scholarly journals Application of a gloved-hand model for multiparameter measurements of skin-degerming activity

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-413
Author(s):  
R N Michaud ◽  
M B McGrath ◽  
W A Goss
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Sampling Interval ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Hand Model ◽  
Multiple Contacts ◽  
Multiparameter Measurements ◽  
Skin Cleansing ◽  
Single Contact

The application of an established gloved-hand model to multiparameter measurements of skin-degerming activity is described. In particular, appropriate experimental designs are illustrated which allow characterization of performance of topical skin-cleansing preparations in terms of rapid, sustained, cummulative, and persistent skin-degerming effects on the hand. Single-contact studies were used to define the degerming activity profiles of selected commercial surgical scrub preparations, and to establish the optimal post-treatment sampling interval for individual preparations. Rapid and sustained skin-degerming effects were measured and contrasted. Rapid skin-degerming activity, iodophor preparation. Sustained skin-degerming activity, namely, that occurring on the gloved hand during a postcontact interval, was shown and characterized for two hexachlorophene preparations. Multiple-contact studies with a 3% hexachlorophene preparations were used to illustrate cummulative and persistent skin-degerming effects. Cummulative skin-degerming activity was demonstrated in terms of progressive bacterial reductions after repeated contacts within a single day. Presistent skin-degerming activity was shown in terms of the profile of daily pretreatment bacterial counts after multiple contacts over successive days. Uniformity of treatment response was established for a broad range of pretreatment bacterial counts extending from approximatley log 4 to log 7 per hand. The importance of pretreatment bacterial count measurement and of adequate neutralization of hand extract samples is stressed. A randomized-hand experimental design is discussed relative to its versatility and amenability to statistical analysis.

Water Tunnel to test and characterization of experimental designs of Hydrokinetics Turbines

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Alvarez-Alvarez ◽  
Aitor Fernandez-Jimenez ◽  
Manuel Rico-Secades ◽  
Antonio Javier Calleja-Rodriguez ◽  
Joaquin Fernandez-Francos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Water Tunnel

scholarly journals Relationship between Oral Bacterial Count and Postoperative Complications among Patients with Cardiovascular Disease Treated by Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 850
Author(s):  
Rie Osako ◽  
Yuhei Matsuda ◽  
Chieko Itohara ◽  
Yuka Sukegawa-Takahashi ◽  
Shintaro Sukegawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Pericardial Fluid ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Lung Torsion ◽  
Propensity Score Adjustment ◽  
The Relationship

In this retrospective observational study, we evaluated the relationship between perioperative oral bacterial counts and postoperative complications in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients. From April 2012 to December 2018, all patients scheduled for surgery received perioperative oral management (POM) by oral specialists at a single center. Tongue dorsum bacterial counts were measured on the pre-hospitalization day, preoperatively, and postoperatively. Background data were collected retrospectively. Among the 470 consecutive patients, the postoperative complication incidence rate was 10.4% (pericardial fluid storage, n = 21; postoperative pneumonia, n = 13; surgical site infection, n = 9; mediastinitis, n = 2; and seroma, postoperative infective endocarditis, lung torsion, and pericardial effusion, n = 1 each). Oral bacterial counts were significantly higher in the pre-hospitalization than in the pre- and postoperative samples (p < 0.05). Sex, cerebrovascular disease, and operation time differed significantly between complications and no-complications groups (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis with propensity score adjustment showed a significant association between postoperative oral bacterial count and postoperative complications (odds ratio 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–1.60; p = 0.05). Since the development of cardiovascular complications is a multifactorial process, the present study cannot show that POM reduces complications but indicates POM may prevent complications in CVD patients.

