scholarly journals Molecular Identification of Ectomycorrhizal Mycelium in Soil Horizons

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renske Landeweert ◽  
Paula Leeflang ◽  
Thom W. Kuyper ◽  
Ellis Hoffland ◽  
Anna Rosling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
Identification Techniques

ABSTRACT Molecular identification techniques based on total DNA extraction provide a unique tool for identification of mycelium in soil. Using molecular identification techniques, the ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal community under coniferous vegetation was analyzed. Soil samples were taken at different depths from four horizons of a podzol profile. A basidiomycete-specific primer pair (ITS1F-ITS4B) was used to amplify fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences from total DNA extracts of the soil horizons. Amplified basidiomycete DNA was cloned and sequenced, and a selection of the obtained clones was analyzed phylogenetically. Based on sequence similarity, the fungal clone sequences were sorted into 25 different fungal groups, or operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Out of 25 basidiomycete OTUs, 7 OTUs showed high nucleotide homology (≥99%) with known EM fungal sequences and 16 were found exclusively in the mineral soil. The taxonomic positions of six OTUs remained unclear. OTU sequences were compared to sequences from morphotyped EM root tips collected from the same sites. Of the 25 OTUs, 10 OTUs had ≥98% sequence similarity with these EM root tip sequences. The present study demonstrates the use of molecular techniques to identify EM hyphae in various soil types. This approach differs from the conventional method of EM root tip identification and provides a novel approach to examine EM fungal communities in soil.

scholarly journals Root-Associated Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Shared by Various Boreal Forest Seedlings Naturally Regenerating after a Fire in Interior Alaska and Correlation of Different Fungi with Host Growth Responses

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 3351-3359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bent ◽  
Preston Kiekel ◽  
Rebecca Brenton ◽  
D. Lee Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTThe role of common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) in postfire boreal forest successional trajectories is unknown. We investigated this issue by sampling a 50-m by 40-m area of naturally regenerating black spruce (Picea mariana), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides), and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) seedlings at various distances from alder (Alnus viridissubsp.crispa), a nitrogen-fixing shrub, 5 years after wildfire in an Alaskan interior boreal forest. Shoot biomasses and stem diameters of 4-year-old seedlings were recorded, and the fungal community associated with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root tips from each seedling was profiled using molecular techniques. We found distinct assemblages of fungi associated with alder compared with those associated with the other tree species, making the formation of CMNs between them unlikely. However, among the spruce, aspen, and birch seedlings, there were many shared fungi (including members of thePezoloma ericae[Hymenoscyphus ericae] species aggregate,Thelephora terrestris, andRussulaspp.), raising the possibility that these regenerating seedlings may form interspecies CMNs. Distance between samples did not influence how similar ECM root tip-associated fungal communities were, and of the fungal groups identified, only one of them was more likely to be shared between seedlings that were closer together, suggesting that the majority of fungi surveyed did not have a clumped distribution across the small scale of this study. The presence of some fungal ribotypes was associated with larger or smaller seedlings, suggesting that these fungi may play a role in the promotion or inhibition of seedling growth. The fungal ribotypes associated with larger seedlings were different between spruce, aspen, and birch, suggesting differential impacts of some host-fungus combinations. One may speculate that wildfire-induced shifts in a given soil fungal community could result in variation in the growth response of different plant species after fire and a shift in regenerating vegetation.

scholarly journals Impact of an 8-Year-Old Transgenic Poplar Plantation on the Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (23) ◽  
pp. 7527-7536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franck O. P. Stefani ◽  
Jean-Marc Moncalvo ◽  
Armand Séguin ◽  
Jean A. Bérubé ◽  
Richard C. Hamelin
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Community ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Soil Dna ◽  
Fungal Community Structure ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT The long-term impact of field-deployed genetically modified trees on soil mutualistic organisms is not well known. This study aimed at evaluating the impact of poplars transformed with a binary vector containing the selectable nptII marker and β-glucuronidase reporter genes on ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi 8 years after field deployment. We generated 2,229 fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) PCR products from 1,150 EM root tips and 1,079 fungal soil clones obtained from the organic and mineral soil horizons within the rhizosphere of three control and three transformed poplars. Fifty EM fungal operational taxonomic units were identified from the 1,706 EM fungal ITS amplicons retrieved. Rarefaction curves from both the root tips and soil clones were close to saturation, indicating that most of the EM species present were recovered. Based on qualitative and/or quantitative α- and β-diversity measurements, statistical analyses did not reveal significant differences between EM fungal communities associated with transformed poplars and the untransformed controls. However, EM communities recovered from the root tips and soil cloning analyses differed significantly from each other. We found no evidence of difference in the EM fungal community structure linked to the long-term presence of the transgenic poplars studied, and we showed that coupling root tip analysis with a soil DNA cloning strategy is a complementary approach to better document EM fungal diversity.

