Whole-Body Cryotherapy’s Enhancement of Acute Recovery of Running Performance in Well-Trained Athletes

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malte Krüger ◽  
Markus de Mareés ◽  
Karl-Heinrich Dittmar ◽  
Billy Sperlich ◽  
Joachim Mester
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Test Protocol

Purpose:To examine the effects of a whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) protocol (3 min at –110°C) on acute recovery and key variables of endurance performance during high-intensity intermittent exercise in a thermoneutral environment.Methods:Eleven endurance athletes were tested twice in a randomized crossover design in which 5 × 5 min of high-intensity running (HIR) were followed by 1 h of passive rest at ~22°C, including either 3 min of whole-body exposure to –110°C (WBC) or a placebo intervention of 3 min walking (PBO). A ramp-test protocol was performed before HIR (R1) and after the 1-h recovery period (R2). Time to exhaustion (tlim) was measured along with alterations in oxygen content of the vastus lateralis (TSI), oxygen consumption (VO2), capillary blood lactate, heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during submaximal and maximal running.Results:The difference in tlim between R1 and R2 was lower in WBC than in PBO (P < .05, effect size d = 1.13). During R2, TSI was higher in WBC during submaximal and maximal running (P < .01, d = 0.68−1.01). In addition, VO2, HR, and RPE were lower at submaximal level of R2 after WBC than in PBO (P = .04 to <.01, d = 0.23−0.83).Conclusion:WBC improves acute recovery during high-intensity intermittent exercise in thermoneutral conditions. The improvements might be induced by enhanced oxygenation of the working muscles, as well as a reduction in cardiovascular strain and increased work economy at submaximal intensities.

Effect of Low- and High-Glycemic-Index Meals on Metabolism and Performance During High-Intensity, Intermittent Exercise

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 447-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Little ◽  
Philip D. Chilibeck ◽  
Dawn Ciona ◽  
Scott Forbes ◽  
Huw Rees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Repeated Sprint ◽  
High Glycemic Index ◽  
And Performance

Consuming carbohydrate-rich meals before continuous endurance exercise improves performance, yet few studies have evaluated the ideal preexercise meal for high-intensity intermittent exercise, which is characteristic of many team sports. The authors’ purpose was to investigate the effects of low- and high-glycemic-index (GI) meals on metabolism and performance during high-intensity, intermittent exercise. Sixteen male participants completed three 90-min high-intensity intermittent running trials in a single-blinded random order, separated by ~7 d, while fasted (control) and 2 hr after ingesting an isoenergetic low-GI (lentil), or high-GI (potato and egg white) preexercise meal. Serum free fatty acids were higher and insulin lower throughout exercise in the fasted condition (p < .05), but there were no differences in blood glucose during exercise between conditions. Distance covered on a repeated-sprint test at the end of exercise was significantly greater in the low-GI and high-GI conditions than in the control (p < .05). Rating of perceived exertion was lower in the low-GI condition than in the control (p = .01). In a subsample of 5 participants, muscle glycogen availability was greater in the low- and high-GI conditions versus fasted control before the repeated-sprint test (p < .05), with no differences between low and high GI. When exogenous carbohydrates are not provided during exercise both low- and high-GI preexercise meals improve high-intensity, intermittent exercise performance, probably by increasing the availability of muscle glycogen. However, the GI does not influence markers of substrate oxidation during high-intensity, intermittent exercise.

scholarly journals High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Performed on the Sand Induces Higher Internal Load Demands in Soccer Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Cetolin ◽  
Anderson Santiago Teixeira ◽  
Juliano Fernandes da Silva ◽  
Alessandro Haupenthal ◽  
Fábio Yuzo Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Surface Condition ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Shuttle Run