Preslaughter Hide Status of Cattle and the Microbiology of Carcasses

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 1502-1508 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOYCE VAN DONKERSGOED ◽  
KLAUS W. F. JERICHO ◽  
HEIDI GROGAN ◽  
BEN THORLAKSON
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Surface Wetness ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Line Speed ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
Plant Personnel ◽  
The Individual

An assessment was made of the association between tag (mud, bedding, and manure) attached to hides of beef cattle at slaughter and bacterial deposition on carcasses. A total of 624 carcasses from 52 lots of cattle in southern Alberta from January to June 1996 were studied at a high-line-speed abattoir (HLSP) which processed 285 carcasses per h and at a slow-line-speed abattoir (SLSP) which processed 135 carcasses per h. Tag was quantitatively assessed on the belly, legs, and sides of 12 carcasses per lot by the same project worker (lot tag score) and for each incoming lot of cattle by plant personnel (plant lot tag score). Swabs (approximately 10 by 10 cm) were taken from the medial rump and sacrum immediately after hide removal and from the brisket and top of shoulder after carcass splitting. These samples were pooled for each carcass and aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliforms, and Escherichia coli were enumerated. The lot bacterial count was calculated by averaging the individual bacterial results of the 12 carcasses in a lot. At the HLSP, the lot side scores and the plant lot tag scores were negatively associated (P &lt; 0.05) with the aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and E. coli. Counts were lower when tag was shaven off of the hides or when the line speed was slowed, but the reductions in counts were less than 0.5 log10/cm2. At the SLSP, the lot belly score was negatively associated (P &lt; 0.003) with the aerobic bacterial counts. Neither the lot tag score nor the plant lot tag score were associated (P &gt; 0.05) with the bacterial counts. Surface wetness of the hides was weakly (P &lt; 0.05) associated with coli forms and E. coli counts. This study indicates that there is no consistent association between lot tag scores, plant lot tag scores, and bacterial contamination of carcasses. Changes in bacterial counts when associated with lot tag scores, plant lot tag scores, surface wetness of hides, line speed, or shaving off of tag were generally less than 0.5 log10/cm2. Thus, these variables are individually assessed as control points, but not critical control points of HACCP plans for the prevailing beef slaughter processes (including line speed adjustment at the HLSP) at the two plants studied.

Characterization of the spermiation response, luteinizing hormone release and sperm quality in the American toad (Bufo americanus) and the endangered Wyoming toad (Bufo baxteri)

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy R. Obringer ◽  
Justine K. O'Brien ◽  
Robin L. Saunders ◽  
Kazutoshi Yamamoto ◽  
Sakae Kikuyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sampling Interval ◽  
Sperm Production ◽  
Bufo Americanus ◽  
American Toad ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Lh Release ◽  
Wyoming Toad ◽  
Toad Bufo

Spermiation and LH release in response to several methods of LHRH administration were assessed in the American toad (Bufo americanus), and the most successful method was tested in the endangered Wyoming toad (Bufo baxteri). Specific objectives were to: (1) compare spermiation responses and plasma LH concentration after invasive and non-invasive LHRH treatments; (2) evaluate sperm production in response to different LHRH dosages; (3) characterize the timing of sperm release post LHRH treatment; and (4) assess sperm quality (motility, viability, morphology and acrosomal status). Male American toads were administered 4 g LHRH by one of four routes: (1) intraperitoneal injection (IP); (2) subcutaneous injection (SQ); (3) dorsal dermis absorption (DDA); and (4) ventral dermis absorption (VDA). Aspermic urine only was collected from saline-treated controls and DDA animals. Several VDA animals released spermic urine; however, all LHRH-injected toads released spermatozoa. IP animals produced higher sperm and LH concentrations than SQ animals. The spermiation response in animals treated IP with 1 g LHRH was similar to that in animals treated with 4 g, but lower LHRH dosages tested produced inferior responses. Sperm production in responsive animals increased over time during the 12-h sampling interval. Regardless of treatment, most American toad spermatozoa were motile, viable, and acrosome-intact. Endangered Wyoming toads were treated IP with 4 g LHRH, and spermic urine was collected. Although most spermatozoa were viable and acrosome-intact, a considerable percentage possessed structurally abnormal heads. A single IP injection of LHRH appears to be a reliable and safe method for controlling spermiation in toads and may be useful for assisting endangered amphibian propagation.

