scholarly journals Vibrio cholerae Colonization of Soft-Shelled Turtles

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiazheng Wang ◽  
Meiying Yan ◽  
He Gao ◽  
Xin Lu ◽  
Biao Kan
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
The Body ◽  
Foodborne Disease ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Vibrio cholerae is an important human pathogen and environmental microflora species that can both propagate in the human intestine and proliferate in zooplankton and aquatic organisms. Cholera is transmitted through food and water. In recent years, outbreaks caused by V. cholerae-contaminated soft-shelled turtles, contaminated mainly with toxigenic serogroup O139, have been frequently reported, posing a new foodborne disease public health problem. In this study, the colonization by toxigenic V. cholerae on the body surfaces and intestines of soft-shelled turtles was explored. Preferred colonization sites on the turtle body surfaces, mainly the carapace and calipash of the dorsal side, were observed for the O139 and O1 strains. Intestinal colonization was also found. The colonization factors of V. cholerae played different roles in the colonization of the soft-shelled turtle's body surface and intestine. Mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA) of V. cholerae was necessary for body surface colonization, but no roles were found for toxin-coregulated pili (TCP) or N-acetylglucosamine-binding protein A (GBPA). Both TCP and GBPA play important roles for colonization in the intestine, whereas the deletion of MSHA revealed only a minor colonization-promoting role for this factor. Our study demonstrated that V. cholerae can colonize the surfaces and the intestines of soft-shelled turtles and indicated that the soft-shelled turtles played a role in the transmission of cholera. In addition, this study showed that the soft-shelled turtle has potential value as an animal model in studies of the colonization and environmental adaption mechanisms of V. cholerae in aquatic organisms. IMPORTANCE Cholera is transmitted through water and food. Soft-shelled turtles contaminated with Vibrio cholerae (commonly the serogroup O139 strains) have caused many foodborne infections and outbreaks in recent years, and they have become a foodborne disease problem. Except for epidemiological investigations, no experimental studies have demonstrated the colonization by V. cholerae on soft-shelled turtles. The present studies will benefit our understanding of the interaction between V. cholerae and the soft-shelled turtle. We demonstrated the colonization by V. cholerae on the soft-shelled turtle's body surface and in the intestine and revealed the different roles of major V. cholerae factors for colonization on the body surface and in the intestine. Our work provides experimental evidence for the role of soft-shelled turtles in cholera transmission. In addition, this study also shows the possibility for the soft-shelled turtle to serve as a new animal model for studying the interaction between V. cholerae and aquatic hosts.

The metabolic response to severe head injury

1984 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy L. Clifton ◽  
Claudia S. Robertson ◽  
Robert G. Grossman ◽  
Susan Hodge ◽  
Richard Foltz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Head Injured ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Metabolic Expenditure ◽  
Injured Patients

✓ Caloric expenditure and nitrogen balance were measured in 14 steroid-treated comatose head-injured patients acutely and up to 28 days after injury. During this period patients were fed with a continuous enteral infusion of a formula containing 2 Kcal/cc and 10 gm nitrogen/liter. Indirect calorimetry was carried out for 102 patient-days. The mean resting metabolic expenditure (RME) for nonsedated nonparalyzed patients was 138% ± 37% of that expected for an uninjured resting person of equivalent age, sex, and body surface area. Nitrogen excretion was measured for 135 patient-days. The mean excretion was 20.2 ± 6.4 gm/day. The mean protein caloric contribution was 23.9% ± 6.7% and was greater than 25% for six patients, compared to normal values of 10% to 15%. Despite hyperalimentation, positive nitrogen balance for any 3-day period was achieved in only seven patients, and required replacement of 161% to 240% of RME with enterally administered formula. Head-injured patients had a metabolic response similar to that reported for patients with burns of 20% to 40% of the body surface.

scholarly journals Does the aquatic invertebrate nipple array prevent bubble adhesion? An experiment using nanopillar sheets

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 20130552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euichi Hirose ◽  
Hiroyuki Mayama ◽  
Akihiro Miyauchi
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Flat Surface ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Hydrophobic Surface ◽  
Adhesion Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surface Versus ◽  
Hydrophilic Surfaces ◽  
Flow Occlusion

