The Effects of Repetitive Throwing on Shoulder Proprioception and Internal and External Rotation Strength

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Nocera ◽  
Mack Rubley ◽  
William Holcomb ◽  
Mark Guadagnoli
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Rotation Strength

Context:There is limited information on the effects of throwing on shoulder proprioception and strength.Objective:Examine shoulder proprioception and strength following throwing.Design:2x3 mixed-subject design.Setting:Research laboratory and outdoor facility.Participants:23 male college students (age = 22 ± 2.9yr, ht = 178 ± 11.3cm, wt = 72 ± 7.7kg, 22 right-handed 1 left-handed).Intervention:Subjects were pretested for proprioception, measured by active reproduction of passive positioning (ARPP). Strength was quantified using 1RM and an average peak torque at 120º/sec for internal and external shoulder rotation. Following pretesting, subjects (excluding control) completed 75 throws at 75% maximum immediately followed by posttesting.Main Outcome Measures:Pre and post ARPP absolute error and strength changes.Results:Significant difference in the pre and posttest ARPP values for throwing groups but no difference for the control group. There was no significant difference from pre to post on the strength tests for any groups.Conclusion:Results indicate that repetitive throwing affects proprioception while not affecting strength.

scholarly journals Isokinetic strength of shoulder internal and external rotators in cricket bowlers

2002 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
X.M. Mabasa ◽  
A. Stewart ◽  
C. Fleishman
Keyword(s):  
External Rotation ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Isokinetic Strength ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Joint System ◽  
Rotational Strength ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Position Data ◽  
Torque Values ◽  
Rotation Strength

The strength of the shoulder internal and external rotators incricket bowlers, may not be sufficient to cope with the demands of bowling.As very little research has been done on cricketers, this study was done to establish the isokinetic strength profile of the shoulder internal andexternal rotators in cricket bowlers.Isokinetic, shoulder rotational strength was evaluated in thirty malecricket volunteers with a mean age of 23.9 years and mean body weight of 70.3 kgs. The Cybex 340 dynamometer multi joint system was used to collect data on shoulder rotation strength in a standing neutral position. Data were collected at four different speeds (60,90,180 and 300deg/sec) and were computed for peak torque values for internal and external ratios for both dominant and non dominant shoulders.The results showed no statistically significant difference in the mean shoulder rotational torque between the bowlingand non-bowling shoulders for external rotation (p>0.05), and indicated statistically significant differences in themean shoulder rotational torque between the bowling and non-bowling shoulders for internal rotation (p<0.05). Therewas a significant decrease in isokinetic peak torque production for the external/internal rotator muscles as the speedof contraction increased (p<0.05). The peak torque ratio for the external/internal rotator muscles of the bowling armwere significantly less than of the non-bowling arm (p<0.05). These findings suggest that the strength ratios of thebowling arm need to be considered when managing young cricketers and their injuries.

The Effects of Jump-Rope Training on Shoulder Isokinetic Strength in Adolescent Volleyball Players

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irem Duzgun ◽  
Gul Baltaci ◽  
Filiz Colakoglu ◽  
Volga Bayrakci Tunay ◽  
Derya Ozer
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Total Work ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Shoulder Strength ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Jump Rope ◽  
Group 1

Objective:To investigate the effect of a 12-wk weighted-jump-rope training program on shoulder strength.Design:Pretest to posttest experimental design.Setting:University sports physiotherapy laboratory.Participants:24 healthy volleyball players age 13-16 y.Intervention:Group 1 took weighted-rope training (n = 9), group 2 took unweighted-rope training (n = 8), and group 3 did not train with any specific program (n = 7).Main Outcome Measures:Players’ strength determined with an isokinetic dynamometer (Isomed 2000) at 180 and 60°/s on external and internal rotators, supraspinatus peak torque, and total work of the dominant shoulder. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to determine the difference among the groups.Results:At pretraining evaluation, there were no significant differences in the test scores of the isokinetic test of full can and empty can between the groups at 60 and 180°/s. There was no statistically significant difference for 60 and 180°/s between pretraining and posttraining assessment (P > .05) except that total eccentric work increased in groups 1 and 3 but decreased in group 2 at 180°/s during the full can (P < .05). There was no significant difference among the groups between the pretraining and posttraining testing at both 180 and 60°/s for the empty can (P > .05). Internal-rotation values at 60 and 180°/s decreased for both peak torque and total work for all groups. External-rotation peak torque and total work at 60°/s increased for group 1. External-rotation peak torque and total work at 180°/s increased for all groups.Conclusions:The results indicate that a jump-rope training program is a good conditioning method for overhead athletes because of its potential benefits to shoulder strength.