Laboratory testing protocol to identify critical factors in bacterial compliance monitoring

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
M. Abbaszadegan ◽  
P. Ghatpande ◽  
J. Brereton ◽  
A. Alum ◽  
R. Narasimhan
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
The Other ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Service Line ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Representative Sampling

This research focused on providing guidelines for water utilities on the collection and handling of routine bacteriological samples and in developing scientifically-based approaches in selecting the most representative sampling locations. A laboratory-scale pilot distribution system was designed comprising two parallel loops, one using unlined cast-iron pipe and one using PVC pipe. Each loop contained six sampling ports, including (1) a distribution main dead end faucet, (2) one long (5.5 m; 18 feet) and (3) one short (0.3 m; 1 foot) household copper service line with threaded hose-bibb taps, (4) one hose-bibb with welded faucet, (5) one dedicated sampling port (modeled after a manufacturer’s specifications) and (6) one laboratory-style (PVC) stop-cock sampling port. Residual chlorine concentrations were maintained at 0, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L stages during the course of the experiment. Bacterial samples were collected from the different sampling ports and assayed by membrane filtration and/or spread plate. Nutrient and R2A agars were used for heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), m-Endo agar for total coliform (TC) counts and Chromocult agar for injured bacterial analyses. Several methods of sample collection were tested using various combinations of flushing and tap disinfection, including “first flush” (no flushing, without tap disinfection), flushing only, tap disinfection only (using alcohol or hypochlorite solution) and flushing coupled with tap disinfection. The results indicated that the bacterial counts in samples drawn from dead ends were not significantly different from counts in samples from the other sample port configurations. First flush samples consistently produced the highest bacterial count results. Bacterial counts in samples from the long household copper service line were typically three orders of magnitude higher than in samples from the other sample ports. Thus, there is evidence that long copper household service connections may be unsuitable sample tap configurations for collecting samples intended to represent microbial quality in the distribution system.

Effect of Five Surface Area-to-Sample Volume Ratios During Preliminary Incubation on The Bacterial Count of Raw Milk1,2

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 968-970
Author(s):  
J. A. RITTER ◽  
B. E. LANGLOIS ◽  
J. O'LEARY
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Standard Plate ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Effects of ratio of surface area to volume of sample during preliminary incubation (PI) and of different plate incubation temperatures on bacterial counts of raw milk samples were studied. One hundred and twenty Grade A raw milk samples collected during a 10-month period were divided into five 100-ml aliquots and allotted to one of five surface area to volume ratios. The ratios during PI ranged from 0 cm2/100 ml to 149.74 cm2/100 ml. Following PI, pour plates of each treatment were incubated at 26, 30 and 32 C for 72 h. The Standard Plate Counts (SPC) ranged from 89 × 101 to 20 × 108/ml, with the SPC of 73.6% of the samples being less than 1 × 105/ml. Counts after PI tended to be higher as the plate incubation temperature decreased from 32 to 26 C and as the ratio of surface area to volume of sample increased. None of the differences between the counts for the 15 treatment-incubation temperatures was significant. Counts of 61 samples increased less than one log count during PI, while counts of 33 and 16 samples increased one to two log counts and over two log counts, respectively. The greater the SPC, the smaller the increase in count during PI. Of the 81 samples with SPC less than 1 × 105/ml, 29 had counts after PI that exceeded 2 × 105/ml.

Multiple Contacts with Diversion at the Point of Arrest

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Sharon Riordan ◽  
Stuart Wix ◽  
M Sayeed Haque ◽  
Martin Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Mental Health Care ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Contact Group ◽  
Multiple Contacts ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Single Contact

A diversion at the point of arrest (DAPA) scheme was set up in five police stations in South Birmingham in 1992. In a study of all referrals made over a four-year period a sub group of multiple contact individuals was identified. During that time four hundred and ninety-two contacts were recorded in total, of which 130 were made by 58 individuals. The latter group was generally no different from the single contact group but did have a tendency to be younger. This research highlights the need for a re-evaluation of service provision and associated education of police officers and relevant mental health care professionals.

