Magnesium, Zinc, and Copper Status in Women Involved in Different Sports

The dietary intake, serum levels, and urinary excretion of magnesium, zinc, and copper were studied in 78 women involved in different sports (karate, handball, basketball, and running) and in 65 sedentary women. Seven-day, weighed-food dietary reports revealed that no group of female athletes reached the minimal intake recommended for magnesium (280 mg/day) and zinc (12 mg/day), although their values were superior to those offne control group. The estimated safe and adequate minimal intake of copper (1.5 mg/day) was amply surpassed by the basketball players and runners but was not reached by the handball players. Serum levels and urinary excretion of magnesium, zinc, and copper did not seem related either to their intake or to the type of physical activity performed. The influence of other factors such as nutritional status, bioavailability, intestinal absorption mechanisms, and muscle-level modifications might explain the differences between the different groups of female athletes.

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Modification of Diurnal Cortisol Secretion in Women’s Professional Basketball. A Pilot Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18178961 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (17) ◽

pp. 8961

Author(s):

Irene Sánchez ◽

Jose Enrique de la Rubia Ortí ◽

Jose Luis Platero ◽

Gonzalo Mariscal ◽

Carlos Barrios

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Physiological Stress ◽

Population Sample ◽

Control Group ◽

Cortisol Secretion ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Professional Basketball ◽

The Impact

Elite basketball training causes high levels of physiological stress, which can lead to negative physiological disorders in female athletes. The aim of this study was to establish the impact of physical activity on the rhythm of salivary cortisol secretion in elite female basketball players over one week. The population sample included 9 women professional basketball players. The control group was made up of 9 women who did not do any exercise. Saliva samples were collected from all participants at 9:00 a.m. and 11:00 p.m. on training days. Samples from the basketball group showed a significantly higher cortisol secretion. Moreover, from the second night, the pattern of cortisol secretion of these players was reversed, showing higher levels of cortisol in saliva at night than in the morning. The results suggest that the secretion rhythm changed over the course of the week and according to competitive demands.

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THU0358 NEGATIVE CHANGES OF BODY COMPOSITION IN MYOSITIS PATIENTS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH DISEASE SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS.

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.6050 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 410.3-410

Author(s):

S. Oreska ◽

M. Špiritović ◽

P. Česák ◽

O. Marecek ◽

H. Štorkánová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Body Composition ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Disease Activity ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Disease Duration ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Muscle Involvement

