A Complex Relationship: Sleep, External Training Load, and Well-Being in Elite Australian Footballers

Purpose: To assess relationships between objective sleep characteristics, external training loads, and subjective ratings of well-being in elite Australian football (AF) players. Methods: A total of 38 elite male AF players recorded objective sleep characteristics over a 15-day period using an activity monitor. External load was assessed during main field sessions, and ratings of well-being were provided each morning. Canonical correlation analysis was used to create canonical dimensions for each variable set (sleep, well-being, and external load). Relationships between dimensions representing sleep, external load, and well-being were quantified using Pearson r. Results: Canonical correlations were moderate between pretraining sleep and external training load (r = .32–.49), pretraining sleep and well-being (r = .32), and well-being and posttraining sleep (r = .36). Moderate to strong correlations were observed between dimensions representing external training load and posttraining sleep (r = .31–.67), and well-being and external training load (r = .32–.67). Player load and Player load 2D (PL2D) showed the greatest association to pretraining and posttraining objective sleep characteristics and well-being. Fragmented sleep was associated with players completing the following training with a higher PL2D. Conclusions: Maximum speed, player load, and PL2D were the common associations between objective sleep characteristics and well-being in AF players. Improving pretraining sleep quality and quantity may have a positive impact on AF players’ well-being and movement strategy during field sessions. Following training sessions that have high maximum speed and PL2D, the increased requirement for sleep should be considered by ensuring that subsequent sessions do not start earlier than required.

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Individual Response to External Training Load in Elite Football Players

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2019-0453 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 696-704

Author(s):

Håvard Wiig ◽

Thor Einar Andersen ◽

Live S. Luteberget ◽

Matt Spencer

Keyword(s):

External Load ◽

High Speed ◽

Training Load ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Football Players ◽

Individual Response ◽

Total Distance ◽

External Training ◽

Tracking Devices ◽

Very High

Purpose: To investigate within-player effect, between-player effect, and individual response of external training load from player tracking devices on session rating of perceived exertion training load (sRPE-TL) in elite football players. Methods: The authors collected sRPE-TL from 18 outfield players in 21 training sessions. Total distance, high-speed running distance (>14.4 m/s), very high-speed running distance (>19.8 m/s), PlayerLoad™, PlayerLoad2D™, and high-intensity events (HIE > 1.5, HIE > 2.5, and HIE > 3.5 m/s) were extracted from the tracking devices. The authors modeled within-player and between-player effects of single external load variables on sRPE-TL, and multiple levels of variability, using a linear mixed model. The effect of 2 SDs of external load on sRPE-TL was evaluated with magnitude-based inferences. Results: Total distance, PlayerLoad™, PlayerLoad2D™, and HIE > 1.5 had most likely substantial within-player effects on sRPE-TL (100%–106%, very large effect sizes). Moreover, the authors observed likely substantial between-player effects (12%–19%, small to moderate effect sizes) from the majority of the external load variables and likely to very likely substantial individual responses of PlayerLoad™, high-speed running distance, very high-speed running distance, and HIE > 1.5 (19%–30% coefficient of variation, moderate to large effect sizes). Finally, sRPE-TL showed large to very large between-session variability with all external load variables. Conclusions: External load variables with low intensity-thresholds had the strongest relationship with sRPE-TL. Furthermore, the between-player effect of external load and the individual response to external load advocate for monitoring sRPE-TL in addition to external load. Finally, the large between-session variability in sRPE-TL demonstrates that substantial amounts of sRPE-TL in training sessions are not explained by single external load variables.

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Psychobiological Changes during National Futsal Team Training Camps and Their Relationship with Training Load

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17061843 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 1843

Author(s):

Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽

Ana Filipa Silva ◽

Hugo Sarmento ◽

Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo ◽

Yi-Wen Chiu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Muscle Soreness ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Well Being ◽

