direct energy deposition processes, such as wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), are gaining increased interest. This study aims to evaluate the corrosion behavior, including the stress corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel, produced by the WAAM process. Experimental samples in the form of cylindrical rods were produced by WAAM process using 316L stainless steel wires and compared with their counterpart AISI 316L alloy. The corrosion resistance was evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization, impedance spectroscopy and slow strain rate testing (SSRT). Despite the differences between the microstructures of printed WAAM 316L alloy and its counterpart AISI 316L, the corrosion performance of both alloys in 3.5% NaCl solution was quite similar.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document