Histochemical Examination of Invertase Activities in the Growing Tip of the Plant Root

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
N.F. Lunkova ◽  
N.A. Burmistrova ◽  
M.S. Krasavina
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Elongation Zone ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Phloem Unloading ◽  
Meristem Cell ◽  
Transition To Elongation ◽  
Different Tissues

Background:A growing part of the root is one of the most active sinks for sucrose coming from source leaves through the phloem. In the root, sucrose is unloaded from conducting bundles and is distributed among the surrounding cells. To be involved in the metabolism, sucrose should disintegrate into hexoses by means of degrading enzymes.Aims:The aim of this research was to explore the possibility of the involvement of one such enzymes, invertase, in phloem unloading as well as distribution of its activity in the functionally different tissues of the plant root tips.Method:To estimate the enzyme activities in root tissues, we applied two techniques: the histochemical method using nitro blue tetrazolium. The localization of phloem unloading was studied with carboxyfluorescein, a fluorescent marker for symplastic transport.Results:Invertase activity was not detected in the apical part of the meristem. It appeared only between the basal part of this zone and the beginning of the elongation zone. There is the root phloem unloading in that area. Invertase activity increased with increasing the distance from the root tip and reached the highest values in the region of cell transition to elongation and in the elongation zone. The activities of the enzyme varied in different tissues of the same zone and sometimes in the neighboring cells of the same tissue. Biochemical determination of invertase activity was made in the maize root segments coincident to the zones of meristem, cell elongation and differentiation. The results of both methods of determination of invertase activity were in agreement.Conclusion:It was concluded that phloem unloading correlated with invertase activity, possibly because of the activation of invertase by unloaded sucrose. Invertase is one of the factors involved in the processes preparing the cells for their transition to elongation because the concentration of osmotically active hexoses increases after cleavage of sucrose, that stimulates water entry into the cells, which is necessary for elongation growth.

scholarly journals Effect of earthworms on mycorrhization, root morphology and biomass of silver fir seedlings inoculated with black summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Unuk Nahberger ◽  
Gian Maria Niccolò Benucci ◽  
Hojka Kraigher ◽  
Tine Grebenc
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Tuber Aestivum ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Root Parameters

AbstractSpecies of the genus Tuber have gained a lot of attention in recent decades due to their aromatic hypogenous fruitbodies, which can bring high prices on the market. The tendency in truffle production is to infect oak, hazel, beech, etc. in greenhouse conditions. We aimed to show whether silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) can be an appropriate host partner for commercial mycorrhization with truffles, and how earthworms in the inoculation substrate would affect the mycorrhization dynamics. Silver fir seedlings inoculated with Tuber. aestivum were analyzed for root system parameters and mycorrhization, how earthworms affect the bare root system, and if mycorrhization parameters change when earthworms are added to the inoculation substrate. Seedlings were analyzed 6 and 12 months after spore inoculation. Mycorrhization with or without earthworms revealed contrasting effects on fine root biomass and morphology of silver fir seedlings. Only a few of the assessed fine root parameters showed statistically significant response, namely higher fine root biomass and fine root tip density in inoculated seedlings without earthworms 6 months after inoculation, lower fine root tip density when earthworms were added, the specific root tip density increased in inoculated seedlings without earthworms 12 months after inoculation, and general negative effect of earthworm on branching density. Silver fir was confirmed as a suitable host partner for commercial mycorrhization with truffles, with 6% and 35% mycorrhization 6 months after inoculation and between 36% and 55% mycorrhization 12 months after inoculation. The effect of earthworms on mycorrhization of silver fir with Tuber aestivum was positive only after 6 months of mycorrhization, while this effect disappeared and turned insignificantly negative after 12 months due to the secondary effect of grazing on ectomycorrhizal root tips.