The nipple array is a submicrometre-scale structure found on the cuticle surfaces of various invertebrate taxa. Corneal nipples are an antiglare surface in nocturnal insects, but the functional significance of the nipple array has not been experimentally investigated for aquatic organisms. Using nanopillar sheets as a mimetic model of the nipple array, we demonstrated that significantly fewer bubbles adhered to the nanopillar surface versus a flat surface when the sheets were hydrophilic. Many more bubbles adhered to the hydrophobic surface than the hydrophilic surfaces. Bubbles on the body surface may cause buoyancy problems, movement interference and water flow occlusion. Here, bubble repellence is proposed as a function of the hydrophilic nipple array in aquatic invertebrates and its properties are considered based on bubble adhesion energy.

Comfortable pressure feeling and clothing pressure on abdomen

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamaki Mitsuno ◽  
Ayaka Kai Yanagisawa
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Elastic Band ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Clothing Pressure ◽  
Short Time

PurposeThe present study obtained the topography of perceptible (a perfect-fit feeling) clothing pressures from the chest to groin, when a stretching material provided hoop tension to the body surface of participants. Furthermore, the allowable pressure level was examined for the abdomen, which is pressed by underclothes on a daily basis.Design/methodology/approachParticipants were nine women aged 21.3 ± 1.2 years. Each participant's perception of pressure while wearing the experimental band was obtained in a questionnaire using a visual analog scale. Clothing pressure was measured employing a hydrostatic pressure-balancing method as participants adjusted the band length themselves to achieve two conditions: a perfect-fit and tight-fit on the abdomen.FindingsThe range of comfortable clothing pressure tightening provided by a 2.5 cm-wide elastic band on the abdomen was 0–5.6 hPa for under the bust, waist and groin, and 4.4–9.3 hPa for the chest, lower waist and hips. A nerve plexus of the autonomic nervous system and arteries are distributed over the body surface of the former body parts, which were thus sensitive to tightening around the abdomen.Originality/valueThe topography of perceptible clothing pressure was obtained when stretching material provided hoop tension to the body surface of the participant. The results of a participant questionnaire agreed with clothing pressure obtained using a hydrostatic pressure-balancing method that has a short-time constant and sensitive resolution. Furthermore, allowable pressure levels were proposed.

scholarly journals Back to the Future: Studying Cholera Pathogenesis Using Infant Rabbits

mBio ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Ritchie ◽  
Haopeng Rui ◽  
Roderick T. Bronson ◽  
Matthew K. Waldor
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Cholera Toxin ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Secretory Diarrhea ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTCholera is a severe diarrheal disease, caused byVibrio cholerae, for which there has been no reproducible, nonsurgical animal model. Here, we report that orogastric inoculation ofV. choleraeinto 3-day-old rabbits pretreated with cimetidine led to lethal, watery diarrhea in virtually all rabbits. The appearance and chemical composition of the rabbit diarrheal fluid were comparable to those of the “rice-water stool” produced by cholera patients. As in humans,V. choleraemutants that do not produce cholera toxin (CT) and toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP) did not induce cholera-like disease in rabbits. CT induced extensive exocytosis of mucin from intestinal goblet cells, and wild-typeV. choleraewas predominantly found in close association with mucin. Large aggregates of mucin-embeddedV. choleraewere observed, both attached to the epithelium and floating within the diarrheal fluid. These findings suggest that CT-dependent mucin secretion significantly influencesV. cholerae’s association with the host intestine and its exit from the intestinal tract. Our model should facilitate identification and analyses of factors that may governV. choleraeinfection, survival, and transmission, such as mucin. In addition, our results using nontoxigenicV. choleraesuggest that infant rabbits will be useful for study of the reactogenicity of live attenuated-V. choleraevaccines.IMPORTANCECholera remains a significant threat to populations in developing nations. Currently, there is no reproducible, nonsurgical animal model of cholera, the secretory diarrheal disease caused byVibrio cholerae. We found that oral infection of infant rabbits withV. choleraeled to lethal, watery diarrhea in most rabbits. Using this disease model, we discovered a new role for cholera toxin (CT) during infection. This toxin not only caused secretory diarrhea but also profoundly influenced howV. choleraeassociates with the intestine and how the pathogen exits from the host. Rabbits inoculated withV. choleraethat does not produce CT developed mild diarrhea, suggesting that this model may prove useful for generating improved live attenuated-V. choleraevaccine candidates. Overall, our findings suggest that the infant rabbit model will enable pursuit of several new avenues for research on cholera pathogenesis, as well as serve as a vehicle for testing new therapeutics.

