scholarly journals Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in Oysters in the United States

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 893-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle A. Brands ◽  
Allison E. Inman ◽  
Charles P. Gerba ◽  
C. John Maré ◽  
Stephen J. Billington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Human Health Hazard

ABSTRACT Food-borne diseases such as salmonellosis can be attributed, in part, to the consumption of raw oysters. To determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in oysters, oysters harvested from 36 U.S. bays (12 each from the West, East, and Gulf coasts in the summer of 2002, and 12 bays, four per coast, in the winter of 2002-2003) were tested. Salmonella was isolated from oysters from each coast of the United States, and 7.4% of all oysters tested contained Salmonella. Isolation tended to be bay specific, with some bays having a high prevalence of Salmonella, while other bays had none. Differences in the percentage of oysters from which Salmonella was isolated were observed between the summer and winter months, with winter numbers much lower probably due to a variety of weather-related events. The vast majority (78/101) of Salmonella isolates from oysters were Salmonella enterica serovar Newport, a major human pathogen, confirming the human health hazard of raw oyster consumption. Contrary to previous findings, no relationship was found between the isolation of fecal coliforms and Salmonella from oysters, indicating a necessity for specific monitoring for Salmonella and other pathogens rather than the current reliance on fecal coliform testing.

Inhibition of Bacterial Biofilm Formation by Phytotherapeutics with Focus on Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 2807-2816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Su Jang ◽  
Tímea Mosolygó
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Scientific Attention

: Bacteria within biofilms are more resistant to antibiotics and chemical agents than planktonic bacteria in suspension. Treatment of biofilm-associated infections inevitably involves high dosages and prolonged courses of antimicrobial agents; therefore, there is a potential risk of the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Due to the high prevalence of AMR and its association with biofilm formation, investigation of more effective anti-biofilm agents is required. : From ancient times, herbs and spices have been used to preserve foods, and their antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing properties are well known. Moreover, phytochemicals exert their anti-biofilm properties at sub-inhibitory concentrations without providing the opportunity for the emergence of resistant bacteria or harming the host microbiota. : With increasing scientific attention to natural phytotherapeutic agents, numerous experimental investigations have been conducted in recent years. The present paper aims to review the articles published in the last decade in order to summarize a) our current understanding of AMR in correlation with biofilm formation and b) the evidence of phytotherapeutic agents against bacterial biofilms and their mechanisms of action. The main focus has been put on herbal anti-biofilm compounds tested to date in association with Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and food-borne pathogens (Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli).

Food-Borne Disease Outbreaks in the United States, 1973

1975 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Hughes ◽  
M. H. Merson ◽  
R. A. Pollard
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Borne

Intrathoracic Disease Associated With Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex in Otherwise Healthy Children: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Considerations

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-742
Author(s):  
Sandeep K. Gupta ◽  
Ben Z. Katz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
The United States ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Cervical Lymphadenitis ◽  
Cervical Adenitis ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Intracellulare ◽  
Therapeutic Considerations

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a well described human pathogen.1 Less commonly, atypical or nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can cause disease in humans. Recent studies report that NTM account for one-third of all pathogenic mycobacterial isolates in the United States.2 Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAI) is the most common NTM causing human disease.2 It is also the most common mycobacterial cause of cervical lymphadenitis in children in areas with low endemic rates of MTB infection.3 MAI/NTM infection other than cervical adenitis is unusual in children, except in those that are immunosuppressed.4 Rarely, MAI presents as mediastinal or endobronchial disease in otherwise healthy children.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Mental Health Outcomes in the United States and Italy at Different Levels of Cumulative COVID-19 Prevalence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D Mancini ◽  
Gabriele Prati
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
General Distress ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Different Levels

How does the prevalence of COVID-19 impact people’s mental health? In a preregistered study (N = 857), we sought to answer this question by comparing demographically matched samples in four regions in the United States and Italy with different levels of cumulative COVID-19 prevalence. No main effect of prevalence emerged. Rather, prevalence region had opposite effects, depending on the country. New York City participants (high prevalence) reported more general distress, PTSD symptoms, and COVID-19 worry than San Francisco (low prevalence). Conversely, Campania participants (low prevalence) reported more general distress, PTSD symptoms, and COVID-19 worry than Lombardy (high prevalence). Consistent with these patterns, COVID-19 worry was more strongly linked with general distress and PTSD symptoms in New York than San Francisco, whereas COVID-19 worry was more strongly linked with PTSD in Campania than Lombardy. In exploratory analyses, media exposure predicted and mapped on to geographic variation in mental health outcomes.

scholarly journals Aetiological Factors of Osteoarthritis: A Review Update

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
M. Jahidul Islam ◽  
M. Shahadat Hossain ◽  
M. Ruhul Amin ◽  
Monzur Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Joint Damage ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Common Type ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Lumbosacral Spine ◽  
First Metatarsal ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Wear And Tear