Assessing the Likelihood of Hand-to-Hand Cross-Transmission of Bacteria: An Experimental Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Bellissimo-Rodrigues ◽  
Daniela Pires ◽  
Hervé Soule ◽  
Angèle Gayet-Ageron ◽  
Didier Pittet
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Cross Transmission ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Healthcare Associated

BACKGROUNDAlthough the hands of healthcare workers (HCWs) are implicated in most episodes of healthcare-associated infections, the correlation between hand contamination and the likelihood of cross-transmission remains unknown.METHODSWe conducted a laboratory-based study involving pairs of HCWs. The hands of a HCW (transmitter) were contaminated with Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 before holding hands with another HCW (host) for 1 minute. Meanwhile, the unheld hand of the transmitter was sampled. Afterward, the host’s held hand was also sampled. Each experiment consisted of 4 trials with increasing concentrations of E. coli (103–106 colony-forming units [cfu]/mL). The primary outcome was the likelihood of transmission of at least 1 cfu from transmitter to host. We used a mixed logistic regression model with a random effect on the subject to assess the association between transmission and bacterial count on the transmitter’s hands.RESULTSIn total, 6 HCWs performed 30 experiments and 120 trials. The bacterial counts recovered from host hands were directly associated with the bacterial counts on transmitter hands (P<.001). The probability of cross-transmission was 8.22 higher (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98–68.8) when transmitter hand bacterial count was >1 and ≤3 log10 cfu compared to ≤1 log10. When transmitter contamination was <1 log10 cfu, no cross-transmission was detected.CONCLUSIONThere is a direct relationship between the bacterial burden on HCWs hands and the likelihood of cross-transmission. Under the described conditions, at least 1 log10 cfu must be present on HCW hands to be potentially transmitted. Further studies are needed at the low contamination range.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:553–558

scholarly journals Isolation of Food-Borne Microorganisms from Atlantic Mackerel and Disinfection of the Raw Fish by Radiation, Low Temperature and Combination Treatments

1970 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
Manik Hossain ◽  
M Kamruzzaman Munshi ◽  
Rasheda Yasmin Shilpi ◽  
Harun Or-Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Combination Treatments

An investigation was undertaken for the isolation and identification of fish-borne microorganisms from mackerel fish (Scomberomorus guttatus) collected from Savar Bazar. Radiation, low temperature (-20°C) and combination treatments were then applied for the decontamination of associated organisms. The ranges of total viable bacterial count, total coliform count, total faecal coliform count and total staphylococcal count varied from 6.5 x 104 to 1.04 x 105, 2 x 102 to 4.0 x 102, 0 to 1 x 102 and 4.4 x 104 to 3.8 x 104 cfu/g respectively, while the total fungal count was nil. Sixty-four bacterial isolates were identified including Staphylococcus (19%), Micrococcus (11%), Enterobacter (8%), Klebsiella (17%), Bacillus (19%), Escherichia (17%) and Pseudomonas (9%). To disinfect the microorganisms, the samples were irradiated at different doses (0-10.0 kGy) of gamma irradiation. Total coliform and total faecal coliform bacteria were inactivated below the detectable level at 2.5 kGy of irradiation. The number of total viable bacteria decreased by three logs when irradiated at 5.0 kGy and the number of Staphylococcus bacteria were eliminated completely after the irradiation dose of 5.0 kGy. During frozen storage, the total viable bacterial counts were gradually declined in all the samples. After six months of storage the bacterial counts were decreased about one log in all of the samples. It has been observed that combination treatments (irradiation and freezing) are more effective than the single treatment for eliminating the fish-borne bacteria. Keywords: Mackerel fish; Microbial contamination; Irradiation; Low temperatureDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v25i2.4871 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 25, Number 2, December 2008, pp 105-109

EFFECT OF PASTEURIZATION ON THE DIRECT MICROSCOPIC COUNT OF EGGS

1971 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Hall ◽  
D. F. Brown ◽  
R. B. Read
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
The North ◽  
Counting Chamber ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Microscopic Count ◽  
Whole Egg

When pasteurized whole eggs from breakers were examined by the Direct Microscopic Count (DMC) procedure, the bacterial count frequently appeared to be too low to correlate with the observed state of decomposition. The DMC of whole egg was found to decrease during pasteurization. To determine why, DMC's were done using the North Aniline Oil - Methylene Blue Stain and the Levowitz-Weber modification of the Newman-Lampert stain. Total bacterial counts also were made using the Petroff-Hausser counting chamber. Results indicated that the reduction in count resulted from lysis of some of the bacterial cells in egg rather than to loss of stainability. Crystalline lysozyme at the concentration found in egg and whole egg preparations produced similar reductions in the DMC of bacteria isolated from egg.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document