Pacing Strategies of Inexperienced Children During Repeated 800 m Individual Time-Trials and Simulated Competition

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Lambrick ◽  
Alex Rowlands ◽  
Thomas Rowland ◽  
Roger Eston
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
Laboratory Trial ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Difference

Prior experience of fatiguing tasks is considered essential to establishing an optimal pacing strategy. This study examined the pacing behavior of inexperienced children during self-paced, 800 m running, both individually and within a competitive environment. Thirteen children (aged 9−11 y) completed a graded-exercise test to volitional exhaustion on a treadmill (laboratory trial), followed by three self-paced, individual 800 m time-trials (Trials 1−3) and one self-paced, competitive 800 m time-trial (Trial 4) on an outdoor athletics track. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR) were measured throughout all trials. Overall performance time improved from Trial 1−3 (250.1 ± 50.4 s & 242.4 ± 51.5 s, respectively, p < .017). The difference in overall performance time between Trials 3 and 4 (260.5 ± 54.2 s) was approaching significance (p = .06). The pacing strategy employed from the outset was consistent across all trials. These findings dispute the notion that an optimal pacing strategy is learned with exercise experience or training.

Opposition of Carbohydrate in a Mouth-Rinse Solution to the Detrimental Effect of Mouth Rinsing During Cycling Time Trials

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Gam ◽  
Kym J. Guelfi ◽  
Paul A. Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Mouth Rinse ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Time To Completion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mouth Rinsing ◽  
Cycling Time

Studies have reported that rinsing the mouth with a carbohydrate (CHO) solution improves cycling time-trial performance compared with rinsing with a placebo solution. However, no studies have compared the effect of mouth rinsing with a no-mouth-rinse control condition. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a CHO mouth rinse with those of a placebo rinse and a no-rinse condition. Ten male cyclists completed three 1,000-kJ cycling time trials in a randomized, counterbalanced order. At every 12.5% of the time trial completed, participants were required to rinse their mouths for 5 s with either a 6.4% maltodextrin solution (CHO), water (WA), or no solution (CON). Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded every 25% of the time trial completed. Time to completion was faster in both CHO (65.7 ± 11.07 min) and CON (67.6 ± 12.68 min) than in WA (69.4 ± 13.81 min; p = .013 and p = .042, respectively). The difference between CHO and CON approached significance (p = .086). There were no differences in heart rate or RPE between any conditions. In summary, repeated mouth rinsing with water results in decreased performance relative to not rinsing at all. Adding CHO to the rinse solution appears to oppose this fall in performance, possibly providing additional benefits to performance compared with not rinsing the mouth at all. This brings into question the magnitude of the effect of CHO mouth rinsing reported in previous studies that did not include a no-rinse condition.

scholarly journals Can Intentional Distractions Affect Endurance Performance Positively?

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Roger Couture
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Performance Change ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Active Distraction

Distractions are often associated with negative outcomes however, distractions can also benefit people. Using the hypothesis of internal-external distractions in the competition for cue, this study examined the effects of an active (controlled) and passive (uncontrolled) distraction on three endurance tasks. Participants (N=42), aged 20 to 23 years were assigned to three groups. Tasks and conditions were counterbalanced across groups to minimize the residual effects of fatigue, learning an intervention and other confounding variables. Performance time, heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion and perceived fatigue were measured. Results showed that active distraction significantly improved performance and lowered Rate of Perceived Exertion in one task. As expected, the active distraction group was the least accurate for estimating time spent. Passive distraction caused minimal performance change. More investigation is needed to understand why an active distraction only affected one trial. Future studies should delve into means for better understanding the hypothesis of competition for cue.

The Effect of Adding Lower Intensity Work on Perceived Aversiveness of Exercise

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britton W. Brewer ◽  
Tina M. Manos ◽  
Anne V. McDevitt ◽  
Allen E. Cornelius ◽  
Judy L. Van Raalte
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Lower Intensity ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
The Difference

Two studies tested the hypothesis that exertional trend influences perceived aversiveness of an exercise bout. In Study 1, participants (64 women and 26 men) read descriptions of 8 fictitious people’s ratings of perceived exertion during exercise sessions on a stationary bicycle, including a 15-min session with a pattern of increasing exertion and a 20-min session with a pattern of exertion identical to the 15-min session with the addition of a 5-min period of reduced exertion at the end. Despite a greater overall workload, the 20-min session was perceived as significantly less aversive than the 15-min session. In Study 2, participants (11 women and 9 men) completed 15- and 20-min sessions on a cycle ergometer with the same basic exertional patterns as in Study 1. Ratings of the aversiveness of the 2 sessions did not differ significantly, despite the difference in duration. Results demonstrate that adding a period of reduced exertion attenuates the perceived aversiveness of a bout of exercise.