This study aimed to examine the acute physiological effect of shuttle-run-based high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) performed at the same relative speed (i. e., 100% PST−CAR) on sand (SAND) and grass (GRASS) in male junior soccer players. Seven Under-23 Brazilian national league (“Série A”) soccer players completed four testing sessions in either SAND or GRASS surface condition. The first two testing sessions consisted of performing a maximal progressive shuttle-run field protocol until volitional exhaustion (Carminatti's test, T-CAR), whereas the third and fourth sessions comprised a HIIE session on each ground surface. The HIIE session consisted of three 5-min bouts [12 s shuttle-run (with a direction change every 6 s)/12 s of passive rest] performed at 100% of T-CAR peak speed (PST−CAR) with 3 min of passive recovery between sets. Measurements of oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration ([La]), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were performed during all conditions. The SAND condition elicited significantly higher %VO2peak (94.58 ± 2.73 vs. 87.45 ± 3.31%, p &lt; 0.001, d = 2.35), %HRpeak (93.89 ± 2.63 vs. 90.31 ± 2.87%, p &lt; 0.001, d = 1.30), RPE (8.00 ± 0.91 vs. 4.95 ± 1.23 a.u., p &lt; 0.001, d = 2.82), and [La] (10.76 ± 2.37 vs. 5.48 ± 1.13 mmol/L, p &lt; 0.010, d = 2.84). This study showed that higher internal workloads are experienced by the players during a single HIIE session performed on a softer surface as SAND, even when the exercise intensity was individualized based on 100%PST−CAR.

Time to Exhaustion at Continuous and Intermittent Maximal Lactate Steady State During Running Exercise

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 772-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naiandra Dittrich ◽  
Ricardo Dantas de Lucas ◽  
Ralph Beneke ◽  
Luiz Guilherme Antonacci Guglielmo
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Continuous Model ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Maximal Lactate Steady State ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Trained Runners

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the time to exhaustion (TE) and the physiological responses at continuous and intermittent (ratio 5:1) maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) in well-trained runners. Ten athletes (32.7 ± 6.9 y, VO2max 61.7 ± 3.9 mL · kg−1 · min−1) performed an incremental treadmill test, three to five 30-min constant-speed tests to determine the MLSS continuous and intermittent (5 min of running, interspaced by 1 min of passive rest), and 2 randomized TE tests at such intensities. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to compare the changes in physiological variables during the TE tests and between continuous and intermittent exercise. The intermittent MLSS velocity (MLSSint = 15.26 ± 0.97 km/h) was higher than in the continuous model (MLSScon = 14.53 ± 0.93 km/h), while the TE at MLSScon was longer than MLSSint (68 ± 11 min and 58 ± 15 min, P < .05). Regarding the cardiorespiratory responses, VO2 and respiratory-exchange ratio remained stable during both TE tests while heart rate, ventilation, and rating of perceived exertion presented a significant increase in the last portion of the tests. The results showed a higher tolerance to exercising during MLSScon than during MLSSint in trained runners. Thus, the training volume of an extensive interval session (ratio 5:1) designed at MLSS intensity should take into consideration this higher speed at MLSS and also the lower TE than with continuous exercise.

Predicting time to exhaustion during high-intensity exercise using rating of perceived exertion

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. e155-e161
Author(s):  
N.M. Okuno ◽  
L.F. Soares-Caldeira ◽  
V.F. Milanez ◽  
L.A.B. Perandini
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time To Exhaustion

scholarly journals Acute Photobiomodulation Does Not Influence Specific High-Intensity and Intermittent Performance in Female Futsal Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 7253
Author(s):  
Izabela Aparecida dos Santos ◽  
Marina de Paiva Lemos ◽  
Vitória Helena Maciel Coelho ◽  
Alessandro Moura Zagatto ◽  
Moacir Marocolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Muscle Oxygenation ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Physical Testing

The acute improvement of performance after photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been reported in different types of exercise. However, the effect on high-intensity and intermittent exercises that are relevant for team sports is unknown. Thus, we evaluated the effect of prior acute application of PBMT on high-intensity and intermittent exercise performance, muscle oxygenation, and physiological/perceptual indicators in amateur female futsal players. Thirteen players (24.1 ± 3.7 years) performed a testing battery (countermovement jump (CMJ), Illinois agility and YoYo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYIR1)) preceded by 15 min of PBMT (1 min 30 s each muscular point; five muscular points in each lower limbs) or 15 min of placebo (SHAM), in a counterbalanced randomized cross-over design (one-week in-between PBMT/SHAM). All test performance did not differ (p > 0.05) between PBMT and SHAM, as well as blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, and muscle oxygenation (via near infrared spectroscopy) responses. The acute application of PBMT prior to a physical testing battery does not influence high-intensity and intermittent exercises performance, neither physiological nor perceptual responses in amateur female futsal players.

scholarly journals The effect of running versus cycling high-intensity intermittent exercise on local tissue oxygenation and perceived enjoyment in 18–30-year-old sedentary men