The invasion route of the gill parasite Urocleidus adspectus Mueller, 1936 (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalinae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 2166-2171 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Cone ◽  
M. D. B. Burt
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Buccal Cavity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Perca Flavescens ◽  
The Body ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Gill Parasite ◽  
Young Of The Year

Urocleidus adspectus is transmitted experimentally to yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and the route of invasion and the behaviour of the parasite during the migration to the gills of the host is studied.The oncomiracidia invade the full length of the host and. as postoncomiracidia, attach at secluded sites such as beneath scales, at the base of fins, and in nooks in the body surface. The postoncomiracidia gradually migrate anteriorly and reach the gills by entering the opercular cavity and possibly the buccal cavity. In young-of-the-year perch, migrating worms appear to invade the primary lamella from the base or from the distal tip. In older perch the majority appear to invade the primary lamella from the base. Over 90% of the postoncomiracidia reach the gills of the young perch by day 5 postinfection and experimental studies indicate that few worms are dislodged during the migration.

scholarly journals Mutations in the IMD Pathway and Mustard Counter Vibrio cholerae Suppression of Intestinal Stem Cell Division in Drosophila

mBio ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Wang ◽  
Saiyu Hang ◽  
Alexandra E. Purdy ◽  
Paula I. Watnick
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cholera Toxin ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Stem Cell ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Epithelial Regeneration ◽  
Imd Pathway

ABSTRACT Vibrio cholerae is an estuarine bacterium and an intestinal pathogen of humans that causes severe epidemic diarrhea. In the absence of adequate mammalian models in which to study the interaction of V. cholerae with the host intestinal innate immune system, we have implemented Drosophila melanogaster as a surrogate host. We previously showed that immune deficiency pathway loss-of-function and mustard gain-of-function mutants are less susceptible to V. cholerae infection. We find that although the overall burden of intestinal bacteria is not significantly different from that of control flies, intestinal stem cell (ISC) division is increased in these mutants. This led us to examine the effect of V. cholerae on ISC division. We report that V. cholerae infection and cholera toxin decrease ISC division. Because IMD pathway and Mustard mutants, which are resistant to V. cholerae, maintain higher levels of ISC division during V. cholerae infection, we hypothesize that suppression of ISC division is a virulence strategy of V. cholerae and that accelerated epithelial regeneration protects the host against V. cholerae. Extension of these findings to mammals awaits the development of an adequate experimental model. IMPORTANCE Here we show that Vibrio cholerae and cholera toxin suppress intestinal stem cell (ISC) division. This is the first evidence of manipulation of ISC division by V. cholerae and demonstrates the utility of the Drosophila model in generating novel hypotheses regarding the interaction of V. cholerae with the intestinal epithelium. Furthermore, we add to the body of data suggesting that the IMD pathway and the Mustard protein modulate ISC division independently of the overall load of commensal intestinal bacteria.

