scholarly journals Optimizing Pharmacodynamic Target Attainment Using the MYSTIC Antibiogram: Data Collected in North America in 2002

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 2464-2470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L. Kuti ◽  
Charles H. Nightingale ◽  
David P. Nicolau
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
North America ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Target Attainment ◽  
The World ◽  
Dosing Regimens ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Initial Empirical Therapy ◽  
Different Parts

ABSTRACT The OPTAMA Program is intended to examine typical antimicrobial regimens used in the treatment of common nosocomial pathogens and the likelihood of these regimens attaining appropriate pharmacodynamic exposure in different parts of the world. A 5,000-subject Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate pharmacodynamic target attainment for meropenem, imipenem, ceftazidime, cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ciprofloxacin against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Standard dosing regimens from North America were used. Pharmacokinetic parameter variability was derived from existing healthy volunteer data, and MIC data came from the 2002 MYSTIC Program. Ciprofloxacin displayed the lowest target attainment against all bacterial species (41 to 46% for A. baumannii, 53 to 59% for P. aeruginosa, and 80 to 85% for the Enterobacteriaceae). Increasing the dose to 400 mg every 8 h did not significantly increase target attainment against nonfermenters. Piperacillin-tazobactam target attainments were similar to that of ceftazidime against all pathogens. Higher doses of both compounds were needed to achieve better target attainments against P. aeruginosa. Overall, meropenem, imipenem, and cefepime attained the highest probabilities of attainment against the Enterobacteriaceae (99 to 100%). The carbapenems appear to be the most useful agents against A. baumannii (88 to 92%), and these agents, along with higher doses of any of the β-lactams, would be the most appropriate choices for empirical therapy for P. aeruginosa infection. Given the lack of agreement between percent susceptibility and probability of target attainment for certain antimicrobial regimens, a methodology employing stochastic pharmacodynamic analyses may be a more useful tool for differentiating the most-optimal compounds and dosing regimens in the clinical setting of initial empirical therapy.

scholarly journals An Understanding of the Global Status of Major Bacterial Pathogens of Milk Concerning Bovine Mastitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Scientometrics)

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Paramanandham Krishnamoorthy ◽  
Kuralayanapalya P. Suresh ◽  
Kavitha S. Jayamma ◽  
Bibek R. Shome ◽  
Sharanagouda S. Patil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
Pathogen Prevalence

In this study, the major mastitis pathogen prevalence in the cattle and buffalo of the world was estimated by a meta-analysis. Staphylococcus (S) species, Streptococcus (St) species, and Escherichia coli (Ec) prevalence studies reported during 1979–2019 were collected using online databases, and offline resources. A meta-analysis of these data was done with the meta package in R-Software. The Staphylococcus aureus was the major mastitis pathogen, mostly causing subclinical mastitis, Ec causing clinical mastitis and St causing subclinical and clinical mastitis. The pooled prevalence estimates of S, St, and Ec were 28%, 12%, and 11% in the world from 156, 129, and 92 studies, respectively. The S, St, and Ec prevalences were high in Latin America (51%), Oceania (25%), and Oceania (28%), respectively. Higher S, St, and Ec prevalences were observed by molecular methods, signifying high sensitivity and usefulness for future studies. Among bacterial species, S. aureus (25%) followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (20%), Escherichia coli (11%), St. agalactiae (9%), St. uberis (9%) were the important pathogens present in the milk of the world. We hypothesize that there is a urgent need to reduce mastitis pathogen prevalence by ensuring scientific farm management practices, proper feeding, therapeutic interventions to augment profits in dairying, and improving animal and human health.

STUDIES ON CLOVER YELLOW MOSAIC AND WHITE CLOVER MOSAIC VIRUSES

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Pratt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Western North America ◽  
The World ◽  
Cross Absorption ◽  
Differential Hosts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Parts

Two viruses, clover yellow mosaic (CYMV) and white clover mosaic (WCMV), were separated from mixed natural infections of various clovers by inoculation of differential hosts. The host reactions of four CYMV and two WCMV isolates were studied in detail. Precipitin tests showed that the two viruses are not related serologically. In cross-absorption tests different host reactions characterizing individual CYMV isolates were reflected in serological interactions; with WCMV isolates the relationship was less clearly defined. A comparison of isolates from different parts of the world by serological methods showed that CYMV is common in western North America, while WCMV occurs in Europe, North America, and New Zealand. Pea mottle and pea wilt viruses may be equated with CYMV and WCMV respectively.

Facts and figures about Huntington’s disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Quarrell
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Original Description ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Parts

This chapter gives a brief history of Huntington’s disease (HD) starting with the original description by George Huntington. The prevalence of HD is discussed together with data variations in different parts of the world. For example the incidence of HD in Europe and North America is approximately 1 person in 10,000. Apart from humans, no other animal naturally develops HD. The condition can start at almost any age but it is more frequent in midlife. The duration of the disease can be very variable but 20 years is often given as an approximate average.

Relational Objects: Connecting People and Things Through Pasifika Styles

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Herle
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Media Representations ◽  
Ethnic Boundaries ◽  
Law And Ethics ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Properties ◽  
The Common ◽  
Universal Museum ◽  
Different Parts

Debates around cultural properties tend to focus on law and ethics, on appropriation and ownership, with media representations often producing stereotypes that reinforce and polarize the terms of the debate. The common, typically polemical, notion is that rapacious museums are merely a final resting point for captive static objects, with repatriation viewed as simply restorative compensation. A robust challenge to this view was developed in the Declaration on the Importance and Value of Universal Museums signed in 2002 by the directors of 19 leading museums in Europe and North America. The concept of the universal museum asserts that objects are cared for and held in trust for the world, overriding shifting political and ethnic boundaries and enabling the visitor to see “different parts of the world as indissolubly linked.” Although many would be in sympathy with the rhetorical position asserted, critics have argued that the declaration is a thinly veiled attempt to bolster immunity to repatriation claims. On both sides of the debate, the hegemonic position of many museums remains unsettling.