Effect of Tethered Swimming as Postactivation Potentiation on Swimming Performance and Technical, Hemophysiological, and Psychophysiological Variables in Adolescent Swimmers

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Zied Abbes ◽  
Monoem Haddad ◽  
Khalid W. Bibi ◽  
Iñigo Mujika ◽  
Cyril Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Postactivation Potentiation ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Warm Up

Objectives: To investigate whether tethered swimming (TS) performed 8 minutes before a 50-m freestyle swimming sprint could be an effective postactivation potentiation method to improve performance in young swimmers. Methods: Fourteen regional-level male adolescent swimmers (age 13.0 [2.0] y; height 161.1 [12.4] cm; body mass 52.5 [9.5] kg) underwent 2 trial conditions in a randomized and counterbalanced order (1 experimental [TS], 1 control) on different days. During the experimental session, the participants performed a standard warm-up of 1200 m followed by a TS exercise, which consisted of 3 × 10-second maximal efforts of TS with 1-minute rests between bouts. In the control condition, the warm-up phase was immediately followed by 200 m at a moderate pace (same duration as the TS in the experimental session). Performance (time trial); biomechanical (stroke length), physiological (blood lactate concentrations), and psychophysiological (ratings of perceived exertion) variables; and countermovement-jump (CMJ) flight time were collected. Results: TS warm-up had no significant effect on 50-m swimming performance (P = .27), postexercise ratings of perceived exertion, stroke length, or CMJ flight time (P ≥ .05). Blood lactate concentrations significantly increased at the end of the warm-up in the TS condition only (interaction effect: F1.91,29.91 = 4.91, P = .01, η2 = .27) and after the 50-m trial in both conditions (F1.57,20.41 = 62.39, P = .001, η2 = .82). Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that 3 × 10-second TS exercises performed 8 minutes prior to the event did not affect ratings of perceived exertion, stroke length, or CMJ flight time. In addition, tethered swimming did not affect 50-m freestyle sprint performance in young swimmers.

Prediction of peak oxygen uptake from sub-maximal ratings of perceived exertion elicited during a graded exercise test in obese women

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1150-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy B. J. Coquart ◽  
Christine Lemaire ◽  
Alain-Eric Dubart ◽  
Claire Douillard ◽  
David-Pol Luttenbacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Graded Exercise Test ◽  
Graded Exercise

scholarly journals Running Performance With Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sweetened Mouth Rinses

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1105-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keely R. Hawkins ◽  
Sridevi Krishnan ◽  
Lara Ringos ◽  
Vanessa Garcia ◽  
Jamie A. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Artificial Sweetener ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Mouth Rinses ◽  
Blinded Study ◽  
Sweetness Intensity

Using mouth rinse (MR) with carbohydrate during exercise has been shown to act as an ergogenic aid.Purpose:To investigate if nutritive or nonnutritive sweetened MR affects exercise performance and to assess the influence of sweetness intensity on endurance performance during a time trial (TT).Methods:This randomized, single-blinded study had 4 treatment conditions. Sixteen subjects (9 men, 7 women) completed a 12.8-km TT 4 different times. During each TT, subjects mouth-rinsed and expectorated a different solution at time 0 and every 12.5% of the TT. The 4 MR solutions were sucrose (S) (sweet taste and provides energy of 4 kcal/g), a lower-intensity sucralose (S1:1) (artificial sweetener that provides no energy but tastes sweet), a higher-intensity sucralose (S100:1), and water as control (C). Completion times for each TT, heart rate (HR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were also recorded.Results:Completion time for S was faster than for C (1:03:47 ± 00:02:17 vs 1:06:56 ± 00:02:18, respectively; P < .001) and showed a trend to be faster vs S100:1 (1:03:47 ± 00:02:17 vs 1:05:38 ± 00:02:12, respectively; P = .07). No other TT differences were found. Average HR showed a trend to be higher for S vs C (P = .08). The only difference in average or maximum RPE was for higher maximum RPE in C vs S1:1 (P = .02).Conclusion:A sweet-tasting MR did improve endurance performance compared with water in a significant manner (mean 4.5% improvement; 3+ min.); however, the presence of energy in the sweet MR appeared necessary since the artificial sweeteners did not improve performance more than water alone.

