scholarly journals Chemical discrimination of pesticide-treated grapes by lizards (Gallotia galloti palmae, Fam. Lacertidae)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nieves Rosa Yanes-Marichal ◽  
Angel Fermín Francisco-Sánchez ◽  
Miguel Molina-Borja
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Tongue Flick ◽  
Pesticide Treatment ◽  
La Palma ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Chemical Discrimination ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Tongue Flicks ◽  
Gallotia Galloti

Lizards from the Canary Islands may act as pests of several cultivated plants. As a case in point, vineyard farmers often complain about the lizards’ impact on grapes. Though no specific pesticide is used for lizards, several pesticides are used in vineyards to control for insects, fungi, etc. We therefore tested whether lizards (Gallotia galloti palmae) could detect and discriminate pesticide-treated from untreated grapes. To answer this question, we performed experiments with adults of both sexes obtained from three localities in La Palma Island. Two of them were a vineyard and a banana plantation that had been treated with pesticides and the other one was in a natural (untreated) site. In the laboratory, lizards were offered simultaneously one untreated (water sprayed) and one treated (with Folithion 50 LE, diluted to 0.1%) grape placed on small plates. The behaviour of the lizards towards the fruits was filmed and subsequently quantified by means of their tongue-flick, licks or bite rates to each of the grapes. Results showed that only lizards from the natural (untreated) site clearly differentiated the two types of grapes, performing significantly more tongue-flicks, licks and bites to the untreated than to the pesticide-treated grapes. Lizards captured at the other two sites (cultivated fields with pesticide treatment), did not show a significantly different response to the two types of grapes. These results suggest that lizards living in or near cultivated fields may be habituated to pesticide-treated food and, therefore, do not clearly discriminate treated from untreated food items. However, another possibility is that natural selection (or maybe resistance) could be responsible by these individuals in the populations showing this kind of pesticide insensitiveness.

Eksplorasi Keragaman FMA yang Bersimbiosis dengan Beberapa Tanaman Budidaya Pada Deposit Fosfat Alam Ayamaru

Agrotek ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonius Suparno ◽  
Dwiana Wasgito Purnomo ◽  
Karyoto Sardi Amat
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi

The research was conducted at Soroan, Ayamaru District, South Sorong, Papua. �The objective of the study was to observe the diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) that symbiosis with cultivated plants at the Ayamaru rock phosphates deposit. Based on the observation, there were four AMF associated with nine cultivated plants at the Ayamaru rock phosphates deposit, namely genus Glomus, Acaulospora, Sclerocystis and Gigaspora. Genus Glomus had the greatest diversity (13 types) followed by Acaulospora which comprised of seven types.� On the other hand, the diversity of genus Sclerocystis and Gigaspora only consisted of two types and one type, respectively.

scholarly journals Diurnal mesospheric tidal winds observed simultaneously by meteor radar in Costa Rica (10° N, 86° W) and Cariri (7° S, 37° W)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo A. Buriti ◽  
Wayne Hocking ◽  
Paulo P. Batista ◽  
Igo Paulino ◽  
Ana R. Paulino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Equatorial Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
Meteor Radar ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Poor Agreement ◽  
Vertical Wavelength ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Different Response

Abstract. This paper is about a study of diurnal tides on meteor wind observed simultaneously by two meteor radars sited on equatorial region. The radar are located in Santa Cruz (10.3° N, 85.6° W), Costa Rica (hereafter CR) and in São João do Cariri (7.4° S, 36.5° W), Brazil (hereafter CA). The distance between them is 5800 km. Harmonic analysis was used to get information of amplitude and phase (hour of peak amplitude) of diurnal, semidiurnal and terdiurnal tides between 82 and 98 km of height. The period of observation was from April 2005 to January 2006. The results were compared to GSWM00 model. In general, seasonal agreement between observation and model was satisfactory to zonal and meridional amplitudes. Values of zonal and meridional amplitudes from November to January to CR were very different of GSWM00. Peak of zonal amplitude (~ 25 m/s) to CR was observed in September and December between 90 and 94 km. On the other hand, meridional phase was excellent to both sites and vertical wavelength of 25 km was observed practically every month to CR and CA. The zonal phase presented some difficult to get vertical wavelength according to criteria adopted to calculate it. Considering diurnal zonal amplitude, when we compare CR and CA, we could expect a poor agreement of amplitude between them. That is normal if we believe that this is because the geographical location of both sites are completely different in terms of local climate even if they are close to the equator and effect of heat latent release could lead to different response at high altitudes.

scholarly journals DEFORMATION MECHANISM OF STRUCTURAL BODY COMPRESSION

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
О. N. Protasenya ◽  
L. V. Larchenkov ◽  
M. L. Protasenya
Keyword(s):  
Deformation Mechanism ◽  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Soil Physics ◽  
Engineering Structures