Proteomic Analyses of Soybean Root Tips During Germination

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1308-1319
Author(s):  
Setsuko Komatsu ◽  
Myeong W. Oh ◽  
Hee Y. Jang ◽  
Soo J. Kwon ◽  
Hye R. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
2D Gel ◽  
Proteomic Techniques

Plant root systems form complex networks with the surrounding soil environment and are controlled by both internal and external factors. To better understand the function of root tips of soybean during germination, three proteomic techniques were used to analyze the protein profiles of root tip cells. Proteins were extracted from the root tips of 4-dayold soybean seedlings and analyzed using two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis-based proteomics, SDS-gel based proteomics, and gel-free proteomics techniques. A total of 121, 862, and 341 proteins were identified in root tips using the 2D gel-based, SDS gel-based, and gel-free proteomic techniques, respectively. The proteins identified by 2D gel-based proteomic analysis were predominantly localized in the cytoplasm, whereas nuclear-localized proteins were most commonly identified by the SDS gel-based and gel-free proteomics techniques. Of the 862 proteins identified in the SDS gelbased proteomic analysis, 190 were protein synthesis-related proteins. Furthermore, 24 proteins identified using the 2Dgel based proteomic technique shifted between acidic and basic isoelectric points, and 2 proteins, heat shock protein 70.2 and AAA-type ATPase, displayed two different molecular weights at the same isoelectric point. Taken together, these results suggest that a number of proteins related to protein synthesis and modification are activated in the root tips of soybean seedlings during germination.

Long-term effects of fire on the composition and activity of the soil microflora of a subalpine, coniferous forest

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (15) ◽  
pp. 1704-1721 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bissett ◽  
D. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
Cellulose Decomposition ◽  
Soil Temperatures

The biomass, community composition, and metabolic activity of soil microorganisms were studied in adjacent burnt and unburnt areas of spruce–fir subalpine forest razed 6 years previously by a moderately severe natural fire. Similar levels of microbial biomass were observed at comparable burnt and unburnt sites, although the ratio of fungal to bacterial biomass was higher in the unburnt soils. The decreased acidity of the surface horizons in the burn probably tended to favor the development of a bacterial flora rather than a fungal flora. Microbial biomass in the burnt sites peaked earlier in the season than in the unburnt sites in response to the warmer soil temperatures and earlier thaw in the spring in the burn area.Significant differences in the species composition of the mycoflora in the organic soil horizons were observed between the burnt and unburnt sites. Apparently, these were related to qualitative differences in the recent litter. Phoma, Cladosporium, and Botrytis, which are usually associated with early stages of decomposition of herbaceous litter, were more common in the burnt soil. The mycoflora of the mineral soil horizons varied considerably from one burn site to another, possibly reflecting the geographical variation in the intensity of the burn. In overall composition, however, the mycoflora in the mineral soil horizons of the burn was not appreciably different from that of the unburnt sites.Higher laboratory rates of respiration and cellulose decomposition were observed for soil samples from the undisturbed forest. However, the rate of decomposition of cellulose in the field was much higher in the burnt sites, probably as a result of the higher soil temperatures in the burn area. Low soil temperature was concluded to be the main factor limiting microbial activities in the study area, and the removal of the insulating plant canopy and increased heat absorption by the ash in the burn area were found to increase decomposition rates, at least at this stage in the succession following the disturbance of fire.

scholarly journals The Jacalin-Related Lectin HvHorcH Is Involved in the Physiological Response of Barley Roots to Salt Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10248
Author(s):  
Katja Witzel ◽  
Andrea Matros ◽  
Uwe Bertsch ◽  
Tariq Aftab ◽  
Twan Rutten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Salt Stress Response ◽  
Cdna Sequences ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Protein Levels

Salt stress tolerance of crop plants is a trait with increasing value for future food production. In an attempt to identify proteins that participate in the salt stress response of barley, we have used a cDNA library from salt-stressed seedling roots of the relatively salt-stress-tolerant cv. Morex for the transfection of a salt-stress-sensitive yeast strain (Saccharomyces cerevisiae YSH818 Δhog1 mutant). From the retrieved cDNA sequences conferring salt tolerance to the yeast mutant, eleven contained the coding sequence of a jacalin-related lectin (JRL) that shows homology to the previously identified JRL horcolin from barley coleoptiles that we therefore named the gene HvHorcH. The detection of HvHorcH protein in root extracellular fluid suggests a secretion under stress conditions. Furthermore, HvHorcH exhibited specificity towards mannose. Protein abundance of HvHorcH in roots of salt-sensitive or salt-tolerant barley cultivars were not trait-specific to salinity treatment, but protein levels increased in response to the treatment, particularly in the root tip. Expression of HvHorcH in Arabidopsis thaliana root tips increased salt tolerance. Hence, we conclude that this protein is involved in the adaptation of plants to salinity.

