scholarly journals Enhancement of Neonatal Innate Defense: Effects of Adding an N-Terminal Recombinant Fragment of Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein on Growth and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Inducing Activity of Gram-Negative Bacteria Tested in Neonatal Cord Blood Ex Vivo

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 5120-5125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ofer Levy ◽  
Richard B. Sisson ◽  
Jonathan Kenyon ◽  
Eric Eichenwald ◽  
Ann B. Macone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor

ABSTRACT Innate defense against microbial infection requires the action of neutrophils, which have cytoplasmic granules replete with antibiotic proteins and peptides. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is found in the primary granules of adult neutrophils, has a high affinity for lipopolysaccharides (or “endotoxins”), and exerts selective cytotoxic, antiendotoxic, and opsonic activity against gram-negative bacteria. We have previously reported that neutrophils derived from newborn cord blood are deficient in BPI (O. Levy et al., Pediatrics 104:1327–1333, 1999). The relative deficiency in BPI of newborns raised the possibility that supplementing the levels of BPI in plasma might enhance newborn antibacterial defense. Here we determined the effects of addition of recombinant 21-kDa N-terminal BPI fragment (rBPI21) on the growth and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-inducing activity of representative gram-negative clinical isolates. Bacteria were tested in citrated newborn cord blood or adult peripheral blood. Bacterial viability was assessed by plating assay, and TNF-α release was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Whereas adult blood limited the growth of all isolates exceptKlebsiella pneumoniae, cord blood also allowed logarithmic growth of Escherichia coli K1/r and Citrobacter koseri. Bacteria varied in their susceptibility to rBPI21's bactericidal action: E. coliK1/r was relatively susceptible (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], ∼10 nM), C. koseri was intermediate (IC50, ∼1,000 nM), Klebsiella pneumoniae was resistant (IC50, ∼10,000 nM), andEnterobacter cloacae and Serratia marcescens were highly resistant (IC50, >10,000 nM). All isolates were potent inducers of TNF-α activity in both adult and newborn cord blood. In contrast to its variable antibacterial activity, rBPI21 consistently inhibited the TNF-inducing activity of all strains tested (IC50, 1 to 1,000 nM). The antibacterial effects of rBPI21 were additive with those of a combination of conventional antibiotics typically used to treat bacteremic newborns (ampicillin and gentamicin). Whereas ampicillin and gentamicin demonstrated little inhibition of bacterially induced TNF release, addition of rBPI21 either alone or together with ampicillin and gentamicin profoundly inhibited release of this cytokine. Thus, supplementing newborn cord blood with rBPI21 potently inhibited the TNF-inducing activity of a variety of gram-negative bacterial clinical pathogens and, in some cases, enhanced bactericidal activity. These results suggest that administration of rBPI21 may be of clinical benefit to neonates suffering from gram-negative bacterial infection and/or endotoxemia.

scholarly journals Lipopolysaccharide- TLR-4 Axis regulates Osteoclastogenesis independent of RANKL/RANK signaling

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed S. AlQranei ◽  
Linda T. Senbanjo ◽  
Hanan Aljohani ◽  
Therwa Hamza ◽  
Meenakshi A. Chellaiah
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor ◽  
In Cells

Abstract Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin and a vital component of gram-negative bacteria’s outer membrane. During gram-negative bacterial sepsis, LPS regulates osteoclast differentiation and activity, in addition to increasing inflammation. This study aimed to investigate how LPS regulates osteoclast differentiation of RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. Results Herein, we revealed that RAW cells failed to differentiate into mature osteoclasts in vitro in the presence of LPS. However, differentiation occurred in cells primed with receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) for 24 h and then treated with LPS for 48 h (henceforth, denoted as LPS-treated cells). In cells treated with either RANKL or LPS, an increase in membrane levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) receptor was observed. Mechanistically, an inhibitor of TLR4 (TAK-242) reduced the number of osteoclasts as well as the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in LPS-treated cells. RANKL-induced RAW cells secreted a very basal level TNF-α. TAK-242 did not affect RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Increased osteoclast differentiation in LPS-treated osteoclasts was not associated with the RANKL/RANK/OPG axis but connected with the LPS/TLR4/TNF-α tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-2 axis. We postulate that this is because TAK-242 and a TNF-α antibody suppress osteoclast differentiation. Furthermore, an antibody against TNF-α reduced membrane levels of TNFR-2. Secreted TNF-α appears to function as an autocrine/ paracrine factor in the induction of osteoclastogenesis independent of RANKL. Conclusion TNF-α secreted via LPS/TLR4 signaling regulates osteoclastogenesis in macrophages primed with RANKL and then treated with LPS. Our findings suggest that TLR4/TNF-α might be a potential target to suppress bone loss associated with inflammatory bone diseases, including periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis.