In order to prepare soil for sowing of agricultural crops it is necessary to have a number of engineering structures that ensure its qualitative treatment and protection from erosion. Modern equipment do not fully meet the whole complex of specified requirements. Application of tillage machinery being used for main soil cultivation is directed on suppression (destruction) of natural vegetation which is considered as the strongest competitor to cultivated plants. From the other side, vegetation on the Earth’s surface plays an important role for reliable protection of soil from erosion. Destruction of vegetation throughout the whole period of crop tending leads to the fact that the remaining cultivated plants are not able to protect soil from erosion by such natural aggressive factors as rain storms and strong winds. As a consequence, processes of soil structure destruction and losses of entire soil strata and its fertility occur in the geographical (landscape) envelope. Thus, equipment for primary and secondary soil tillage exerts double impact: from one side, killing of weeds takes place, and on the other hand, there is destruction (erosion) of soil structure and profiles of its geographical envelope. The soil, in the understanding of the earth, is the perfect place that gives life to plants and organisms, has a fertility. For the last 50 years analytical scope of physical processes occurring in the soil has been extended, physical methods for investigation of soil properties and application of technical equipment for assessment of physical-mechanical soil characteristics have got widespread use. However, there is no summative investigation on soil physics which includes and reveals thermodynamics, electrophysics and nuclear physics of soils. At the same time an integrated approach for studying such complicated object makes it possible to understand important nature of some processes occurring in the soil and to develop practical measures for fertility improvement and erosion reduction. The paper considers problems pertaining to deformation mechanism while forming soil structure and its compression under influence of external loadings: magnetic, electric, physico-chemical, gravitational and thermal fields and working organs of tillage tools.

Some clues to the nature of semantic development

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Donaldson ◽  
James McGarrigle
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Semantic Development ◽  
Different Response

ABSTRACTStudies of comprehension of the quantifiers all and more are reported. The subjects were children between the ages of three and five. There were two main conditions. In one of these the objects to which the quantifiers related were enclosed in containers which either were or were not filled by the objects. In the other no containers were present. These conditions yielded substantially different response patterns. The relation of the findings to those typically obtained from Piagetian conservation tasks is discussed; and the implications for theories of semantic development are considered.

Unequal sex ratios in longline catches

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Wirtz ◽  
T. Morato
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
The Other ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
Longline Fishery ◽  
Significant Bias ◽  
Different Response ◽  
The Given

There is sometimes a significant bias in the sex ratio of fish caught by longline. Usually, more females than males are caught. The possible reasons for unequal sex ratios in longline catches are listed and discussed. One sex could be more common in the area where the fishery takes place because there really is an unequal sex ratio in the population or because the other sex preferentially occurs in different places. Alternatively, longline fishery might preferentially catch one of the sexes. This could be a result of size difference between the sexes and thus a different response to the given hook size or bait size. Finally, sexes could differ in their feeding behaviour. There is growing evidence that females—not only of fish—are ‘energy maximizers’: they find food faster and spend more time feeding than do males. Thus, fishing methods using bait are likely to catch a higher proportion of females than fishing methods that do not use bait.

scholarly journals Does Sport Affect Health and Well-Being or Is It the Other Way Around? A Note on Reverse-Causality in Empirical Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-226
Author(s):  
Jing Guan ◽  
J. D. Tena
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
Response Variables

Estimating the causal impact of sport or physical activity on health and well-being is an issue of great relevance in the sport and health literature. The increasing availability of individual level data has encouraged this interest. However, this analysis requires dealing with two types of simultaneity problem: (1) between exercise and response variables; and (2) across the different response variables. This note discusses how the previous literature has dealt with these two questions with particular attention paid to the use of seemingly aseptic econometric models proposed by some recent empirical papers. Regardless of the approach, identification necessarily requires the use of untestable hypotheses. We provide some recommendations based on analyzing the robustness of the estimation results to changes in the adopted identification assumptions.

scholarly journals Selectivity of the herbicide linuron sprayed in pre-emergence and post-early in carrot

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 1201
Author(s):  
Núbia Maria Correia ◽  
Agnaldo Donizete Ferreira de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Carrot Plant

Herbicide application is a method for weed control in carrot crops. However, the choice of the chemical treatment (herbicide, association of products, dose, and time of application) should consider its selectivity to the crop. It is desired to analyze the selectivity of linuron for carrot plants, when sprayed on pre-emergence and post-early cultivated plants. Two experiments were carried out in the field in an area of the commercial production of carrots, one with the Verano cultivar and the other with BRS Planalto. Both experiments included an experimental design with randomized blocks in a factorial 2 x 4 + 1 with six and four replications for the experiments with Verano and BRS Planalto, respectively. The herbicide linuron (675 and 990 g a.i. ha-1) was sprayed at four times, counting from the carrot sowing day: in the pre-emergence of the crop at 0, 3, and 6 days after sowing (DAS) and in the post-early emergence at 9 DAS, when the plants had 1 or 2 cotyledons. An untreated control was maintained as an additional treatment. Linuron was selective for the carrot plant cultivars Verano and BRS Planalto, in both doses tested, when sprayed in the pre-emergence, up to six days after sowing, and in the post-early (plants with 1 or 2 cotyledon leaves) at nine days after sowing.

