Radiation Factor in Lunar Missions

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 709-721
Author(s):  
O. I. Orlov ◽  
M. I. Panasiuk ◽  
V. A. Shurshakov
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Factor ◽  
Lunar Missions

RADIATION FACTOR IN LUNAR MISSIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
O.I. Orlov ◽  
◽  
M.I. Panasiuk ◽  
V.A. Shurshakov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Factor ◽  
Lunar Missions

ANALYSIS OF ABDOMINAL TYPHOID INCIDENCE IN THE SOUTH REGION OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Zakirova J.S. ◽  
Nadirbekova R.A. ◽  
Zholdoshev S.T.
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Radiation Factor ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Immunological Deficiency

The article analyze the long-term morbidity, spread of typhoid fever in the southern regions of the Kyrgyz republic, and remains a permanent epidemic focus in the Jalal-Abad region, where against the low availability of the population to high-quality drinking water, an additional factor on the body for more than two generations and radiation factor, which we confirmed by the spread among the inhabitants of Mailuu-Suu of nosological forms of the syndrome of immunological deficiency, as a predictor of risk groups for infectious diseases, including typhoid fever.

The importance of lunar dust mitigation during future human led lunar missions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Hendrix
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Dust Exposure ◽  
Space Suit ◽  
Lunar Dust ◽  
Silica Dust ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
High Level ◽  
Vacuum Systems ◽  
Lunar Missions

<p>With the Artemis mission set to launch in 2024, returning humans to the lunar surface for the first time in over half a century, it is imperative to ensure human health and safety on a variety of fronts. Lunar dust exposure is one of many areas of concern regarding astronaut health and safety. During the Apollo missions it was reported that lunar dust was a nuisance and induced allergic-like symptoms upon exposure. In addition, it was also reported that instruments became coated with dust that was difficult to remove, and that the dust adhered to everything and tore through space suit fabric. Numerous inhalation studies have determined that lunar dust is more toxic than analogous terrestrial materials but less so than silica dust. Apollo dust mitigation systems were successful on some missions but failed on others. As humans are to stay on the lunar surface for extended periods relative to the Apollo missions, it is vital to fabricate instruments that would address the lunar dust problem with greater reliability. There must be multiple steps to remove all lunar dust, including the ultra-fine <10 µm fraction which was the most difficult dust size to remove. There must be multiple steps regarding lunar dust removal including a chamber to remove dust and de-suit, and a vacuum with high level HEPA filtration to remove dust. The first chamber would be to filter out any dust that comes into the module from the outside. Once all the air is clear, then the next step would be to remove any remaining dust on the suits using a hand-held vacuum with a HEPA H14 filter which only allows up to a maximum 0.005% of particles 100 nm in size to pass through the filter. Then, it would be safe to de-suit. It would be wise to have a second chamber between the first chamber and the command center of the lunar module that would vacuum any remaining dust before opening to the main command chamber. Ultra-high quality HEPA filters of both the chamber and hand-held vacuum systems should be replaced frequently to maintain optimal dust mitigation. Investing time and resources into lunar dust mitigation should be a top priority for the upcoming Artemis mission to avoid the issues encountered on the Apollo missions.</p>

Epidemiological features of typhoid fever incidence in the uranium biogeochemical zone of the Kyrgyz Republic

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
R. M. Toichuev ◽  
J. S. Zakirova ◽  
S. T. Joldoshev ◽  
R. A. Nadirbekova
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Immunological Reactivity ◽  
Complete Elimination ◽  
Radiation Factor ◽  
Environmental Objects ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Clean Drinking Water ◽  
The Impact

The results of an epidemiological study of typhoid fever in the territory of the uranium biogeochemical zone of the Kyrgyz Republic are presented. The presence of a chronic focus of typhoid fever in the territory of the uranium biogeochemical province with high levels of morbidity has been established. The leading factor in transmission is water, primarily from the Mailuu-Suu river, which is also contaminated with radionuclides. The main feature of typhoid fever in the territory of the uranium biogeochemical province is the registration of cases of diseases throughout the year, which differs from non-polluted areas, where cases are detected only in the warm months. This feature can be associated with the impact of the radiation factor on the pathogen by increasing its resistance, and on the human body by reducing immunological reactivity. This assumption requires more detailed research. For the complete elimination of typhoid fever in the study area, comprehensive measures are required throughout the year, aimed at providing the population with clean drinking water, identifying sources of infection, including bacterial carriers, and their treatment, as well as monitoring bacteriological studies of environmental objects throughout the calendar year.