scholarly journals Potential role of soluble TNF-α receptors in diagnosis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 205873921877608
Author(s):  
Chunhua Xun ◽  
Yong Zhao ◽  
Wenjuan Wang ◽  
Tiantian Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Membranous Nephropathy ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Urea ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) receptors contain two receptors: soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR) 1 and 2, and the aim of our study was to discover their concentration and diagnostic value for idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). In total, 58 patients with IMN, 51 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and 30 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Levels of serum sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum cystatin C (CysC), urea, creatinine (CREA), uric acid (UA), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), and 24-h urinary protein (proteinuria, PRO) were examined by automatic biochemical analyzer. Levels of sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 were significantly higher in IMN group than CKD and control group ( P < 0.05). In IMN group, there were significant correlation between sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 ( P < 0.01). Both sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 were positively related to serum urea, CREA, CysC, UA, 24-h PRO ( P < 0.05) and negatively related to ALB ( P < 0.01). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 were 0.997 and 0.993, respectively, when control was healthy volunteers. When sTNFR1 cut-off was 959.15 pg/mL, the sensitivity and specificity were 96.6% and 100%, respectively. When sTNFR2 cut-off was 2449.43 pg/mL, the sensitivity and specificity were 93.1% and 100%, respectively. While the control was CKD group, AUC of sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 were 0.647 and 0.626, respectively. When sTNFR1 cut-off was 3356.57 pg/mL, the sensitivity and specificity were 72.4% and 60.8%, respectively. When sTNFR2 cut-off was 6497.34 pg/mL, the sensitivity and specificity were 72.4% and 58.8%, respectively. This is the first study to show that both levels of sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 increased and correlated with serum urea, CREA, CysC, UA, ALB, 24-h PRO and could be usable for IMN diagnosis and differential diagnosis between IMN and CKD.

scholarly journals Modulation of Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) Antibody Secretion in Mice Immunized with TNF-α Kinoid

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 699-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Assier ◽  
Luca Semerano ◽  
Emilie Duvallet ◽  
Laure Delavallée ◽  
Emilie Bernier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Necrosis Factor

ABSTRACTTumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) blockade is an effective treatment for patients with TNF-α-dependent chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and psoriasis. TNF-α kinoid, a heterocomplex of human TNF-α and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) (TNF-K), is an active immunotherapy targeting TNF-α. Since the TNF-K approach is an active immunization, and patients receiving this therapy also receive immunosuppressant treatment, we evaluated the effect of some immunosuppressive drugs on the generation of anti-TNF-α antibodies produced during TNF-K treatment. BALB/c mice were injected intramuscularly with TNF-K in ISA 51 adjuvant. Mice were also injected intraperitoneally with one of the following: phosphate-buffered saline, cyclophosphamide, methylprednisolone, or methotrexate. Anti-TNF-α and anti-KLH antibody levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the anti-TNF-α neutralizing capacity of sera by L929 bioassay. Our results showed that current treatments used in rheumatoid arthritis, such as methylprednisolone and methotrexate, do not significantly alter anti-TNF-α antibody production after TNF-K immunization. In contrast, the administration of cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) after immunization significantly reduced anti-TNF-α antibody titers and their neutralizing capacity.

scholarly journals Prognostic serum tumor necrosis factor-α in paediatric patients with sepsis