Omnivorous lacertid lizards (Gallotia) from El Hierro, Canary Islands, can identify prey and plant food using only chemical cues

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E Cooper, Jr. ◽  
Valentín Pérez-Mellado
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Tongue Flick ◽  
Plant Food ◽  
El Hierro ◽  
Plant Chemical ◽  
Lacertid Lizards ◽  
Chemical Discrimination ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Tongue Flicking ◽  
The One

We studied lingual and biting responses to food chemicals by two species of omnivorous lacertid lizards, the Canary Island endemics Gallotia simonyi (the giant lizard of El Hierro) and Gallotia caesaris (Boettger's lizard), to ascertain their ability to discriminate between prey and plant food chemicals on the one hand and control stimuli on the other. We recorded frequencies of tongue-flicking and latency to bite in 60-s trials in which chemical stimuli on cotton-tipped applicators were presented to the lizards. Both species exhibited prey-chemical discrimination, as indicated by elevated tongue-flick rates and higher proportions of individuals biting in response to surface chemicals from crickets. Both species exhibited plant-chemical discrimination, as indicated by significantly greater tongue-flick rates and biting frequency in response to chemicals from tomato fruit than to the control stimuli. Juvenile G. simonyi responded much more strongly to chemical stimuli from tomato fruit than from leaves of Psoralea bituminosa, which is not a preferred food for juveniles. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that chemosensory discrimination evolves in omnivorous lizards to permit evaluation of food quality, resulting in correspondence between plant diet and plant-chemical discrimination, both being absent in insectivores. The results are also consistent with the hypothesis that prey-chemical discrimination is retained and plant-chemical discrimination evolves in the omnivorous lizards derived from actively foraging insectivores.

scholarly journals An Antimethanogenic Nutritional Intervention in Early Life of Ruminants Modifies Ruminal Colonization by Archaea

Archaea ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Abecia ◽  
Kate E. Waddams ◽  
Gonzalo Martínez-Fernandez ◽  
A. Ignacio Martín-García ◽  
Eva Ramos-Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Archaeal Community ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Different Response ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this work was to study whether feeding a methanogen inhibitor from birth of goat kids and their does has an impact on the archaeal population colonizing the rumen and to what extent the impact persists later in life. Sixteen goats giving birth to two kids were used. Eight does were treated (D+) with bromochloromethane after giving birth and over 2 months. The other 8 goats were not treated (D−). One kid per doe in both groups was treated with bromochloromethane (k+) for 3 months while the other was untreated (k−), resulting in four experimental groups: D+/k+, D+/k−, D−/k+, and D−/k−. Rumen samples were collected from kids at weaning and 1 and 4 months after (3 and 6 months after birth) and from does at the end of the treating period (2 months). Pyrosequencing analyses showed a modified archaeal community composition colonizing the rumen of kids, although such effect did not persist entirely 4 months after; however, some less abundant groups remained different in treated and control animals. The different response on the archaeal community composition observed between offspring and adult goats suggests that the competition occurring in the developing rumen to occupy different niches offer potential for intervention.

scholarly journals Scanning Electron Microscopy Reveals Different Response Pattern of Four Vitis Genotypes to Xylella fastidiosa Infection

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix B. Fritschi ◽  
Hong Lin ◽  
M. Andrew Walker
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Treatment Comparisons ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Tylose Formation

The xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa causes Pierce's disease (PD), whose disease symptoms are primarily the result of xylem vessel blockage in susceptible grapevines. Stem internode and petiole tissues from infected and uninfected control plants of four grape genotypes (Vitis vinifera, V. rufotomentosa, V. smalliana, and V. arizonica/candicans) differing in PD susceptibility were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tyloses, fibrillar networks, and gum plugs were observed in lumens of tracheary elements in petioles and internodes of both water-inoculated control plants and X. fastidiosa–inoculated plants of all genotypes. Bacteria were not observed in control plants. In both petiole and internode tissues, the greatest number of occluded xylem vessels were observed in V. vinifera and the smallest number in V. arizonica/candicans. The number of xylem vessels infested with X. fastidiosa was greatest in V. vinifera and did not differ among the other three genotypes. Systemic infection was found in all genotypes. The frequency with which X. fastidiosa infested vessels were observed using SEM corresponded well with bacterial levels estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Among infected plants, tylose formation in internodes was lowest in V. arizonica/candicans and did not differ among the other three genotypes. Infection with X. fastidiosa strongly induced tylose formation in V. vinifera and V. smalliana but not in V. arizonica/candicans. Analysis across tissues and genotypes indicated an induction of fibrillar networks and gum occlusions in response to X. fastidiosa infection, whereas treatment comparisons within genotypes were not significant except for V. vinifera petioles. Limiting the spread of X. fastidiosa infection by xylem conduit occlusions does not appear to be the mechanism conferring PD resistance or tolerance to V. arizonica/candicans, V. smalliana, or V. rufotomentosa. In contrast, the strong induction of tyloses may be detrimental rather than beneficial for V. vinifera survival after X. fastidiosa infection.

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