scholarly journals The long-term impact of employment bans on the economic integration of refugees

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. eaap9519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Marbach ◽  
Jens Hainmueller ◽  
Dominik Hangartner
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Waiting Period ◽  
Employment Gap ◽  
Welfare Expenditures ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Long Term Impact

Many European countries impose employment bans that prevent asylum seekers from entering the local labor market for a certain waiting period upon arrival. We provide evidence on the long-term effects of these employment bans on the subsequent economic integration of refugees. We leverage a natural experiment in Germany, where a court ruling prompted a reduction in the length of the employment ban. We find that, 5 years after the waiting period was reduced, employment rates were about 20 percentage points lower for refugees who, upon arrival, had to wait for an additional 7 months before they were allowed to enter the labor market. It took up to 10 years for this employment gap to disappear. Our findings suggest that longer employment bans considerably slowed down the economic integration of refugees and reduced their motivation to integrate early on after arrival. A marginal social cost analysis for the study sample suggests that this employment ban cost German taxpayers about 40 million euros per year, on average, in terms of welfare expenditures and foregone tax revenues from unemployed refugees.

scholarly journals Long-term Impact of Adenotonsillectomy on the Quality of Life of Children with Sleep-disordered breathing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Alves Sousa Caixeta ◽  
Jessica Caixeta Silva Sampaio ◽  
Vanessa Vaz Costa ◽  
Isadora Milhomem Bruno da Silveira ◽  
Carolina Ribeiro Fernandes de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Disordered Breathing ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Disordered Breathing

Abstract Introduction Adenotonsillectomy is the first-line treatment for obstructive sleep apnea secondary to adenotonsillar hypertrophy in children. The physical benefits of this surgery are well known as well as its impact on the quality of life (QoL), mainly according to short-term evaluations. However, the long-term effects of this surgery are still unclear. Objective To evaluate the long-term impact of adenotonsillectomy on the QoL of children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Method This was a prospective non-controlled study. Children between 3 and 13 years of age with symptoms of SDB for whom adenotonsillectomy had been indicated were included. Children with comorbities were excluded. Quality of life was evaluated using the obstructive sleep apnea questionnaire (OSA-18), which was completed prior to, 10 days, 6 months, 12 months and, at least, 18 months after the procedure. For statistical analysis, p-values lower than 0.05 were defined as statistically significant. Results A total of 31 patients were enrolled in the study. The average age was 5.2 years, and 16 patients were male. The OSA-18 scores improved after the procedure in all domains, and this result was maintained until the last evaluation, done 22 ± 3 months after the procedure. Improvement in each domain was not superior to achieved in other domains. No correlation was found between tonsil or adenoid size and OSA-18 scores. Conclusion This is the largest prospective study that evaluated the long-term effects of the surgery on the QoL of children with SDB using the OSA-18. Our results show adenotonsillectomy has a positive impact in children's QoL.

scholarly journals Are asylum seekers more likely to work with more inclusive labor market access regulations?

2019 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Slotwinski ◽  
Alois Stutzer ◽  
Roman Uhlig
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Early Integration ◽  
Labor Market Policies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Labor Market Access ◽  
The One

Abstract In the face of recent refugee migration, early integration of asylum seekers into the labor market has been proposed as an important mechanism for easing their economic and social lot in the short as well as in the long term. However, little is known about the policies that foster or hamper their participation in the labor market, in particular during the important initial period of their stay in the host country. In order to evaluate whether inclusive labor market policies increase the labor market participation of asylum seekers, we exploit the variation in asylum policies in Swiss cantons to which asylum seekers are as good as randomly allocated. During our study period from 2011 to 2014, the employment rate among asylum seekers varied between 0 and 30.2% across cantons. Our results indicate that labor market access regulations are responsible for a substantial proportion of these differences, in which an inclusive regime increases participation by 11 percentage points. The marginal effects are larger for asylum seekers who speak a language that is linguistically close to the one in their host canton. Summary Inclusive labor market access regulations substantially increase the employment chances of asylum seekers, in particular if the language distance is short.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of Abuse in Later Life Perpetrated by Family Members

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 444-445
Author(s):  
Naomi Meinertz ◽  
Pi-Ju Liu ◽  
Ron Acierno
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Long Term Impact