Osteoarthritis (OA) is no longer considered ‘degenerative’ or ‘wear and tear’ arthritis; rather involves dynamic biomechanical, biochemical and cellular process. Indeed, the joint damage that occurs in OA is the result of active remodeling involving all the joint structures. Although articular cartilage is at the center of change, OA is viewed as a disease of the entire joint. Traditionally, OA has been viewed as an inevitable degenerative condition of the cartilage. It is currently viewed as a biomechanical and biochemical inflammatory disease of the entire joints. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis. Its high prevalence, especially in the elderly, and the high rate of disability related to disease make it a leading cause of disability in the elderly. Because of the aging of Western populations and because obesity, a major risk factor, are increasing in prevalence, the occurrence of osteoarthritis is on the rise. In the United States, osteoarthritis prevalence will increase from 66–100% by the year 2020. OA affects certain joints, yet spares others. Commonly affected joints include the cervical and lumbosacral spine, hip, knee, and first metatarsal phalangeal joint (MTP). In the hands, the distal and proximal inter-phalangeal joints and the base of the thumb are often affected. Usually spared are the wrist, elbow, and ankle.Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research 2015;2(1):18-23DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jcamr.v2i1.22584

scholarly journals Implications for Europe of high prevalence of HIV drug resistance in the United States

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Pillay
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Successful Treatment ◽  
Virological Failure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Viral Rebound ◽  
Drug Compliance ◽  
High Prevalence

Over 16 drugs are now available for use against HIV, broadly comprising three classes of agent. Their use, in combination, has had a dramatic impact in reducing disease progression. Successful treatment is increasingly defined as the maintenance of plasma viral RNA load at undetectable levels. Reasons for ‘virological failure’ (viral rebound) on treatment are many, but perhaps the single most important factor is suboptimal drug compliance.

Handguns: Risks versus Benefits

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 781-782
Author(s):  
KATHERINE K. CHRISTOFFEL ◽  
TOM CHRISTOFFEL
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New York Times ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gun Control ◽  
Second Amendment ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Supreme Court ◽  
P 16

THE ISSUE There are an estimated 40 to 50 million handguns in the United States, with approximately 2 million more being manufactured annually1 (The New York Times, July 9, 1985, p 16). The high prevalence of handgun injury in the United States is unique in all the world and is increasing. Children are among the growing legions of US citizens harmed by the handgun epidemic.2 The effort to control handguns is focussed on developing laws to control their manufacture, importation, purchase, possession, and use. Opponents of these legal approaches claim that gun control endangers constitutional freedoms. When asked, the US Supreme court has consistently rejected that position in favor of the view that the Second Amendment protects a collective, not a personal, right to bear arms.3,4

Salmonella enterica Serovar Diversity, Distribution, and Prevalence in Public Access Waters from a Central California Coastal Leafy Green Growing Region during 2011 - 2016

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Gorski ◽  
Anita S. Liang ◽  
Samarpita Walker ◽  
Diana Carychao ◽  
Ashley Aviles Noriega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Bias Analysis ◽  
Central California ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
Growing Region

Prevalence and serovar diversity of Salmonella enterica was measured during a five-year survey of surface waters in a 500 mi^2 agricultural region of the Central California Coast. Rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds were sampled bimonthly resulting in 2,979 samples. Overall prevalence was 56.4% with higher levels detected in Spring than in Fall. Small, but significant, differences in prevalence were detected based on sample locations. Detection of Salmonella was correlated positively with both significant rain events and, in some environments, levels of generic Escherichia coli . Analysis of 1,936 isolates revealed significant serovar diversity, with 91 different serovars detected. The most common isolated serovars were S. enterica subsp. enterica serovars I 6,8:d:- (406 isolates, 21.0%, and potentially monophasic Salmonella Muenchen), Give (334 isolates, 17.3%), Muenchen (158 isolates, 8.2%), Typhimurium (227 isolates, 11.7%), Oranienburg (106 isolates, 5.5%), and Montevideo (78 isolates, 4%). Sixteen of the 24 most common serovars detected in the region are among the serovars reported to cause the most human salmonellosis in the United States. Some of the serovars were associated with location and seasonal bias. Analysis of Xba I Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of strains of serovars Typhimurium, Oranienburg, and Montevideo showed significant intra-serovar diversity. PFGE pulsotypes were identified in the region for multiple years of the survey, indicating persistence or regular re-introduction to the region. Importance Non-typhoidal Salmonella is the among the leading causes of bacterial foodborne illness and increasing numbers of outbreaks and recalls are due to contaminated produce. High prevalence and 91 different serovars were detected in this leafy green growing region. Seventeen serovars that cause most of the human salmonellosis in the United States were detected, with 16 of those serovars detected in multiple locations and multiple years of the 5-year survey. Understanding the widespread prevalence and diversity of Salmonella in the region will assist in promoting food safety practices and intervention methods for growers and regulators.

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