Training Load ◽

Maximum Speed ◽

Internal Load ◽

Delayed Onset ◽

Total Distance ◽

Dependent Relationship

The aim of this study was two-fold: (1) to analyze the within-week variations of heart rate, session-rated of perceived exertion (sRPE), total distance, distance in 8.0–11.99 km/h−1, recovery distance in 12.0–17.99 km/h−1, distance in >18.0 km/h−1, maximum speed, number of sprints, heart rate variability, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue during training camps of a national futsal team; and (2) to analyze the relationships between load and the well-being. Twenty-eight men from the Chinese Taipei U−20 national futsal team were analyzed. Comparisons of training days revealed that the total distance was significantly smaller on day 1 (d = −1.22) and day 6 (d = −1.95) than on day 3. The sRPE values were significantly lower on day 1 than days 4 (d = −1.53), 5 (d = −2.07), and 6 (d = −2.59). The relationships between training load and recovery parameters revealed moderate correlations between the DOMS and the sRPE recorded one (r = −0.321) and two days before training (r = −0.289). It is possible conclude that first day imposed a smaller external load and internal load, and that the internal load had a greater dependent relationship with reported DOMS and fatigue during the training camps.

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Effects of Different Recovery Times on Internal and External Load During Small-Sided Games in Soccer

Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

10.1177/1941738121995469 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 194173812199546

Author(s):

Luis Branquinho ◽

Ricardo Ferraz ◽

Bruno Travassos ◽

Daniel A. Marinho ◽

Mário C. Marques

Keyword(s):

External Load ◽

Recovery Time ◽

Total Duration ◽

Training Load ◽

Maximum Speed ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Internal Load ◽

Exercise Load ◽

Recovery Times

Background: The ability to maintain a high intensity of exercise over several repetitions depends on recovery from previous exercises. This study aimed to identify the effects of different recovery times on internal and external load during small-sided soccer games. Hypothesis: An increase in recovery time will increase the external training load and decrease the internal exercise load, which will result in a greater physical impact of the exercise. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Methods: Twenty male semiprofessional soccer players participated in the present study. They performed the same exercise (5-a-side game format) continuously (1 × 18 minutes) and repeatedly/fractionated (3 × 6 minutes) with different recovery times (30 seconds, 1 minute, 1.5 minutes, and 2 minutes). Their internal load (ie, average heart rate (HR) and maximum HR) and external load (ie, total distance, maximum speed, and ratio meters) were measured using an HR band and an inertial device equipped with a global positioning system, respectively. Results: The manipulation of recovery times induced differences in the internal and external load. For the same total duration, the external and internal load indicators exhibited higher values during the fractionated method, particularly with short recovery periods. Conclusion: The application of small-sided soccer games with different recovery times induced varying responses in training load. To maintain high physical performance and high training load, the fractional method with short recovery periods (ie, 30 seconds) should be used. In contrast, to carefully manage players’ efforts and decrease response to training load, continuous or fractional methods with longer recovery periods (ie, 1-2 minutes) should be used. Clinical Relevance: The proper prescription of recovery time between exercises facilitates enhanced training efficiency and optimized performance.

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The Relationship between Training Load Measures and Next-Day Well-Being in Rugby Union Players

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11135926 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (13) ◽

pp. 5926

Author(s):

Richard Taylor ◽

Tony D. Myers ◽

Dajo Sanders ◽

Matthew Ellis ◽

Ibrahim Akubat

Keyword(s):

External Load ◽

High Speed ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Linear Mixed Model ◽

Well Being ◽

Rugby Union ◽

Training Load ◽

Mixed Model Analysis ◽

Training Impulse ◽

The Relationship

The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between different internal and external load measures and next day subjective wellbeing. With institutional ethics approval, ten academy rugby union players (Five forwards, and five backs) with a local National League One club agreed to participate in the study (aged; 18.4 ± 1.0 years, height; 181.3 ± 5.9 cm, body mass 85.9 ± 13.0 kg, VO2max 56.2 ± 6.8 mL·kg−1·min−1). Before the 6-week in-season data collection period, participants completed an incremental treadmill test to determine lactate thresholds at 2 mmol·L−1 (LT) and 4 mmol·L−1 and the heart rate blood lactate (HR-BLa) profile for individualized training impulse (iTRIMP) calculations. Internal training load was quantified using Banister’s TRIMP, Edward’s TRIMP, Lucia’s TRIMP, individualised TRIMP and session-RPE. External training load was reported using total distance, PlayerLoadTM, high-speed distances (HSD) > 18 km∙h−1 and >15 km∙h−1, and individualized high-speed distance (iHSD) based on each player’s velocity at OBLA. On arrival and prior to all training sessions players completed a well-being questionnaire (WB). Bayesian linear mixed model analysis identified that a range of internal and external load measures explained between 30% and 37% of next-day total wellbeing and between 65% and 67% of next-day perceived stress. All other internal and external load measures demonstrated very weak to moderate relationships (R2 = 0.08 to 0.39) with all other wellbeing components. Internal sRPE, iTRIMP and bTRIMP loads alongside external HSD loads provide coaches with the most practical measures to influence players’ perceived wellbeing.