Background:Skeletal muscle, pulmonary and articular involvement in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) limit the mobility/self-sufficiency of patients, and can have a negative impact on body composition.Objectives:The aim was to assess body composition and physical activity of IIM patients and healthy controls (HC) and the association with selected inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and laboratory markers of nutrition and lipid metabolism.Methods:54 patients with IIM (45 females; mean age 57.7; disease duration 5.8 years; polymyositis (PM, 22) / dermatomyositis (DM, 25) / necrotizing myopathy (IMNM, 7)) and 54 age-/sex-matched HC (45 females, mean age 57.7) without rheumatic/tumor diseases were included. PM/DM patients fulfilled Bohan/Peter criteria for PM/DM. We assessed body composition (densitometry: iDXA Lunar, bioelectric impedance: BIA2000-M), physical activity (Human Activity Profile, HAP questionnaire), serum levels of 27 cytokines/chemokines (commercial multiplex ELISA kit, Bio-Rad Laboratories) and serum levels of selected parameters of nutrition and lipidogram. Disease activity (MITAX and MYOACT activity score) and muscle involvement (manual muscle testing, MMT-8, and functional index 2, FI2) were evaluated. Data are presented as mean±SD.Results:Compared to HC, patients with IIM had a trend towards significantly increased body fat % (BF%; iDXA: 39.9±7.1 vs. 42.4±7.1 %, p=0.077), but significantly decreased lean body mass (LBM; iDXA: 45.6±8.1 vs. 40.6±7.2 kg, p=0.001; BIA: 52.6±8.8 vs. 48.7±9.0 kg, p=0.023), increased extracellular mass/body cell mass (ECM/BCM) ratio (1.06±0.15 vs. 1.44±0.42, p<0.001), reflecting deteriorated nutritional status and predisposition for physical activity, and significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD: 1.2±0.1 vs. 1.1±0.1 g/cm2, p<0.001). Disease duration negatively correlated with BMD and LBM-BIA. Disease activity (MITAX, MYOACT) positively correlated with LBM (by BIA and DXA), similarly as with basal metabolic rate (BMR), and fat free mass (FFM). CRP was positively associated with BF% (BIA and DXA). Higher BF%-DEXA was associated with worse physical endurance (FI2) and worse ability to perform physical activity (HAP). MMT-8 score negatively correlated with ECM/BCM ratio. Serum levels of several inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (specifically IL-1ra, MCP, IL-10) and markers of nutrition (specifically albumin, C3-, C4-complement, cholinesterase, amylase, insulin and C-peptide, vitamin-D, orosomucoid), and lipid metabolism (specifically triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A and B, atherogenic index of plasma) were significantly associated with alterations of body composition in IIM patients. (p<0.05 for all correlations)Conclusion:Compared to healthy age-/sex-matched individuals we found significant negative changes in body composition of our IIM patients associated with their disease activity and duration, inflammatory status, skeletal muscle involvement, and physical activity. These data could reflect their impaired nutritional status and predispositions for physical exercise, aerobic fitness and performance.Serum levels of certain inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and markers of nutrition and lipid metabolism were associated with alterations of body composition in IIM patients. This might further support the role of systemic inflammation and nutritional status on the negative changes in body composition of IIM patients.Acknowledgments:Supported by AZV NV18-01-00161A, MHCR 023728, SVV 260373 and GAUK 312218Disclosure of Interests:Sabina Oreska: None declared, Maja Špiritović: None declared, Petr Česák: None declared, Ondrej Marecek: None declared, Hana Štorkánová: None declared, Barbora Heřmánková: None declared, Kateřina Kubinova: None declared, Martin Klein: None declared, Lucia Vernerová: None declared, Olga Růžičková: None declared, Karel Pavelka Consultant of: Abbvie, MSD, BMS, Egis, Roche, UCB, Medac, Pfizer, Biogen, Speakers bureau: Abbvie, MSD, BMS, Egis, Roche, UCB, Medac, Pfizer, Biogen, Ladislav Šenolt: None declared, Heřman Mann: None declared, Jiří Vencovský: None declared, Michal Tomčík: None declared

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Intake of antioxidant vitamins in women with different physical activity levels

Biomedical Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/bhk-2020-0021 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 166-172

Author(s):

Anna Pietrzak ◽

Anna Kęska ◽

Marziyeh Saghebjoo ◽

Zeynab Nezamdoost

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Impedance Analysis ◽

Study Groups ◽

Antioxidant Vitamins ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Sedentary Women

SummaryStudy aim: The purpose of this study was to compare intake of antioxidant vitamins (A, C, E) in young women with various levels of physical activity.Material and methods: The study included 3 groups of females: 40 women with no extra physical activity (Sedentary), 40 women involved in regular, moderate sports activities (Recreationally Active) and 40 female athletes competing at an international level (Athletes). Participants’ diet was assessed on the basis of 3-day diet records which were analysed using the computer program ‘Dieta 5.0’. Body composition was evaluated by the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method.Results: Athletes were characterized by the lowest body fat and highest lean body mass in comparison with the other groups. They also showed the highest intake of energy, proteins and carbohydrates compared to Active and Sedentary women. The consumption of vitamin A amounted to 180.0% of RDA in Athletes, 98.8% in Recreationally Active and 97.8% in Sedentary women. Vitamin C intake in Athletes equalled 275.0% of RDA, whereas the deficiency of this vitamin was observed in Recreationally Active and Sedentary women (62.3% and 46.1% of RDA, respectively). The study groups showed consumption of vitamin E at the level of 146.7% of AI in Athletes, 115.0% in Recreationally Active and 111.3% in Sedentary women.Conclusion: Athletes consumed excessive amounts of antioxidant vitamins. Recreationally Active and Sedentary women met the demand for vitamin A and E, but the intake of vitamin C was not sufficient, which could lead to health problems. The current findings also indicate that energy intake was at a low level regardless of the study group.