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (06) ◽  
pp. 437-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surinder Kumar ◽  
Meher Rizvi
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor Α ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Paediatric Patients ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Objective: To study the association of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in paediatric patients with different etiological agents and levels of sepsis. Methodology: Seventy-nine patients with sepsis were studied. Blood cultures, along with other relevant specimens, were processed for bacterial and fungal etiology. TNF-α was detected by enzyme immunoassay. Results: In total, 42 (53.2%) of the patients had a microbiologically documented cause for sepsis. Of the gram-negative bacilli, Escherichia coli was the most common isolate followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Enterobacter spp. Serratia marscecens as well as Citrobacter koseri. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus predominated among the gram-positive cocci. Patients with a positive culture had significantly higher TNF-α levels than patients with a negative culture (70 pg/ml vs. 33 pg/ml p = 0.01). Patients with a pure gram-negative infection had significantly higher TNF-α levels than those with pure gram-positive infection (83 pg/ml vs.52 pg/ml). The geometric mean TNF-α concentrations in patients with severe sepsis and those with late septic shock were 47 pg/ml (range 5-2720) and 59 pg/ml (range 5-3310) respectively. Conclusion: TNF-α was significantly raised in culture-positive cases in general and in gram-negative infections in particular. It can be used as a surrogate marker of sepsis and aggressive treatment initiated in patients with elevated levels of TNF alpha.

scholarly journals PROFIL TNF-α SESUDAH SENAM LANSIA PADA LANSIA DI PANTI WREDHA BETHANIA LEMBEAN KOTA MANADO

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tulong ◽  
Siantan Supit ◽  
Joice N. A. Engka
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor Α ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Abstract: Tumor Necrosis Factor- α (TNF-α) is a systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine which is responsible to a trauma, injury, or inflammation in human body. Physical activity can physiologically affect the human body, inter alia the immune system. This was an experimental study with a post test design. This study aimed to determine the profile of TNF-α after doing gymnastics among the elderly at nursing home Bethania Lembean. Samples included 30 peoples who met the inclusion criteria, i.e. over 64 years old, followed the gymnastics for 5 weeks regularly, approbated as respondents, healthy, and signed the informed consent. The TNF-α concentration measurements were done by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Quantikine ®Human TNF-α. The results showed that the average conventration of TNF-α after elderly gymnastics was 70.54 pg/ml, with the highest value of 88.90 pg/mL and the lowest value of 12.54 pg/mL. For all respondents, TNF-α was within normal limit and ranged between 10-100 pg / mL. Conclusion: In this study, TNF-α concentrations after elderly gymnastics for 5 weeks were within normal limitsKeywords: TNF-α, elderly gymnasticsAbstrak: Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) merupakan suatu sitokin sistemik pro-inflamasi, yang berespons terhadap suatu cedera trauma atau peradangan yang terjadi dalam tubuh manusia. Kegiatan fisik dapat berdampak cukup besar pada tubuh manusia, dimana dapat merubah sistem imun tubuh secara fisiologis. Penelitian ini bersifat eksperimental dengan rancangan post test design dan bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil TNF-α sesudah senam lansia di Panti Wredha Bethania Lembean. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 30 orang yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi yaitu berumur di atas 64 tahun, teratur mengikuti senam lansia selama 5 minggu, bersedia menjadi responden, sehat saat di periksa, dan menandatangani informed consent. Pengukuran konsentrasi TNF-α di lakukan dengan menggunakan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Quantikine ®Human TNF-α. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa rerata kadar TNF-α sesudah senam lansia 70,54 pg/ml, dengan nilai tertinggi 88,90 pg/mL dan nilai terendah 12,54 pg/mL. Berdasarkan hasil yang di dapat, semua kadar TNF-α masih dalam batas normal dengan nilai 10-100 pg/mL. Simpulan: TNF-α sesudah senam lansia selama 5 minggu masih dalam batas normal.Kata kunci:TNF-α, senam lansia

scholarly journals Korelasi Tingkat Depresi dengan Kadar Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) pada Penderita Asma Bronkial Tidak Terkontrol