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An Evaluation of Training Load Measures for Drills in Women’s Collegiate Lacrosse

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2020-0029 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Jennifer A. Bunn ◽

Bradley J. Myers ◽

Mary K. Reagor

Keyword(s):

Global Positioning System ◽

External Load ◽

Principal Component ◽

Training Load ◽

Division I ◽

Heart Rate Monitor ◽

Global Positioning ◽

Different Types ◽

External Training ◽

Evaluation Of Training

Purpose: To statistically evaluate the internal and external load metrics in different types of lacrosse drills. Methods: A total of 25 Division I collegiate female lacrosse players wore a heart rate monitor and a global positioning system during preseason training sessions. Seven measures determined training load, 2 internal measures and 5 external measures, across 5 different types of drills: stickwork, small-sided games, individual skills, conditioning, and team drills. Principal component analysis was used to determine which internal and external load variables were most associated with each drill type. Results: Stickwork extracted 2 principal components, explaining 45% and 17% of the variance. Small-sided games extracted 1 principal component, explaining 51% of the variance. Individual skills extracted 2 components, explaining 39% and 22% of the variance. Conditioning extracted 2 components, explaining 44% and 24% of the variance. Team drills extracted 2 components, explaining 52% and 18% of the variance. Conclusions: In 4 out of 5 training modes, the inclusion of both internal and external training-load measures was necessary to accurately decipher training load. For most drills, the first component is related to measures of external load, and the second component described the balance between internal and external load measures. Small-sided games extracted only external measures including the following: accelerations, total distance, and average speed. These results show that a combination of internal and external load measures is required to determine training load during certain training modes. This information can help coaches make decisions about desired training load for practice sessions.

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Data Reduction Approaches to Athlete Monitoring in Professional Australian Football

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2020-0083 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 59-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Samuel Ryan ◽

Thomas Kempton ◽

Aaron J. Coutts

Keyword(s):

Data Reduction ◽

External Load ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Distinct Element ◽

Maximum Velocity ◽

Maximum Speed ◽

Cycle Duration ◽

Internal Load ◽

Athlete Monitoring ◽

Australian Football

Purpose: To apply data reduction methods to athlete-monitoring measures to address the issue of data overload for practitioners of professional Australian football teams. Methods: Data were collected from 45 professional Australian footballers from 1 club during the 2018 Australian Football League season. External load was measured in training and matches by 10-Hz OptimEye S5 and ClearSky T6 GPS units. Internal load was measured via the session rate of perceived exertion method. Perceptual wellness was measured via questionnaires completed before training sessions with players providing a rating (1–5 Likert scale) of muscle soreness, sleep quality, fatigue, stress, and motivation. Percentage of maximum speed was calculated relative to individual maximum velocity recorded during preseason testing. Derivative external training load measures (total daily, weekly, and monthly) were calculated. Principal-component analyses (PCAs) were conducted for Daily and Chronic measures, and components were identified via scree plot inspection (eigenvalue > 1). Components underwent orthogonal rotation with a factor loading redundancy threshold of 0.70. Results: The Daily PCA identified components representing external load, perceived wellness, and internal load. The Chronic PCA identified components representing 28-d speed exposure, 28-d external load, 7-d external load, and 28-d internal load. Perceived soreness did not meet the redundancy threshold. Conclusions: Monitoring player exposure to maximum speed is more appropriate over chronic than short time frames to capture variations in between-matches training-cycle duration. Perceived soreness represents a distinct element of a player’s perception of wellness. Summed-variable and single-variable approaches are novel methods of data reduction following PCA of athlete monitoring data.