The gambling industry: global structures and modern trends

2018 ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
Pekka Sulkunen ◽  
Thomas F. Babor ◽  
Jenny Cisneros Örnberg ◽  
Michael Egerer ◽  
Matilda Hellman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Gambling Industry ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Digital Transactions ◽  
Gambling Expenditures ◽  
Different Parts

This chapter describes the growth of the global gambling industry in terms of its volume, structure, and the distribution of different types of games in different parts of the world over the past 50 years, especially in the first two decades of the twenty-first century. Globalization of the market through the internet threatens the ability of governments to tax or otherwise harvest revenue from gambling. However, liberalizing regulations on gambling started in many countries before the internet became a relevant medium. Fiscal motives and ideological reasons probably explain the liberalizing trend because it started at the same time that deregulation of financial markets affected the supply of credit and boosted digital transactions. Growth in gambling markets has been greatest in North America, Asia , and Europe. Countries with high overall gambling expenditures tend to spend proportionately larger amounts in casinos and on gambling machines outside casinos.

scholarly journals Rice as an Early form of Money in the Economic Sense: Satisfying Store of Value, Unit of Account and Medium of Exchange Requirements

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
Paul F. Gentle
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Monetary Theory ◽  
Early Form ◽  
Conventional Form ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
The World ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Different Parts

This article examines the special case of rice in different parts of the World, as it was used for an additional purpose, besides providing for nutritional needs of people. When confidence in a system of currency with coins is present, this more conventional form of money takes precedence. A respected economic form of currency which may include paper and coins or accounts thereof, has all three elements of money: a medium of exchange, a store of value and as a unit of account. In this article, the concept of value includes subjective value, what people have in terms of pleasure and displeasure in regard to owning and seeing a particular object. This article shows that rice satisfied the three requirements for serving as a form of money, at some time periods and in some areas of the World. It has been found that rice met the three criteria necessary for them to be a type of money, in history in different countries. Some examples include certain past time periods in parts of Indonesia, Greece, North America, Japan, and some other places. Although rice was later found to not work as well, compared to some other specific forms of money. Understanding how different forms of money appear and then are replaced by other forms of money is important in the quest to understand what exactly money is. Monetary theory concepts concerning Gresham’s Law and the Quantity Theory of Money are discussed in regard to using rice as money.

Still not digging, much

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Cherry
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Contract Archaeology ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
The World ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Eastern Caribbean ◽  
Dramatic Growth ◽  
Different Parts

AbstractThe impulse to keep excavating, set against widespread failures to publish in a timely manner, has created a crisis of confidence for archaeology. This is especially so in Europe and North America, where contract archaeology has witnessed dramatic growth in recent decades, but it is not universally the case. Far from being the defining practice of the discipline, excavation is not the only technique for generating data relevant to archaeological problems and, ideally, should be deployed as one element in multi-stage, multi-scalar fieldwork strategies. In any given situation in different parts of the world, many locally specific factors affect the role and relative importance of excavation. Examples are given from the author's recent fieldwork in Greece, southern Armenia and the eastern Caribbean.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics of Cefepime and Piperacillin- Tazobactam against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Producing Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases: Report from the ARREST Program

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1643-1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Ambrose ◽  
S. M. Bhavnani ◽  
R. N. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Target Attainment ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Dosing Regimens

ABSTRACT The frequency of resistance to β-lactams among nosocomial isolates has been increasing due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enteric bacilli. Although clinical outcome data are desirable, assessment of clinical efficacy has been limited due to the lack of a statistically meaningful number of well-documented cases. Since time above the MIC (T>MIC) is the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) measure that best correlates with in vivo activity of β-lactams, a stochastic model was used to predict the probability of PK-PD target attainment ranging from 30 (P30) to 70% (P70) T>MIC, for standard dosing regimens of both piperacillin-tazobactam and cefepime against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL phenotypes. The P70/30 T>MIC for cefepime at 2 g every 12 h against E. coli and K. pneumoniae was 0.99/1.0 and 0.96/1.0 and for a regimen of 1 g every 12 h was 0.96/1.0 and 0.93/0.99, respectively. For piperacillin-tazobactam at 3.375 g every 4 h against E. coli and K. pneumoniae, the P70/30 T>MIC was 0.77/0.96 and 0.48/0.77 and for a regimen of 3.375 g every 6 h was 0.28/0.91 and 0.16/0.69, respectively. These data suggest that the probability of achieving T>MIC target attainment rates is generally higher with cefepime than with piperacillin-tazobactam for present-day ESBL-producing strains when one uses contemporary dosing regimens.

Historical Background and Population of Camels

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiba Fathi Al-Sayyed
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Agricultural Organization

Camels were designated as the ships of the desert. This chapter includes some introductory remarks on the historical background and population of camels. In this chapter, the origin of camels based on the most recent mitochondrial genome analysis and incisor fossils was reviewed. Based on the results of these studies, camels were found in different parts of the world such as North America, Africa, Russia, China, Magnolia, Iran, and Middle Eastern region. Different genus and species of camels were also reviewed in the chapter. Additionally, the distribution of camel population worldwide as well as the uses of camels were reviewed. This chapter introduces some essential figures on the economic value of camels based on the most recent statistics of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO).

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