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ali Apriansyah ◽  
Rudi Putranto ◽  
Eddy Mart Salim ◽  
Hamzah Shatri
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Α Level ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Pendahuluan. Prevalensi depresi hamper mencapai 50% pada pasien yang berobat di pelayanan tertier klinik asma. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) telah diketahui sebagai sitokin pro-inflamasi yang berperan penting dalam mekanisme patogenesis sejumlah penyakit inflamasi kronik, termasuk asma bronkial dan depresi. Belum ada data penelitian mengenai hal tersebut di Indonesia.Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan studi cross sectional yang dilakukan pada 40 pasien asma bronkial tidak terkontrol di alergi imunologi klinik unit rawat jalan Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat (RSUP) Moh Hoesin Palembang selama kurun waktu mulai bulan Juni 2014 sampai dengan Agustus 2014. Asma bronkial tidak terkontrol dinilai dengan menggunakan kuesioner Asthma Control Test (ACT), sedangkan gejala depresi dinilai dengan kuisioner Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Konfirmasi diagnosis depresi dilakukan dengan kriteria dari Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Psychiatry-IV Text Revision (DSMIV TR)/ International Code Diagnose 10 (ICD-10). Sementara itu, kadar TNF-α serum diukur dengan metode quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Hasil. Nilai median tingkat depresi dan TNF-α serum pada penelitian ini adalah 16 (10 – 45) dan 4,09 (1,29 – 19,57) pg/mL.Tidak didapatkan korelasi yang bermakna secara statistik antara tingkat depresi dan kadar TNF-α (r = -0,265, p = 0,098).Simpulan. Tidak didapatkan korelasi yang bermakna antara tingkat depresi dengan kadar TNF-α pada penderita asma bronkial tidak terkontrol.Kata Kunci: asma bronkial tidak terkontrol, kadar TNF-α, Tingkat depresi The Correlation of Depression Level with Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) Concentration in Uncontrolled Bronchial Asthma PatientsIntroduction. Depression occurs at high rates in people with chronic diseases, including bronchial asthma, with the prevalence of depression approaches 50% in tertiary care asthma clinic. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is known to play a critical role in the pathogenic mechanism of a number of chronic inflammatory disease, including bronchial asthma and depression. There has not been any research data on the subject in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between depressive level and TNF-α level in uncontrolled bronchial asthma. Methods. This was a cross sectional study conducted in 40 patients with uncontrolled bronchial asthma at the allergy immunology clinic outpatient of Dr Moh Hoesin Hospital Palembang, during June 2014 until August 2014. Uncontrolled bronchial asthma was assessed using the Asthma Control Test (ACT) questionnaire, whereas depressive symptoms were assessed by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) questionnaire, and diagnosis was confirmed by the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Psychiatry-IV Text Revision (DSM-IV TR) / International Code Diagnose 10 (ICD-10). Serum levels of TNF-α was measured by the method of quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. The median value of the level of depression and serum TNF- α in this study were 16 (10 - 45) and 4.09 (1.29 - 19.57) pg/mL. There was no significant correlation between depressive level and TNF-α level ( r = -0.265 , p = 0.098 ). Conclusions. There was no significant correlation between depressive level and TNF-α level in uncontrolled bronchial asthma Keywords: depressive level, TNF-α level, uncontrolled asthma bronchial

scholarly journals Lipopolysaccharide influence on leptin hormone and tumor necrosis factor-alpha release from human adipose tissue

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 205873921877497
Author(s):  
Sa’ad Al-Lahham ◽  
Nidal Jaradat ◽  
Malik Al-Qub ◽  
Abdallah Hamayel ◽  
Abdalrahman Assaassa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Obesity is associated with low-grade inflammation that originates mainly from adipose tissue. This is implicated in the pathogenesis of type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Strong evidence indicates that chronically elevated systemic low-grade lipopolysaccharide (LPS), elicits low-grade inflammation. However, evidence on LPS effect on adipokines’ level, such as leptin, is scarce, and it has never been investigated ex vivo in human subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and therefore we aim to investigate this. To achieve our aim, SAT explants were obtained from 12 patients (50% males) and were treated with/without LPS. Protein concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that the average age and body mass index (BMI) of included patients were 58.6 years and 28.6 kg/m2, respectively. LPS induced significantly (~3×, P < 0.0001) the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α from SAT, and it was not associated with age or BMI. However, leptin secretion was inhibited slightly (~20%), but significantly. Interestingly, leptin release was significantly inhibited (~50%) in SAT from lean but not from obese patients, and there was an association between leptin response and BMI (R = 0.8), but no association with age. In this study, we found, for the first time, that LPS suppresses the release of leptin hormone from SAT obtained from lean patients, while it induces TNF-α release. Our findings provide extra evidence and confirm earlier studies regarding the role of LPS in low-grade inflammation. Further investigations are essential to identify factors that inhibit LPS passage through intestinal barrier in order to prevent or reduce the development of obesity and its associated chronic diseases.