Abstract Abuse in later life could potentially lead to lower levels of social support, especially when perpetrated by family members who are charged with protecting the older adult in their care. Using both waves of the National Elder Mistreatment longitudinal data (wave one collected in 2008 and wave two in 2015; N=774), long-term effects of abuse (i.e., physical, emotional, sexual, and financial) on levels of social support, physical health, and clinical depressive symptoms for respondents at or above the age of 60 years were analyzed. A multivariate analysis of variance showed that respondents abused at wave one (n=261) by a family member (B=-0.55, p≤0.001), a spouse or ex-partner (B=-0.349, p=0.02), or a non-relative or stranger (B=-0.301, p=0.026) had lower levels of social support eight years later at wave two. Those abused by a family member at wave one also experienced higher levels of depressive symptoms at wave two (B=-0.187, p=0.01). Perpetrator type did not predict general health at wave two. These results emphasize the long-term impact of abuse on the lives of older adults and highlight the importance trusted relationships, such as with family members, have on older adult health and wellbeing.

China's Economic Growth and Innovation in Globalization

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Bryan Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the potential long-term effects of contemporary globalization on the Chinese economy and innovation in an era of global hypercompetition. Globalization today is basically accepted as the process that removes geographical boundaries and enables the economic integration and interdependence of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, migration, and capital flows. Since productivity remains the critical determinant of long-term national growth and prosperity, the effects of today's globalism on productivity demands the need for business organizations in particular to sustain a competitive advantage and to remain profitable over time. Based on an integrative literature review, this chapter explores why China must continue to develop its innovation capabilities as well as to provide opportunities for foreign businesses over the long-term via responsible economic development that also benefits the nation's domestic population.

scholarly journals Antenatal Dexamethasone Exposure Impairs the High-Conductance Ca 2+ -Activated K + Channels via Epigenetic Alteration at Gene Promoter in Male Offspring

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Xu ◽  
Meng Zhao ◽  
Huan Li ◽  
Xiuwen Zhou ◽  
Bailin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Male Offspring ◽  
Mesenteric Arteries ◽  
Voltage Sensitivity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cardiovascular Risks ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
High Conductance

Objective: Antenatal exposure to glucocorticoids increases cardiovascular risks related to vascular dysfunctions in offspring, although underlying mechanisms are still unknown. As an important vascular mediator, high-conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channels (BK) plays an essential role in determining vascular tone. Long-term effects of antenatal glucocorticoids on BK in offspring are largely unknown. This study examined the effects and mechanisms of antenatal exposure to clinically relevant doses of glucocorticoids on vascular BK in offspring. Approach and Results: Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received synthetic glucocorticoids dexamethasone or vehicle during the last week of pregnancy. Vascular functions, cellular electrophysiology, target gene expression, and promoter methylation were examined in mesenteric arteries of male offspring (gestational day 21 [fetus] and postnatal day 120 [adult offspring]). Antenatal dexamethasone exposure impaired BK activators-mediated relaxation and reduced whole-cell BK currents in mesenteric arteries. Antenatal dexamethasone exposure did not alter Ca 2+ /voltage-sensitivity of BK but downregulated the expressions of BK α and β1 subunits in both fetal and adult mesenteric arteries. In addition, increased promoter methylations within BKα and BKβ1 were compatible with reduced expressions of the 2 genes. Conclusions: Our findings showed a profound and long-term impact of antenatal dexamethasone exposure on vascular BK via an altered epigenetic pattern from fetal stage to adulthood, advancing understanding of prolonged adverse effects and mechanisms of antenatal glucocorticoids exposure on vascular health in offspring.

scholarly journals The Long-Term Impact of Preschool Health and Nutrition on Education

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2_suppl2) ◽  
pp. S193-S201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Jukes
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Nutrition Supplementation ◽  
Infancy And Early Childhood ◽  
Long Term Impact

Malnutrition and infectious diseases in infancy and early childhood have an impact on the cognitive development of children in developing countries. The long-term effects of these diseases are less well understood. A number of studies relate early malnutrition, iron deficiency, and malaria infection to poor cognitive abilities in the school-age years. The long-term effect of randomized interventions in early childhood has been evaluated for nutrition supplementation and psychosocial stimulation of malnourished children and for malaria prevention in a community cohort. The evidence suggests that improving the health and nutrition of young children can improve their subsequent chances of attending school, the gender equity of education access, and performance of children once at school.