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Minimal Agreement between Internal and External Training Load Metrics across a 2-wk Training Microcycle in Elite Squash

Journal of Sports Science and Medicine ◽

10.52082/jssm.2021.101 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 101-109

Author(s):

Carl James ◽

Aishwar Dhawan ◽

Timothy Jones ◽

Christopher Pok ◽

Vincent Yeo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

External Load ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Training Load ◽

Moderate Correlation ◽

Internal Load ◽

Instantaneous Rate ◽

3 Dimensional ◽

External Training ◽

Training Stress

This study investigated the relationships between internal and external training load metrics across a 2-week ‘in-season’ microcycle in squash. 134 on-court and 32 off-court ‘conditioning’ sessions were completed by fifteen elite squash players with an average (±SD) of 11 ± 3 per player. During every session, external load was captured using a tri-axial accelerometer to calculate Playerload; i.e., the instantaneous rate of change of acceleration across 3-dimensional planes. Internal load was measured using heart rate (HR), global (sRPE) and differential RPE (dRPE-Legs, dRPE-Breathing). Additionally, HR was used to calculate Banister’s, Edward’s and TEAM TRIMPs. Across 166 training sessions, Playerload was moderately correlated with TRIMP-Banister (r = 0.43 [95% CI: 0.29-0.55], p < 0.001) and TRIMP-Edwards (r = 0.50 [0.37-0.61], p < 0.001). Association of Playerload with TRIMP-TEAM (r = 0.24 [0.09-0.38], p = 0.001) was small. There was a moderate correlation between sRPE and Playerload (r = 0.46 [0.33-0.57], p < 0.001). Association of sRPE was large with TRIMP-Banister (r = 0.68 [0.59-0.76], p = 0.001), very large with TRIMP-Edwards (r = 0.79 [0.72-0.84], p < 0.001) and moderate with TRIMP-TEAM (r = 0.44 [0.31-0.56], p < 0.001). Both dRPE-Legs (r = 0.95 [0.93-0.96], p < 0.001) and dRPE-Breathing (r = 0.92 [0.89-0.94], p < 0.001) demonstrated nearly perfect correlations with sRPE and with each other (r = 0.91 [0.88-0.93], p < 0.001). Collection of both internal and external training load data is recommended to fully appreciate the physical demands of squash training. During a training microcycle containing a variety of training sessions, interpreting internal or external metrics in isolation may underestimate or overestimate the training stress a player is experiencing.

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Relación de la carga de entrenamiento con las emociones y el rendimiento en baloncesto formativo (Relation of training load with emotions and performance in formative basketball)

Retos ◽

10.47197/retos.v1i40.82441 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 164-173

Author(s):

Victor Hugo Duque Ramos ◽

María Reina Román ◽

David Mancha Triguero ◽

Sergio José Ibáñez Godoy ◽

Pedro Saenz Lopez

Keyword(s):

Emotional Intelligence ◽

Emotional Regulation ◽

Muscle Pain ◽

External Load ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Well Being ◽

Training Load ◽

Perceived Performance ◽

And Performance ◽

Perception Of Performance

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las relaciones entre carga de entrenamiento con variables emocionales y de rendimiento en baloncesto formativo. Los participantes fueron 82 jugadores y jugadoras (40 hombres y 42 mujeres) de categorías cadete (15 y 16 años) e infantil (13 y 14 años) con una edad media de 14,6 años. Se midió la carga interna con la Frecuencia Cardiaca Máxima (FCM), y la carga externa por medio de acelerometría, la inteligencia emocional, rendimiento percibido y variables relacionadas con el bienestar como la fatiga y dolor muscular. Los resultados mostraron que la FC está relacionada con una mayor percepción de rendimiento, así como la carga externa con la fatiga. La fatiga y el dolor muscular mostraron una fuerte relación entre ellas y, a su vez, con anotar menos puntos, menor percepción de rendimiento y con una regulación emocional negativa. El rendimiento percibido relacionó positivamente con todas las variables de la inteligencia emocional. Con estos datos, los entrenadores disponen de más recursos y conocimientos a la hora de planificar y diseñar las sesiones de entrenamiento lo que repercutirá en el rendimiento por parte de los deportistas. Se recomienda entrenar con intensidad sin llegar a percibir fatiga ni dolor muscular, así como desarrollar las variables de la inteligencia emocional. Abstract. The objective of the study was to identify the relationships between training load with emotional and performance variables in formative basketball. The participants were 82 players in the formative categories. Internal load, external load, emotional intelligence, perceived performance, and well-being-related variables such as fatigue and muscle pain were measured. The results show that heart rate is related to a higher perception of performance, as well as external load with fatigue. Similarly, fatigue and muscle pain had a strong relationship between them and, in turn, with less score in matches, less perception of performance and negative emotional regulation. The perceived performance relates positively to all the variables of emotional intelligence. With these data, the coaches have more resources and knowledge when it comes to planning and design the training sessions, which will improve performance by athletes. It is recommended to train with intensity without perceiving fatigue or muscular pain, as well as developing the variables of emotional intelligence.