scholarly journals Gender-Related Cytokine Patterns in Sera of Schistosomiasis Patients with Symmers' Fibrosis

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nascimento Silva-Teixeira ◽  
Cristiane Contigli ◽  
José Roberto Lambertucci ◽  
José Carlos Serufo ◽  
Virmondes Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Necrosis Factor

ABSTRACT Cytokine levels were compared between schistosomiasis patients affected by intense fibrosis defined by ultrasound examination and graded from F-0 to F-3. The concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of serum samples. Levels of IL-4, IL-5, and TNF-α in the sera of F-3 patients were significantly higher than those found in F-0 individuals, while levels of IL-13 were lower. Levels of IL-4, IL-5, and TNF-α in serum were significantly higher in F-3 males than in F-0 males or F-3 females. Conversely, levels of IL-13 were significantly lower in F-3 females than in F-0 females and males.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Hemoglobin, Interleukin-10 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Levels In Asymptomatic Malaria Patients in Trenggalek, Jawa Timur, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Arif Rahman Nurdianto ◽  
Heny Arwati ◽  
Yoes Prijatna Dachlan ◽  
Dyah Ayu Febiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Normal Person ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Background: Malaria is still a universal health problem, especially in tropical countries because of high morbidity and mortality rates. Infection by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax could result in asymptomatic disease of malaria and be found in Trenggalek, Jawa Timur. Differences in pathogenesis among affected individuals are affected by many factors, and the immune system is one of them. Among substances involved in the malarial immunity is Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α and Interleukin (IL)-10, produced by the body's defense system as the reaction to the parasite. Therefore a study was designed to detect the level of TNF-α and IL-10 in asymptomatic malaria patients.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Thirty male asymptomatic malaria subjects, age 21 to 60 years were selected. Blood from each subject was collected and the levels of TNF-α and IL-10 were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Significant values considered at p<0.05.Results: There was an increased level of TNF-α with the average of 218.760 pg/µL, and an increased level of IL-10 with an average of 257.574 pg/µL in asymptomatic malaria subjects. In normal person IL-10 level is 12.6 (8.5-16.7) pg/mL and the levels of TNF-α in normal person is 0-1.5 pg/mL because they are not produce. There was a positive correlation of TNF-α with IL-10 (r=0.332; p>0.05), and positive correlation between TNF-α and the rate of hemoglobin (r=0.002; p>0.05). IL-10 was correlated negatively with the rate of hemoglobin (r=-0.363; p<0.05).Conclusion: The results from this study conclude that TNF-α and IL-10 levels increase in asymptomatic malaria subjects.Keywords: asymptomatic malaria, TNF-α, IL-10, parasite, hemoglobin

scholarly journals Pleiotropic Effects of Tetracyclines in the Management of COVID-19: Emerging Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayder M. Al-kuraishy ◽  
Ali I. Al-Gareeb ◽  
Mohammed Alqarni ◽  
Natália Cruz-Martins ◽  
Gaber El-Saber Batiha
Keyword(s):  
Qt Interval ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Approximately 15% of severe cases require an intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mechanical ventilation due to development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Tetracyclines (TCs) are a group of bacteriostatic antibiotics, like tetracycline, minocycline, and doxycycline, effective against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria as well as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Based on available evidences, TCs may be effective against coronaviruses and thus useful to treat COVID-19. Thus, this review aims to provide a brief overview on the uses of TCs for COVID-19 management. SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses depend mainly on the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) for their proliferation, cell adhesion, and infiltration. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of TCs are linked to different pathways. Briefly, TCs inhibit mitochondrial cytochrome c and caspase pathway with improvement of lymphopenia in early COVID-19. Specifically, minocycline is effective in reducing COVID-19–related complications, through attenuation of cytokine storm as apparent by reduction of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Different clinical trials recommend the replacement of azithromycin by minocycline in the management of COVID-19 patients at high risk due to two main reasons: 1) minocycline does not prolong the QT interval and even inhibits ischemia-induced arrhythmia; 2) minocycline displays synergistic effect with chloroquine against SARS-CoV-2. Taken together, the data presented here show that TCs, mainly doxycycline or minocycline, may be potential partners in COVID-19 management, derived pneumonia, and related complications, such as acute lung injury (ALI) and ARDS.

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