The effects of carbohydrate ingestion on 30 minute rowing time trial performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-252
Author(s):  
L. Bottoms ◽  
R. Westhead ◽  
J. Evans ◽  
J. Blyth ◽  
T. Sleet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Current Investigation ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Maltodextrin Solution ◽  
Carbohydrate Solution ◽  
Trial Performance

The aim of the study was to determine whether ingestion of 6.4% carbohydrate solution prior to 30 min rowing had any effect on distance rowed. Twelve male participants (aged 22.21±2.47 years) volunteered to take part. Participants ingested either 500 ml of 6.4% flavourless maltodextrin solution (CHO) or water (PLA) prior to exercise. During 30 min of self-paced rowing heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), stroke rate, power output and distance covered were recorded every 6-min throughout. Participants rowed significantly (P<0.05) further during the CHO trial (6,714.2±409.9 m) compared to the PLA trial (6,390.8±448.1 m). Power also increased during the CHO trial compared to the PLA (P<0.05). However, there was no difference in RPE. In conclusion, from the current investigation rowers who wish to improve their time trial performance in longer duration events may benefit from the ingestion of CHO prior to competition.

scholarly journals Summated Hazard Score as a Powerful Predictor of Fatigue in Relation to Pacing Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1984
Author(s):  
Sylvia Binkley ◽  
Carl Foster ◽  
Cristina Cortis ◽  
Jos J. de Koning ◽  
Christopher Dodge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Start Time ◽  
Slow Start ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Secondary Outcome Variable ◽  
Fast Start

During competitive events, the pacing strategy depends upon how an athlete feels at a specific moment and the distance remaining. It may be expressed as the Hazard Score (HS) with momentary HS being shown to provide a measure of the likelihood of changing power output (PO) within an event and summated HS as a marker of how difficult an event is likely to be perceived to be. This study aimed to manipulate time trial (TT) starting strategies to establish whether the summated HS, as opposed to momentary HS, will improve understanding of performance during a simulated cycling competition. Seven subjects (peak PO: 286 ± 49.7 W) performed two practice 10-km cycling TTs followed by three 10-km TTs with imposed PO (±5% of mean PO achieved during second practice TT and a self-paced TT). PO, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), lactate, heart rate (HR), HS, summated HS, session RPE (sRPE) were collected. Finishing time and mean PO for self-paced (time: 17.51 ± 1.41 min; PO: 234 ± 62.6 W), fast-start (time: 17.72 ± 1.87 min; PO: 230 ± 62.0 W), and slow-start (time: 17.77 ± 1.74 min; PO: 230 ± 62.7) TT were not different. There was a significant interaction between each secondary outcome variable (PO, RPE, lactate, HR, HS, and summated HS) for starting strategy and distance. The evolution of HS reflected the imposed starting strategy, with a reduction in PO following a fast-start, an increased PO following a slow-start with similar HS during the last part of all TTs. The summated HS was strongly correlated with the sRPE of the TTs (r = 0.88). The summated HS was higher with a fast start, indicating greater effort, with limited time advantage. Thus, the HS appears to regulate both PO within a TT, but also the overall impression of the difficulty of a TT.

THE INFLUENCE OF AN AMARANTH-BASED BEVERAGE ON CYCLING PERFORMANCE: A PILOT STUDY

Biotecnia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Ever Espino-González ◽  
María J. Muñoz-Daw ◽  
Juan M. Rivera-Sosa ◽  
María L. De la Torre-Díaz ◽  
Gabriel E. Cano-Olivas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Sports Beverage ◽  
Trial Performance

The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an amaranth-based beverage (CHO-P) on cycling performance and hydration status, despite containing a total caloric content higher than that of a commercial sports beverage (CHO-P: 52.48 kcal per 100 mL vs CHO: 24 kcal per 100 mL). In a randomized, crossover design, six cyclists performed two exercise tests separated by seven days. Each test comprised two time-trials (32.20 km and 5 km) separated by 10 min of rest. Participants consumed either an amaranth-based beverage (CHO-P; 10% and 1.5% concentrations) or a commercial sports beverage (CHO; 6%). Changes in hematocrit and body mass, ratings of perceived exertion, and average power were assessed throughout both tests. 32.2-km time-trial performance was enhanced with CHO-P compared to CHO (54.3 ± 4.1 min vs 55.6 ± 4.8 min; p<0.05). However, no other variablemeasured in this study was significantly different between beverage types. Further laboratory based research should be performed to further explore the ergogenic potential of amaranth supplementation during endurance exercise.

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