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Kriel ◽  
Christopher D. Askew ◽  
Colin Solomon
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Exercise Adherence ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
The Right

BackgroundHigh-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been proposed as a time-efficient exercise format to improve exercise adherence, thereby targeting the chronic disease burden associated with sedentary behaviour. Exercise mode (cycling, running), if self-selected, will likely affect the physiological and enjoyment responses to HIIT in sedentary individuals. Differences in physiological and enjoyment responses, associated with the mode of exercise, could potentially influence the uptake and continued adherence to HIIT. It was hypothesised that in young sedentary men, local and systemic oxygen utilisation and enjoyment would be higher during a session of running HIIT, compared to a session of cycling HIIT.MethodsA total of 12 sedentary men (mean ± SD; age 24 ± 3 years) completed three exercise sessions: a maximal incremental exercise test on a treadmill (MAX) followed by two experiment conditions, (1) free-paced cycling HIIT on a bicycle ergometer (HIITCYC) and (2) constant-paced running HIIT on a treadmill ergometer (HIITRUN). Deoxygenated haemoglobin (HHb) in the gastrocnemius (GN), the left vastus lateralis (LVL) and the right vastus lateralis (RVL) muscles, oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and physical activity enjoyment (PACES) were measured during HIITCYC and HIITRUN.ResultsThere was a higher HHb in the LVL (p= 0.001) and RVL (p= 0.002) sites and a higher VO2(p= 0.017) and HR (p< 0.001) during HIITCYC, compared to HIITRUN. RPE was higher (p< 0.001) and PACES lower (p= 0.032) during HIITCYC compared to HIITRUN.DiscussionIn sedentary individuals, free-paced cycling HIIT produces higher levels of physiological stress when compared to constant-paced running HIIT. Participants perceived running HIIT to be more enjoyable than cycling HIIT. These findings have implications for selection of mode of HIIT for physical stress, exercise enjoyment and compliance.

scholarly journals Repeated-bout exercise in the heat in young athletes: physiological strain and perceptual responses

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 476-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Bergeron ◽  
Melissa D. Laird ◽  
Elaina L. Marinik ◽  
Joel S. Brenner ◽  
Jennifer L. Waller
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Physiological Strain

A short recovery period between same-day competitions is common practice in organized youth sports. We hypothesized that young athletes will experience an increase in physiological strain and perceptual discomfort during a second identical exercise bout in the heat, with 1 h (21°C) between bouts, even with ample hydration. Twenty-four athletes (6 boys and 6 girls: 12–13 yr old, 47.7 ± 8.3 kg; 6 boys and 6 girls: 16–17 yr old, 61.0 ± 8.6 kg) completed two 80-min intermittent exercise bouts (treadmill 60%, cycle 40% peak oxygen uptake) in the heat (33°C, 48.9 ± 6.1% relative humidity). Sweat loss during each bout was similar within each age group (12–13 yr old: bout 1, 943.6 ± 237.1 ml; bout 2, 955.5 ± 250.3 ml; 16–17 yr old: bout 1, 1,382.2 ± 480.7 ml; bout 2, 1,373.1 ± 472.2 ml). Area under the curve (AUC) was not statistically different ( P > 0.05) between bouts for core body temperature (12–13 yr old: bout 1 peak, 38.6 ± 0.4°C; bout 2, 38.4 ± 0.2°C; 16–17 yr old: bout 1 peak, 38.8 ± 0.7°C; bout 2, 38.7 ± 0.6°C), physiological strain index (12–13 yr old: bout 1 peak, 7.9 ± 0.9; bout 2, 7.5 ± 0.7; 16–17 yr old: bout 1 peak, 8.1 ± 1.5; bout 2, 7.9 ± 1.4), or thermal sensation for any age/sex subgroup or for all subjects combined. However, rating of perceived exertion AUC and peak were higher ( P = 0.0090 and 0.0004, respectively) during bout 2 in the older age group. Notably, four subjects experienced consistently higher responses throughout bout 2. With these healthy, fit, young athletes, 1 h of complete rest, cool down, and rehydration following 80 min of strenuous exercise in the heat was generally effective in eliminating any apparent carryover effects that would have resulted in greater thermal and cardiovascular strain during a subsequent identical exercise bout.

scholarly journals New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract Improves High-Intensity Intermittent Running

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Craig Perkins ◽  
Sarah Anne Vine ◽  
Sam David Blacker ◽  
Mark Elisabeth Theodorus Willems
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Early Recovery ◽  
Repeated Sprints ◽  
New Zealand Blackcurrant