scholarly journals THE CYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF ASCORBIC ACID IN ROOT TIP CELLS

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Jensen ◽  
Leroy G. Kavaljian
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Cytochemical Localization ◽  
Meristematic Cells ◽  
Tip Cells ◽  
Root Tip Cells

The intracellular distribution of ascorbic acid was studied in frozen-dried root tips of Allium cepa and Vicia faba by the silver nitrate procedure. The sites of the ascorbic acid as indicated by the deposited silver appear as spherical (0.2 to 0.6 µ in diameter) cytoplasmic particles. The site appears to have small amounts of lipides and to be rich in ribonucleic acid. These particles are concluded to be submicroscopic in size and associated, in the elongating cell, with the cell surface. In the meristematic cells they appear fewer in number and are distributed throughout the cytoplasm.

scholarly journals B chromosome in Plantago lagopus Linnaeus, 1753 shows preferential transmission and accumulation through unusual processes

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj K. Dhar ◽  
Gurmeet Kour ◽  
Sanjana Kaul
Keyword(s):  
B Chromosome ◽  
Unreduced Gametes ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Genetic Constitution ◽  
Preferential Transmission ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Process Formation ◽  
Plantago Lagopus ◽  
Mother Cells

Plantagolagopus is a diploid (2n = 2x =12) weed belonging to family Plantaginaceae. We reported a novel B chromosome in this species composed of 5S and 45S ribosomal DNA and other repetitive elements. In the present work, presence of B chromosome(s) was confirmed through FISH on root tip and pollen mother cells. Several experiments were done to determine the transmission of B chromosome through male and female sex tracks. Progenies derived from the reciprocal crosses between plants with (1B) and without (0B) B chromosomes were studied. The frequency of B chromosome bearing plants was significantly higher than expected, in the progeny of 1B female × 0B male. Thus, the B chromosome seems to have preferential transmission through the female sex track, which may be due to meiotic drive. One of the most intriguing aspects of the present study was the recovery of plants having more chromosomes than the standard complement of 12 chromosomes. Such plants were isolated from the progenies of B chromosome carrying plants. The origin of these plants can be explained on the basis of a two step process; formation of unreduced gametes in 1B plants and fusion of unreduced gametes with the normal gametes or other unreduced gametes. Several molecular techniques were used which unequivocally confirmed similar genetic constitution of 1B (parent) and plants with higher number of chromosomes.

Sphingomonas indica sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-contaminated soil

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (Pt_12) ◽  
pp. 2997-3002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Niharika ◽  
Swati Jindal ◽  
Jasvinder Kaur ◽  
Rup Lal
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Respiratory Quinone ◽  
Polar Lipid Profile ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
Physiological Tests

A bacterial strain, designated Dd16T, was isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) dumpsite at Lucknow, India. Cells of strain Dd16T were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped and yellow-pigmented. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain belonged to the genus Sphingomonas in the family Sphingomonadaceae , as it showed highest sequence similarity to Sphingomonas asaccharolytica IFO 15499T (95.36 %), Sphingosinicella vermicomposti YC7378T (95.30), ‘Sphingomonas humi’ PB323 (95.20 %), Sphingomonas sanxanigenens NX02T (95.14 %) and Sphingomonas desiccabilis CP1DT (95.00 %). The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c) C14 : 0 2-OH, summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The polar lipid profile of strain Dd16T also corresponded to those reported for species of the genus Sphingomonas (phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, and a sphingoglycolipid), again supporting its identification as a member of the genus Sphingomonas . The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q10, and sym-homospermidine was the major polyamine observed. The total DNA G+C content of strain Dd16T was 65.8 mol%. The results obtained on the basis of phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis and after biochemical and physiological tests, clearly distinguished strain Dd16T from closely related members of the genus Sphingomonas . Thus, strain Dd16T represents a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas for which the name Sphingomonas indica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Dd16T ( = DSM 25434T = CCM 7882T).

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