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The Effect of the Excretion of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate on the Serum Levels of These Substances in Newborns Who Therapeutic Hypothermia for Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy

10.21203/rs.3.rs-244271/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Osman Baştuğ ◽

Bahadır İnan ◽

Ahmet Özdemir ◽

Binnaz Çelik ◽

Funda Baştuğ ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urinary Excretion ◽

Therapeutic Hypothermia ◽

Perinatal Asphyxia ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Electrolyte Disturbances ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Ischemic Encephalopathy

Abstract Background: Hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hyperphosphatemia are common electrolyte disturbances in perinatal asphyxia(PA). Different reasons have been proposed for these electrolyte disturbances. This study investigated the effect of the urinary excretion of calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), and phosphorus(P) on the serum levels of these substances in babies who were treated using therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy(HİE) caused by PA. This study sheds light on the pathophysiology that may cause changes in the serum values of these electrolytes.Method: This study included 21 healthy newborns(control group) and 38 patients(HİE group) who had undergone therapeutic hypothermia due to HİE. Only infants with a gestational age of 36 weeks and above and a birth weight of 2000 g and above were evaluated. The urine and serum Ca, Mg, P, and creatinine levels of all infants were evaluated at 24, 48, and 72 hours.Results: The lower serum Ca value and the higher serum P value of the HİE group were found to be statistically significant compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in serum Mg values between the groups. However, hypomagnesemia was detected in five patients from the HİE group. The urine excretions of these substances, which were checked at different times, were found to be significantly higher in the HİE group compared to the control group.Conclusion: This study determined that the urinary excretion of Ca, Mg, and P has an effect on the serum Ca, Mg, and P levels of infants with HİE.

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PO-085 Investigation and assessment of nutritional status among Chinese elite artistic swimming athletes

Exercise Biochemistry Review ◽

10.14428/ebr.v1i3.11463 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Liang Li ◽

Jianfang Xu ◽

Huayu Fang ◽

Xiaojing Wang

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Early Morning ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Food Material ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Waist Hip Ratio

Objective The sport of artistic swimming is unique which requires a mixture of endurance, power, acrobatics, ﬂexibility, and eurhythmics to produce an artistic performance. Optimal nutrition plays an important role in attaining high level of achievements for artistic swimming athletes, a poor nutritional status will significantly affect their health, athletic performance and post-exercise recovery. However, the assessment of nutritional status among artistic swimming athletes is very lack. The purpose of present study was to assess the nutritional status of Chinese elite artistic swimming athletes and provide suggestions for them to modify their dietary structures. Methods During the summer training season before the 17th FINA World Championships, 17 Chinese elite artistic swimming female athletes participated in this study. After an overnight fast, the anthropometric data including height, weight, BMI, body fat percentage (BF%), and waist/hip ratio were collected in the early morning around 7 a.m. before breakfast. The 24 hours dietary recall was used to collect dietary intake data of individuals, the athletes were required to record their daily dietary intake in the structured questionnaire for 2 work days and 1 weekend day. During data processing, the cooked foods were converted into raw amounts of each food material by standardized recipe method, and the nutritive value was calculated by using a dietary nutrients analysis software. Results The athletes were 19.6±1.7 years old and their training age was 10-12 years. The athletes’ BMI was 18.3±1.4 kg/m2, their BF% and waist/hip ratio was 16.6±2.6% and 0.85±0.02 respectively. Even the athletes’ body composition level was in the normal range, the BMI and BF% were lower than Russia and Spain artistic swimming athletes. The daily energy intake was 1528±276 kcal which was composed of 435±50 kcal breakfast, 477±62 kcal lunch, 402±49 kcal supper, and 214±22 kcal snacks. However, the energy intake was much lower than the recommendation of 3500 kcal/day. Carbohydrates provided approximately 51% of total energy which was lower than the practical demands, but both fats and proteins provided more energy (31.3% and 17% respectively) than the recommendations. In addition, the supplementation of many important vitamins and minerals, except vitamin E and sodium, were not reached the recommended level, for example, the consumption of vitamin C and calcium was only 46±12 mg and 430±72 mg per day. Conclusions The data showed that the nutritional status was unsatisfactory among Chinese elite artistic swimming female athletes, the dietary energy intake and many important vitamins and minerals were much lower than the recommendations. In order to keep healthy and increase the exercise performance, it was suggested that the artistic swimming athletes should modify their dietary structures to supply more energies, vitamins and minerals according to their physical conditions and training arrangements.