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0204 The Impact of Sleep on Well-Being and Diurnal Performance in Elite Australian Football League Athletes

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.202 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A80-A80

Author(s):

E R Facer-Childs ◽

S P Drummond ◽

S W Rajaratnam

Keyword(s):

Force Plate ◽

Biological Rhythms ◽

Well Being ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Training Load ◽

Australian Football League ◽

Australian Football ◽

And Performance ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction The ultimate goal in the sports world is achieving optimal health and continuous high-level performance through an adequate balance of training load and recovery e.g. rehab, nutrition, well being and sleep. Athletes often encounter situations that negatively impact their ability to sleep well, disrupt their biological rhythms and increase mental stress e.g. late competition times, travel and high training load. Therefore, there is a need to increase our understanding of how individual variability could be impacting recovery and performance in elite sports. Methods This study examined the relationships between individual sleep and circadian patterns, well-being and performance variables in Australian Football League (AFL) athletes. Actigraphy combined with daily sleep diaries were used to gather objective sleep data over a period of 14 days. Performance tests were conducted in the morning (between 07:00 - 08:00am) and afternoon (between 14:00 - 15:00) on days 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 14. Performance measures included a strength test (force plate jump), a skilled based accuracy test (goal kicking) and a reaction time test (psychomotor vigilance task). Results Preliminary results show that sleep and circadian parameters differed significantly between individuals and were correlated with measures of well-being and diurnal performance. Conclusion The Australian Football League (AFL) is one of the largest growing sports industries in Australia and New Zealand with annual revenues reaching a billion dollars. These findings add to the growing literature showing how sleep impacts performance in elite athletes and highlights the need to take sleep and time of day into account. This is of critical importance to the global sports industry, who are constantly seeking marginal gains. Support n/a

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Human potential in the system of social and economic development: problems and prospects of Vinnytsia region

Regional Economy ◽

10.36818/1562-0905-2020-3-8 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 71-80

Author(s):

Olesya Tomchuk

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Human Development ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Well Being ◽

Human Potential ◽

High Tech ◽

Social And Economic Development

The article highlights the problems and prospects of human development, which is the basis for the long-term strategies of social and economic growth of different countries and regions at the present stage. Submitting strategies of this type provides an opportunity to focus on individual empowerment and to build a favorable environment for effective management decisions in the field of forming, maintaining, and restoring human potential. The analysis of the Vinnytsia region human potential dynamics in the regional system of social and economic development factors was carried out. Application of generalized assessment of the regional human development index components allowed the identification of the main trends that characterize the formation of human potential of the territory, including the reproduction of the population, social environment, comfort and quality of life, well-being, decent work, and education. The article emphasizes that despite some positive changes in the social and economic situation of the region and in assessing the parameters of its human development level relative to other regions of Ukraine, Vinnytsia region is now losing its human potential due to negative demographic situation and migration to other regions and countries. The main reason for such dynamics is proven to be related to the outdated structure of the region's economy, the predominance of the agricultural sector, the lack of progressive transformations in the development of high-tech fields of the economy. An important factor is the low level of urbanization of the region, which leads to the spread of less attractive working conditions and less comfortable living conditions. The key factors that cause the growth of urbanization in the region have been identified, including the significant positive impact of the transport and social infrastructure expansion, the lack of which in rural areas leads to a decrease in the level and comfort of life. Without progressive structural changes in the economy and the resettlement system, the loss of human potential will continue.

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