The Long-Term Impact of Loyalty Programs on Consumer Purchase Behavior and Loyalty

2007 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuping Liu
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Loyalty Programs ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Convenience Store ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Loyalty Program ◽  
Marketing Process ◽  
Long Term Impact

Despite the prevalent use of loyalty programs, there is limited evidence on the long-term effects of such programs, and their effectiveness is not well established. The current research examines the long-term impact of a loyalty program on consumers' usage levels and their exclusive loyalty to the firm. Using longitudinal data from a convenience store franchise, the study shows that consumers who were heavy buyers at the beginning of a loyalty program were most likely to claim their qualified rewards, but the program did not prompt them to change their purchase behavior. In contrast, consumers whose initial patronage levels were low or moderate gradually purchased more and became more loyal to the firm. For light buyers, the loyalty program broadened their relationship with the firm into other business areas. The findings suggest a need to consider consumer idiosyncrasies when studying loyalty programs and illustrate consumers' cocreation of value in the marketing process.

scholarly journals Immigration and labor market integration in Germany: A long view

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Sprengholz ◽  
Claudia Diehl ◽  
Johannes Giesecke ◽  
Michaela Kreyenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Market Performance ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Migrant Women ◽  
Duration Of Stay ◽  
Employment Rates

Objective: This paper draws on data from the Microcensus to provide a long-term overview of the labor market performance of different arrival cohorts of female and male migrants to Germany. Background: Whereas there is a large body of research on the labor market outcomes of migrants to Germany, a more descriptive long-term and gender-specific overview is missing. Method: We provide descriptive analyses for the employment rates, working hours, and occupational status levels of different arrival cohorts by gender, calendar year, and duration of stay. The data cover the time period 1976-2015.   Results: With the exception of the earliest cohort, migrant women and men have been consistently less likely to be employed than their German counterparts. While the average working hours of migrant women of earlier cohorts were longer than those of German women, the average working hours of migrant women declined considerably across subsequent cohorts. The occupational status levels of female and male migrants have increased across arrival cohorts, corresponding to increasing levels of education. Analyses by duration of stay indicate that the occupational status of arrival cohorts have tended to decline during their initial years of residence and then to stagnate thereafter, which may be due in part to selective outmigration and the naturalization of migrants with higher skill levels. Conclusion: Our results clearly show that the labor market performance of immigrants has varied greatly by arrival cohort, reflecting the conditions and policy contexts during which they entered Germany. This conclusion applies to both genders, but especially to women.

scholarly journals Long Term Effects of Job Displacement. Paper presented at the 2010 American Sociological Association Annual Meeting.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J Moehr
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Job Displacement ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects Models ◽  
Worker Characteristics ◽  
Using Data

This paper replicates and extends Stevens’s (1997) analysis of the long-term effects of job displacements. Using data from the 1968-2005 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I estimate fixed-effects models which show that there are long term decreases in earnings after displacements. The decreases are mediated when longer follow up data is used for individuals. Changes in the labor market have also shifted the relationship between displacements and individual worker characteristics. Specifically, education and experience have become more important then displacements. Conclusions are based on an analysis of the different people in the 40 years of PSID data and the structural changes in the labor market over that time. This article suggests that longitudinal data and fixed-effects models are one of many ways to conceptualize labor market changes.

scholarly journals The benefit of a tough skin: bullet holes, weathering and the preservation of heritage

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 160335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Mol ◽  
M. Gomez-Heras ◽  
C. Brassey ◽  
O. Green ◽  
T. Blenkinsop
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Building Stone ◽  
Rock Surface ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Moisture Movement ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

Projectile damage to building stone is a widespread phenomenon. Sites damaged 100 years ago during the First World War still see daily use, while in a more contemporary setting numerous reports show the damage to buildings in Babylon, Mosul and Palmyra. While research has been carried out on the long-term effects of conflict such as fire damage, little is known about the protracted damage sustained through the impact of bullets, shrapnel and other metal projectiles outside of the field of engineering focused on ceramics and metals. To investigate alterations to mineral structure caused by projectile damage, impacts were created in medium-grained, well-compacted, mesoporous sandstone samples using 0.22 calibre lead bullets shot at a distance of 20 m. Half these samples were treated with a surface consolidant (Wacker OH 100), to mimic natural cementation of the rock surface. These samples were then tested for changes to surface hardness and moisture movement during temperature cycles of 15–65°C. Petrographic thin section analysis was carried out to investigate the micro-scale deformation associated with high-speed impact. The results surprisingly show that stress build-up behind pre-existing cementation of the surface, as found in heritage sites that have been exposed to moisture and temperature fluctuations for longer periods of time, can be alleviated with a bullet impact. However, fracture networks and alteration of the mineral matrices still form a weak point within the structure, even at a relatively low impact calibre. This initial study illustrates the need for geomorphologists, geologists, engineers and heritage specialists to work collectively to gain further insights into the long-term impact of higher calibre armed warfare on heritage deterioration.

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