Humeral Torsion in the Throwing Arm of Handball Players

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Gerd Pieper
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Pain ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Humeral Torsion ◽  
Dominant Side ◽  
Chronic Shoulder Pain

Sport-specific upper extremity strain, mostly unilateral, during growth may lead to adaptations in soft tissue and bone. We investigated 51 male professional handball players between 18 and 39 years of age (average, 27 years), 39 right-handed and 12 left-handed. Thirty-eight players had no shoulder problems, and 13 had chronic shoulder pain. Humeral retrotorsion was determined by radiograph. The differences between the throwing and contralateral arms were compared with those of 37 controls who had no history of unilateral strain either through sports or profession. Standard statistical analysis was performed using the t-test. The retrotorsional angle of the humerus in the handball professionals' throwing arm was an average of 9.4° larger in the dominant side than in the nondominant, with a side-to-side difference up to 29°. In the control group, no statistically significant difference was found. In the group without chronic shoulder pain, the side-to-side difference was an average of 14.4° more in the throwing arm than the other side. Players with chronic shoulder pain did not exhibit this increase, even showing an average decrease of humeral retrotorsion of 5.2° in the throwing arm. The humeral retrotorsion increase can be explained as an adaptation to extensive external rotation in throwing practice during growth. Athletes who do not adapt this way seem to have more strain on their anterior capsules at less external rotation and develop chronic shoulder pain because of anterior instability.

scholarly journals Donepezil for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoungwon Baik ◽  
Seon Myeong Kim ◽  
Jin Ho Jung ◽  
Yang Hyun Lee ◽  
Seok Jong Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractWe investigated the efficacy of donepezil for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease (PD-MCI). This was a prospective, non-randomized, open-label, two-arm study. Eighty PD-MCI patients were assigned to either a treatment or control group. The treatment group received donepezil for 48 weeks. The primary outcome measures were the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Exam and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. Secondary outcome measures were the Clinical Dementia Rating, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III, Clinical Global Impression scores. Progression of dementia was assessed at 48-week. Comprehensive neuropsychological tests and electroencephalography (EEG) were performed at baseline and after 48 weeks. The spectral power ratio of the theta to beta2 band (TB2R) in the electroencephalogram was analyzed. There was no significant difference in the primary and secondary outcome measures between the two groups. However, the treatment group showed a significant decrease in TB2R at bilateral frontotemporoparietal channels compared to the control group. Although we could not demonstrate improvements in the cognitive functions, donepezil treatment had a modulatory effect on the EEG in PD-MCI patients. EEG might be a sensitive biomarker for detecting changes in PD-MCI after donepezil treatment.

scholarly journals Reliability of a New Portable Dynamometer for Assessing Hip and Lower Limb Strength

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3391
Author(s):  
Jan Marušič ◽  
Goran Marković ◽  
Nejc Šarabon
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Lower Limb Muscles ◽  
Lower Limb Strength ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Hip Abduction ◽  
Maximal Peak

The purpose of this study was to evaluate intra- and inter-session reliability of the new, portable, and externally fixated dynamometer called MuscleBoard® for assessing the strength of hip and lower limb muscles. Hip abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, internal and external rotation, knee extension, ankle plantarflexion, and Nordic hamstring exercise strength were measured in three sessions (three sets of three repetitions for each test) on 24 healthy and recreationally active participants. Average and maximal value of normalized peak torque (Nm/kg) from three repetitions in each set and agonist:antagonist ratios (%) were statistically analyzed; the coefficient of variation and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC2,k) were calculated to assess absolute and relative reliability, respectively. Overall, the results display high to excellent intra- and inter-session reliability with low to acceptable within-individual variation for average and maximal peak torques in all bilateral strength tests, while the reliability of unilateral strength tests was moderate to good. Our findings indicate that using the MuscleBoard® dynamometer can be a reliable device for assessing and monitoring bilateral and certain unilateral hip and lower limb muscle strength, while some unilateral strength tests require some refinement and more extensive familiarization.

scholarly journals The added value of cognition-targeted exercise versus symptom-targeted exercise for multiple sclerosis fatigue: A randomized controlled pilot trial

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0258752
Author(s):  
Azza Alketbi ◽  
Salah Basit ◽  
Nouran Hamza ◽  
Lori M. Walton ◽  
Ibrahim M. Moustafa
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Recruitment Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Intervention Protocol