We examined the effect of New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract on high-intensity intermittent running and postrunning lactate responses. Thirteen active males (age: 25 ± 4 yrs, height: 1.82 ± 0.07 m, body mass: 81 ± 14 kg, V̇O2max: 56 ± 4 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, v V̇O2max: 17.6 ± 0.8 km∙h-1) performed a treadmill running protocol to exhaustion, which consisted of stages with 6 × 19 s of sprints with 15 s of low-intensity running between sprints. Interstage rest time was 1 min and stages were repeated with increasing sprint speeds. Subjects consumed capsuled NZBC extract (300 mg∙day-1 CurraNZ; containing 105 mg anthocyanin) or placebo for 7 days (double-blind, randomized, crossover design, wash-out at least 14 days). Blood lactate was collected for 30 min postexhaustion. NZBC increased total running distance by 10.6% (NZBC: 4282 ± 833 m, placebo: 3871 ± 622 m, p = .02), with the distance during sprints increased by 10.8% (p = .02). Heart rate, oxygen uptake, lactate and rating of perceived exertion were not different between conditions for the first 4 stages completed by all subjects. At exhaustion, blood lactate tended to be higher for NZBC (NZBC: 6.01 ± 1.07 mmol∙L-1, placebo: 5.22 ± 1.52 mmol∙L-1, p = .07). There was a trend for larger changes in lactate following 15 min (NZBC: -2.89 ± 0.51 mmol∙L-1, placebo: -2.46 ± 0.39 mmol∙L-1, p = .07) of passive recovery. New Zealand blackcurrant extract (CurraNZ) may enhance performance in sports characterized by high-intensity intermittent exercise as greater distances were covered with repeated sprints, there was higher lactate at exhaustion, and larger changes in lactate during early recovery after repeated sprints to exhaustion.

The effect of pre-test carbohydrate ingestion on the anaerobic threshold, as determined by the lactate-minimum test

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1058-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arie Rotstein ◽  
Raffy Dotan ◽  
Levana Zigel ◽  
Tally Greenberg ◽  
Yael Benyamini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Threshold ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Glucose Determination ◽  
Lactate Minimum

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-test carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion on anaerobic-threshold assessment using the lactate-minimum test (LMT). Fifteen competitive male distance runners capable of running 10 km in 33.5–43 min were used as subjects. LMT was performed following CHO (2 × 300 mL, 7% solution) or comparable placebo (Pl) ingestion, in a double-blind, randomized order. The LMT consisted of two high-intensity 1 min treadmill runs (17–21 km·h–1), followed by an 8 min recovery period. Subsequently, subjects performed 5 min running stages, incremented by 0.6 km·h–1 and separated by 1 min blood-sampling intervals. Tests were terminated after 3 consecutive increases in blood-lactate concentration ([La]) had been observed. Finger-tip capillary blood was sampled for [La] and blood-glucose determination 30 min before the test’s onset, during the recovery phase following the 2 high-intensity runs, and following each of the subsequent 5 min stages. Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded after each stage. The lactate-minimum speed (LMS) was determined from the individual [La]–velocity plots and was considered reflective of the anaerobic threshold. Pre-test CHO ingestion had no effect on LMS (13.19 ± 1.12 km·h–1 vs. 13.17 ± 1.08 km·h–1 in CHO and Pl, respectively), nor on [La] and glucose concentration at that speed, or on HR and RPE responses. Pre-test CHO ingestion therefore does not affect LMS or the LMT-estimated anaerobic threshold.

Efficacy of Cold Water Immersion Prior to Endurance Cycling or Running to Increase Performance: A Critically Appraised Topic

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Connor A. Burton ◽  
Christine A. Lauber
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Endurance Cycling

Clinical Question: Is there evidence to support precooling with cold water immersion prior to endurance cycling and running in hot, humid environments to enhance performance? Clinical Bottom Line: There is moderate evidence suggesting cold water immersion (CWI) as a precooling intervention improves endurance performance in cyclists and runners in a hot, humid environment. All five included studies reported significant improvements in endurance performance regarding time to exhaustion or distance traveled. In all included studies, core temperature was significantly decreased in the CWI group versus the control group during the fifth and twentieth minutes of exercise. No significant differences were reported for the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) between the CWI and control groups.

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