Growth of precultured human glioma biopsy specimens in nude rat brain

1999 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olav Engebraaten ◽  
Geir Olav Hjortland ◽  
Henry Hirschberg ◽  
Øystein Fodstad
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Tumor Spheroids ◽  
Tumor Biopsy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The aim of this study was to develop an improved animal model for brain tumor study. The need for better and more relevant brain tumor models is generally acknowledged. Glioma tissue can be cultured directly from the biopsy specimen as tumor spheroids. Using such precultured tissue, a new in vivo model for studying human gliomas was established.Methods. Precultured small tumor spheroids (< 300 µm) prepared from cell lines or tumor biopsy fragments were injected into the brains of immunodeficient rats by using a 5-µl Hamilton syringe that had a piston in the needle. Tumors could be established by injecting a single spheroid derived from the U-87MG cell line, whereas inoculation of 10 spheroids resulted in a tumor take comparable to that attained with injection of 106 single cells. Biopsy specimens obtained from six patients who underwent surgery for glioblastoma multiforme were cultured as organotypic spheroids for 11 to 18 days before inoculation into the rats. The animals were killed 3 months after spheroid implantation. Microscopic examination revealed tumor growth in 87.5 to 100% of the animals inoculated with tumor spheroids from all but one of the tumor biopsy specimens. Extensive invasion and cell migration along the nerve tracts of the corpus callosum was found in tumors that originated from four of the six biopsy specimens.Conclusions. This approach, in which spheroids from precultured biopsy specimens are injected into the brains of immunodeficient animals, provides new means for experimental studies of human malignant brain tumors in a clinically relevant animal model.

The impact of body surface convex angle on dressed waist ease

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-587
Author(s):  
Xin Ying ◽  
Zheng Liu ◽  
Guang Chen ◽  
Fengyuan Zou
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Body Style ◽  
Complex Shapes ◽  
Body Shapes ◽  
Gap Data ◽  
Ease Allowance ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe comfort and fit of clothes are affected by fabric properties, dressed ease and environmental conditions, in which dressed ease is influenced by the interaction among complex shapes of human body, style design and fabric mechanical properties.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the dressed ease distribution at waist section, which is related to body surface convex angle, was investigated using 3D scanning. A series of surface convex angles on bust and back were formed after adjusting the mannequin. The mannequin was scanned by TC2 separately in garments with eight different ease allowances. Then the dressed ease distributions at waist under different convex angles of body surface have been acquired by calculating the distance between waist points and dressed surfaces along normal directions.FindingsThe results showed that the body surface convex angle was weakly related to the dressed ease when the garments’ bust ease allowance was below 4 cm. When the garments’ bust ease allowance was within 6–12 cm, the body convex angle had a great impact on the dressed waist ease distribution in the condition of 26º–33º bust convex angle and 13.96º–17.96º back slope angle. For slack garments with more than 16 cm ease allowance, the dressed waist ease distribution did not relate to the bust convex angle, while it strongly related to the bust convex angle between 13.96º and 17.96º. The regression model was statistically significant between the dressed ease value and the body surface convex angle.Originality/valueAccording to the dressed waist ease distribution of different body surface convex angles, this paper gives an application of pattern modification in order to optimize the waist fit. The results can provide guidance for the optimization of different body shapes. At the same time, the application of gap data to 3D virtual fitting can greatly improve the authenticity of virtual simulation effect.

scholarly journals Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequences of Three Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains Isolated from Morocco

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (46) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lamiaa Lahlou ◽  
Nadia El Mrimar ◽  
Meriem Laamarti ◽  
Tarek Alouane ◽  
Mohammed A. Bendahou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Whole Genome Shotgun ◽  
The Body ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis is a contagious disease that usually attacks the lungs but sometimes attacks other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, glands, and bones. It is an endemic and major public health problem in Morocco. Tuberculosis is transmitted through the airways via the inhalation of microdroplets containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We present here the whole-genome shotgun sequences of three multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains isolated from Morocco.

scholarly journals Toxic effects of non-acute lead exposure on animal model

2019 ◽  
pp. 275-284
Author(s):  
Gheorghita Isvoranu ◽  
Daniela Ionela Popescu ◽  
Elena Codrici ◽  
Simona Mihai ◽  
Ana Maria Enciu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Environmental Pollutant ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acute Exposure ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Time Of Administration ◽  
Different Doses

Lead, a high-risk environmental pollutant and extensively used by industry, is one of the most widely outspread toxic metal today. Lead toxicity is a public health problem both for the children and for the adults. Lead does not have any useful functions in the body, instead it produces only harmful effects once it gets into the body. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of lead in an animal model of non-acute exposure. Experimental groups received treatment of aqueous solution lead acetate at different doses and time of administration. Toxic effects of lead were investigated on haematological and behaviour of treated rats. We noticed the disturbances of both haematological parameters and behaviour. Our results indicated that non-acute exposure to lead induced toxic effects in the blood, and central nervous system of adult Wistar rats.

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