Background Fatigue is considered one of the most common symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and lacks a current standardized treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of a cognition-targeted exercise versus symptom-targeted exercise for MS fatigue. Methods In this Pilot, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial, sixty participants with multiple sclerosis, were randomly assigned to either a Cognition-Targeted Exercise (CTE) (N = 30, mean age 41) or a Symptom-Targeted Exercise (STE) (N = 30, mean age 42). The participants in the experimental group received eight, 50-minute sessions of weekly Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) in addition to a CTE Program; whereas, participants in the control group received eight, 50-minute sessions of weekly CBT in addition to the standardized physiotherapy program (STE Program). Feasibility was assessed through recruitment rate, participant retention, adherence and safety, in addition to clinical outcome measures, including: (1) Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), (2) Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS), (3) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). All outcome measures were assessed at baseline (pretreatment), following completion of the eight visit intervention protocol, and at 3-months follow-up. Results The recruitment rate was 60% and 93% of participants completed the entire study. The recruited participants complied with 98% of the required visits. No adverse events were recorded. A Generalized Estimation Equation Model revealed a significant difference over time as an interaction term during the post and follow up visit for all clinical outcome measures (p < .001). Conclusion The addition of CTE to CBT exhibited positive and more lasting influence on MS fatigue outcomes compared to Symptom-Targeted Exercise (STE). Feasibility and efficacy data from this pilot study provide support for a full-scale RCT of CTE as an integral component of Multiple Sclerosis fatigue management.

Two Stretching Treatments for the Hamstrings: Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Versus Kinesio Taping

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Che-Hsiu Chen ◽  
Tsun-Shun Huang ◽  
Huei-Ming Chai ◽  
Mei-Hwa Jan ◽  
Jiu-Jenq Lin
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Static Stretch ◽  
Kinesio Taping ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation ◽  
Before And After

Context:Recent studies have shown that the static stretch (SS) may adversely affect leg-muscle performance.Objectives:The authors examined the short-term effects of 2 stretching exercises on hamstrings muscle before and after exercise.Design:Crossover.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:9 healthy, physically active men.Interventions:There were 3 protocols in a randomized order with a 7-d interval: nonstretching (CON protocol), hamstrings static stretching (SS) with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), and SS with kinesio-taping application on the hamstrings.Main Outcome Measures:Outcome measures included first-felt and maximum tolerant-felt range of motion (FROM and TROM), maximal knee-flexion peak torque (PT) at 180°/s, and hamstrings muscle stiffness.Results:Groups were not different at prestretching in terms of hamstrings flexibility, PT, and muscle stiffness. At poststretching, both stretching protocols showed significant increases in FROM and TROM (P < .05). Stiffer hamstrings muscle and decreased PT were found in both SS+PNF and CON protocols (P < .05). However, there was no significant difference in the SS+Taping protocol (P > .05).Conclusion:The stretching protocols improve hamstrings flexibility immediately, but after exercise hamstrings peak torque is diminished in the SS+PNF but not in the SS+Taping group. This means that SS+Taping can prevent negative results from exercise, which may prevent muscle injury.

scholarly journals Templating of Syndesmotic Ankle Lesions by Use of 3D Analysis in Weightbearing and Classical CT

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011418S0017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Burssens ◽  
Alexej Barg ◽  
Laurens De Cock ◽  
Jan Victor ◽  
Kristian Buedts
Keyword(s):  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Computer Calculation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Distal Fibula ◽  
Fracture Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Syndesmotic lesions of the ankle have shown to be challenging injuries towards diagnosis and surgical treatment. This could be mainly attributed to the limitations of 2D imaging, which make it difficult to accurately determine the extent of the lesion and to verify if peroperatively an anatomical reduction is achieved of the distal tibiofibular congruence. The aim of this study is therefore to develop a reproducible method to quantify the displacement in a syndesmotic ankle lesion in all six degrees of freedom based on 3D imaging. Methods: Eighteen patients were retrospectively included having a unilateral syndesmotic lesion. N=12 sustained a high ankle sprain and a bilateral weightbearing conebeam CT was obtained because of positive clinical syndesmotic tests. N=6 presented with a fracture associated syndesmotic lesion and were imaged by a bilateral non-weightbearing CT. The non-affected ankle was used as a template after being mirrored and matched on the contralateral ankle containing a syndesmotic lesion (Fig 1A-B). The distal fibula was marked by computer calculation of the most outer point of the anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle and apex malleolis lateralis. The change of these points towards the unaffected fibular position was used to quantify the syndesmotic lesion (Fig 1C). A control group of seven patients (N=7) was used to analyse if these changes differed from the normal variation in tibio-fibular congruency (Fig 1D). Results: The main findings consisted of a statistical significant difference in the mean mediolateral diastasis of both the sprained group (M = 1.60 mm, SD=1.02) and the fracture group (M = 1.69 mm, SD=0.62) compared to the control group (P<.001). The mean external rotation was statistically different when comparing the sprained group (M = 4.68°, SD=2.74) and the fracture group (M = 6.97°, SD=3.02) towards the control group (P<.05). The mean antero-posterior translation was only significantly different when comparing the fracture group (M = -4.73 mm, SD=4.53) towards the sprained group (M = -0.91 mm, SD=1.26) and the control group (M = -0.26 mm, SD=1.53) (P<.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates an effective method to quantify a unilateral syndesmotic lesion of the ankle. The pathological measurements differed from the normal distal tibio-fibular configuration in the syndesmotic complex. This sequential analysis is of use for an accurate diagnosis and a pre-operative planning to know in advance which correction needs to be achieved to have the fibula at proper length correctly rotated, and reduced into the syndesmosis with no anterior, posterior or lateral displacement.