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Does a ketogenic diet have any adverse effect on quality of life, physical activity, or biochemical factors in patients with breast cancer? A randomized controlled trial.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-19350/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Adeleh Khodabakhshi ◽

Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari ◽

Thomas N. Seyfried ◽

Maryam Mahmoudi ◽

Miriam Kalamian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Quality Of Life ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Locally Advanced ◽

Control Group ◽

Thyroid Function Tests ◽

Ketogenic Diets ◽

Global Quality Of Life

Abstract Introduction: Despite the potential benefits of ketogenic diets (KDs) for cancer, evidence of its effects on quality of life is lacking. This study has aimed to find out whether KD has adverse effects on quality of life, physical activity, and biomarkers in patients with breast cancer.Method: A total of 80 patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer were randomly assigned to either a KD or a control group for this 12-week trial. Concurrent with the first, third, and fifth chemotherapy sessions (12-week), the quality of life, physical activity, and biomarkers (thyroid function tests, electrolytes, albumin, ammonia, ALP, lactate and serum ketones) were assessed. Dietary intake was also recorded on admission and the end of the treatment.Results: No significant differences were seen in the quality of life or physical activity between the two groups after 12 weeks; however, the KD group showed a better global quality of life compared to the control group at 6 weeks (P=0.02). Also, serum lactate and ALP levels decreased significantly in KD group compared to the control group after intervention (10.7±3 vs 13.3±4, 149±71 vs 240±164, P=0.02 and P=0.007, respectively). KD did not have any negative impact on thyroid hormones, electrolytes, or physical activity. Compliance among KD subjects ranged from 66.7% to 79.2% as assessed by dietary intake and serum ketones levels of >0.5.Conclusion: According to our results, chemotherapy combined with KD does not negatively impact the quality of life, physical activity, or biomarkers tracked during our study. Ketosis may improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer in part by decreasing lactate and ALP.

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Does a ketogenic diet have beneficial effects on quality of life, physical activity or biomarkers in patients with breast cancer: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-19350/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

adeleh khodabakhshi ◽

Thomas N. Seyfried ◽

Miriam Kalamian ◽

maryam mahmoudi ◽

Sayed Hossein Davoodi

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Quality Of Life ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Control Group ◽

Thyroid Function Tests ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Global Quality ◽

Global Quality Of Life

Abstract Introduction: Despite recent interest in the use of ketogenic diets (KDs) for cancer, evidence of beneficial effects is lacking. This study examined the impact of a randomly assigned KD on quality of life, physical activity and biomarkers in patients with breast cancer.Method: A total of 80 patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer and without a history of renal disease or diabetes were randomly assigned to either a KD or a control group for this 12-week trial. Concurrent with the first, third, and fifth chemotherapy sessions, quality of life, physical activity, and biomarkers (thyroid function tests, electrolytes, albumin, ammonia, ALP, lactate and serum ketones) were assessed. Dietary intake was also recorded on admission and the end of the treatment.Results: No significant differences were seen in quality of life or physical activity scores between the two groups after 12 weeks; however, the KD group showed higher global quality of life and physical activity scores compared to the control group at 6 weeks (P=0.02 P= 0.01). Also, serum lactate and ALP levels decreased significantly in the KD group compared to the control group at the end of the intervention (10.7±3 vs 13.3±4, 149±71 vs 240±164, P=0.02 and P=0.007, respectively). A significant inverse association was observed between total carbohydrate intake and serum beta-hydroxybutyrate at 12 weeks (r= -0.77 P <0.001). No significant differences between groups were observed in thyroid hormones, electrolytes, albumin, LDH or ammonia. Compliance among KD subjects ranged from 66.7% to 79.2% as assessed by dietary intake and serum ketones levels of >0.5.Conclusion: According to our results, besides a higher global quality of life and physical activity scores compared to the control group at 6 weeks, KD diet combined to chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer does not bring additional benefit about quality of life and physical activity at 12 weeks. However, decreases seen in levels of lactate and ALP in the KD group suggest that a KD may benefit patients with breast cancer.

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A Pedometer-based Intervention with Daily Walking Steps and its Relationship with Nutritional Status among Overweight/Obese University Students in Kuala Terengganu

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia ◽

10.31436/imjm.v17i3.234 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Kok J.L ◽

Asma’, A. ◽

Khairil-Shazmin K ◽

Hayati M.Y

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

University Students ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Baseline Activity ◽

Dietary Record ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pedometer-based intervention and the relationship between daily walking steps and nutritional status among overweight/obese university students in Kuala Terengganu. Materials and methods: The study was an 8-week intervention study that included 23 overweight/obese university students. After 7 days of baseline activity, anthropometric data such as weight, height and waist circumference and a one-day dietary record were taken. The participants were divided into a control and case group. The control group (n=15) was instructed to continue with their normal activities and habits throughout the 8 weeks. The case group (n=8) was instructed to walk based on the targeted number of steps. Data such as body weight, waist circumference and a one-day dietary record were taken after the intervention. Results: Both case and control group show significant differences in body mass index (BMI) with p=0.017 and p=0.047 respectively. However, there is a large and significant difference between walking steps and BMI before and after intervention for the case group. There were no differences in any other study parameters during the 8-week study. Conclusion: In conclusion, short-term intervention with a pedometer increased physical activity and positively affected the BMI of overweight/obese participants. The use of a pedometer was efficient in measuring daily physical activity (r= 0.756, p< 0.05).