scholarly journals An investigation of the effects of variations in the radiation factor on the efficiency of dewar vessels

1926 ◽  
Vol 112 (760) ◽  
pp. 136-151
Keyword(s):  
Hot Water ◽  
Liquid Oxygen ◽  
Radiation Factor ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Spherical Type ◽  
Glass Vessel ◽  
A Value ◽  
Dewar Vessel ◽  
Rate Of Cooling ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation

During the course of some work on Dewar vessels, which was carried out by one of us (B. L.) and S. F. Gates for the Oxygen Research Committee, a curious anomaly was noticed in the behaviour of an all-metal Dewar vessel. This was a commercial copper vessel of the usual spherical type with a long narrow neck of an alloy of low heat-conductivity; its capacity was two litres. The rate of evaporation of liquid oxygen stored in this vessel was approximately double that of liquid oxygen stored in a silvered glass flask of like capacity; but, when equal weights of hot water were put into each of the vessels, it was found that the rate of cooling of the water in the copper vessel was actually slower than in the silvered glass vessel. It appeared, then, that the copper vessel was only half as efficient as a silvered glass one of like capacity for the storage of liquid oxygen, whereas its efficiency for the storage of hot water was greater than that of the silvered glass vessel. This investigation arose out of a desire to explain the apparent anomaly. Previou work on the factors which influence the efficiency of Dewar vessels has been carried out by Dewar ('Proc. Roy. Inst.,' 1898, p. 815), Banneitz, Rhein and Kurze ('Ann. d. Phys.,' 1920, vol. 61, p. 113), and Briggs ('Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin.,' 1920, vol. 51, p. 97). These investigations have dealt with the efficiency of Dewar vessels considered only as containers for liquid air or oxygen, and the above-mentioned anomaly has therefore not been noticed. Briggs ( loc. cit .) worked with vessels with the vacuum-adjacent surfaces of polished gilding metal (95 per cent. copper). From his results on the rates of evaporation of liquid oxygen from these vessels, he calculated a value for the emissivity of the polished surfaces which was considerably greater than that anticipated from the usually accepted value for copper. This observation is intimately connected with that of Lambert and Gates and will be referred to later.

scholarly journals CALCULATION OF CONTROL AND ACCEPTABLE LEVELS OF RADIATION FACTORS FOR NUCLEAR PROPULSIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
B. I. Zhabrunov ◽  
A. A. Kern ◽  
A. S. Tazov ◽  
B. V. Kutashov
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Radiation Safety ◽  
Power Level ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Reactor Power ◽  
Radiation Factor ◽  
Measuring Range ◽  
Acceptable Error

In accordance with requirements of regulatory and guideline documents on radiation safety for controlled radiation factors for the purposes of operating control, controlled and acceptable levels are established. Any excess of these levels requires the determination of the causes and implementation of actions designed to eliminate the excess. The paper presents the method of calculation of these levels and establishing the levels in practice at the present time, disadvantages of accepted regulations are analyzed. It was shown that existing documents do not take into account some circumstances that define the radiation safety test procedure. In a number of measured control points of the radiological situation and staff radiation exposure, the values of controlled parameters are independent of reactor system mode. In the same points that show the dependence of measured data on a reactor power level, values of controlled parameters may also depend on a mode of pumps and purification system. Furthermore, real-time measurements review has showed that beyond the range of lower limit of measuring range of verification means in the range with nonspecified error, the measured data variance is described by mean value and acceptable error. At the same time, a mean value may be a lower order to lower limit of measuring range. Setting a value of controlled level equal to a sum of a mean of double or tripled root-mean-square deviation depending on the accepted confidence level, a possibility of earlier detection of controlled level excess emerges. In this situation, an exact absolute value of a controlling parameter is not essential as that radiation factor level poses no hazard to life. It is important to capture the onset of significant increase of radiation factor i.e. change of radiological situation.

scholarly journals The multipte-factor technogenic environmental pollution as risk factor of formation of cytogenetic violations at the population.

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Антон Корсаков ◽  
Anton Korsakov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Radiation Factor ◽  
Total Level

Possibility of application of micronuclear dough in a bukkal epithelium is considered when comparing chemical, radiation and combined radiochemical pollution of the environment. At the combined influence of a chemical and radiation factor by authors possible manifestation, both additive effects, and a sinergizm and inhibition is revealed. The conclusion is drawn that cytogenetic characteristics of a bukkal epithelium can be used as "the biological dosimeter" total level of environmental pollution.

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