Landing Kinematics and Isometric Hip Strength of Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 969-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan S. McCann ◽  
Masafumi Terada ◽  
Kyle B. Kosik ◽  
Phillip A. Gribble
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Ankle Instability ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Chronic Ankle Instability ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Hip Strength ◽  
Hip Kinematics ◽  
Rotation Strength

Background: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is associated with hip strength deficits and altered movement in the lower extremity. However, it remains unclear how hip strength deficits contribute to lateral ankle sprain (LAS) mechanisms. We aimed to compare lower extremity landing kinematics and isometric hip strength between individuals with and without CAI and examine associations between hip kinematics and strength. Methods: Seventy-six individuals completed 5 single-leg landings, during which we collected three-dimensional ankle, knee, and hip kinematics from 200 milliseconds pre–initial contact to 50 milliseconds post–initial contact. We calculated average peak torque (Nm/kg) from 3 trials of isometric hip extension, abduction, and external rotation strength testing. One-way analyses of variance assessed group differences (CAI, LAS coper, and control) in hip strength and kinematics. Pearson product moment correlations assessed associations between hip kinematics and strength. We adjusted the kinematic group comparisons and correlation analyses for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. Results: The CAI group exhibited less hip abduction during landing than LAS copers and controls. The CAI group had lower hip external rotation strength than LAS copers ( P = .04, d = 0.62 [0.05, 1.17]) and controls ( P < .01, d = 0.87 [0.28, 1.43]). Effect sizes suggest that the CAI group had deficits in EXT compared with controls ( d = 0.63 [0.06, 1.19]). Hip strength was not associated with hip landing kinematics for any group. Conclusion: Altered landing mechanics displayed by the CAI group may promote mechanisms of LAS, but they are not associated with isometric hip strength. However, hip strength deficits may negatively impact other functional tasks, and they should still be considered during rehabilitation. Level of Evidence: Level III, case-control study.

Measurement of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation in Asymptomatic Tennis Players and Swimmers

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1017-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Rangel Torres ◽  
João Luiz Ellera Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Overhead Sports ◽  
The Difference

Background Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, often diagnosed in players of overhead sports, has been associated with the development of secondary shoulder lesions. Hypothesis Asymptomatic players of different overhead sports will exhibit variable degrees of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Fifty-four asymptomatic male volunteers (108 shoulders) divided into 3 groups (tennis players, swimmers, control group) underwent measurements of glenohumeral internal and external rotation using clinical examination with scapular stabilization. Measurements of dominant and nondominant shoulders were compared within and between groups. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) was defined as the difference in internal rotation between the nondominant and dominant shoulders. Results In tennis players, mean GIRD was 23.9° ± 8.4° (P < .001); in swimmers, 12° ± 6.8° (P < .001); and in the control group, 4.9° ± 7.4° (P = .035). Dominant shoulders showed significant difference between all groups, and the difference in internal rotation of the dominant shoulder between the group of tennis players in comparison with the control group (27.6°, P < .001) was greater than the difference in internal rotation of the dominant shoulder found in the group of swimmers compared with the control group (17.9°, P < .001). Between tennis players and swimmers, the difference in internal rotation of the dominant shoulder was 9.7° (P = .002). Conclusion Dominant limbs showed less glenohumeral internal rotation than the nondominant limbs in all groups, with the deficit in the group of tennis players about twice the deficit found for swimmers. Mean difference between limbs in the control group was less than 5°, which is within normal parameters according to most studies. There were statistically significant differences between all groups when dominant shoulders were compared with each other, differences that were not compensated by external rotation gain. Tennis players had the least range of motion, followed by swimmers.

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