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Adherence to UK dietary guidelines is associated with higher dietary intake of total and specific polyphenols compared with a traditional UK diet: further analysis of data from the Cardiovascular risk REduction Study: Supported by an Integrated Dietary Approach (CRESSIDA) randomised controlled trial

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114518003409 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 121 (4) ◽

pp. 402-415 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Monica L. Castro-Acosta ◽

Thomas A. B. Sanders ◽

Dianne P. Reidlinger ◽

Julia Darzi ◽

Wendy L. Hall

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Urinary Excretion ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Control Group ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Reduction ◽

Total Polyphenol ◽

Polyphenol Intake ◽

Randomised Controlled

AbstractAdherence to dietary guidelines (DG) may result in higher intake of polyphenols via increased consumption of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. We compared polyphenol dietary intake and urinary excretion between two intervention groups in the Cardiovascular risk REduction Study: Supported by an Integrated Dietary Approach study: a 12-week parallel-arm, randomised controlled trial (n161; sixty-four males, ninety-seven females; aged 40–70 years). One group adhered to UK DG, whereas the other group consumed a representative UK diet (control). We estimated polyphenol dietary intake, using a 4-d food diary (4-DFD) and FFQ, and analysed 24-h polyphenol urinary excretion by liquid chromatography-tandem MS on a subset of participants (n46 control;n45 DG). A polyphenol food composition database for 4-DFD analysis was generated using Phenol-Explorer and USDA databases. Total polyphenol intake by 4-DFD at endpoint (geometric means with 95 % CI, adjusted for baseline and sex) was significantly higher in the DG group (1279 mg/d per 10 MJ; 1158, 1412) compared with the control group (1084 mg/d per 10 MJ; 980, 1197). The greater total polyphenol intake in the DG group was attributed to higher intake of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins and hydroxycinnamic acids, with the primary food sources being fruits, cereal products, nuts and seeds. FFQ estimates of flavonoid intake also detected greater intake in DG compared with the control group. 24-h urinary excretion showed consistency with 4-DFD in their ability to discriminate between dietary intervention groups for six out of ten selected, individual polyphenols. In conclusion, following UK DG increased total polyphenol intake by approximately 20 %, but not all polyphenol subclasses corresponded with this finding.

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A systematic review of interventions to improve the dietary intake, physical activity and weight status of children attending family day care services

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980019005275 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (12) ◽

pp. 2211-2220

Author(s):

Sze Lin Yoong ◽

Melanie Lum ◽

Jannah Jones ◽

Erin Kerr ◽

Maryann Falkiner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Day Care ◽

Weight Status ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Control Group ◽

Family Day Care ◽

Care Services ◽

Intervention Cost ◽

The Impact

AbstractObjective:To (i) identify and synthesise findings from interventions to improve the dietary intake, physical activity and weight status of children aged 0–6 years attending family day care services; and (ii) assess the impact of interventions on family day care environments, intervention cost and adverse outcomes.Design:Medline in Process, PsycINFO, ERIC, Embase, CINAHL, CENTRAL and Scopus databases were searched in March 2019. Studies were included if they (i) evaluated an intervention to improve the diet, physical activity and/or weight of children aged 0–6 years; (ii) were delivered in family day care services; (iii) targeted child diet, physical activity and/or weight; and (iv) used a parallel control group design. Screening was undertaken by two reviewers with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer.Setting:Family day care services, also known as family childcare homes.Participants:Children aged 0–6 years attending family day care services.Results:In total, 8977 titles were retrieved, and 199 full-texts reviewed. No studies met the inclusion criteria for the primary outcome; however, two studies reporting on the secondary outcome of family day care environments were included. The 4-year community-wide obesity prevention programme and the 12-month train-the-trainer programme both reported statistically significant improvements in the healthy eating and physical activity environments of family day care, compared to cross-sectional state-average control groups.Conclusions:Findings highlight few existing interventions in family day care services and a need for high-quality controlled trials to identify effective interventions to improve children’s diet, activity and weight in this setting.

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