scholarly journals AB0029 THE METABOLIC HIERARCHY OF IMMUNE PROCESSES IN HUMAN MONOCYTES

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1048.2-1048
Author(s):  
P. L. Krauß ◽  
F. Buttgereit ◽  
T. Gaber ◽  
M. Pfeiffenberger ◽  
Y. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiration ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Human Monocytes ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Activation Markers ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Tnf Α

Background:At sites of inflammation, monocytes carry out specific immunological functions while facing challenging bioenergetic restrictions.Objectives:Here, we investigated the potential of human monocytes to adapt under conditions of reduced energy supply by gradually inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) under glucose free conditions.Methods:We modelled this reduced energy supply with myxothiazol, an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration, at 0, 2 and 4 pmol/106 cells to decrease mitochondrial ATP production for 0%, 25% and 66% under glucose free conditions. For the three energy levels, we assessed (i) phagocytosis of FITC-labelled E.coli using flow cytometry, (i) production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through NADPH oxidase (NOX) as determined by VAS2870-sensitive OCR using a Clark-type electrode, (iii) ATP generation and steady state level using a Clark-type electrode and luminometric assessment (iv) expression of surface activation markers CD16, CD80, CD11b, HLA-DR and (v) production of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α using flow cytometry in peripheral blood-derived human monocytes with and without LPS-stimulation.Results:As a prerequisite for our study, we demonstrate that human monocytes survived strong inhibition of mitochondrial respiration without any sign of apoptosis as determined by flow cytometry. As a result of the inhibition of OXPHOS, we demonstrate a reduction of VAS2870-sensitive OCR (ROS production through NOX), ATPase-dependent OCR and ATP steady-state levels. Focusing on immune function, we observed that phagocytosis and the production of IL-6 were the least sensitive to reduced energy supply while surface expression of CD11b, HLA-DR, production of TNF-α and IL-1β were most affected by inhibition of OXPHOS.Conclusion:Our data demonstrate an energy-dependent hierarchy of immune functions in monocytes, which may represent a potential therapeutic target in monocyte-mediated inflammatory diseases.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Vitamin D modulates the expression of HLA-DR and CD38 after in vitro activation of T-cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Villegas-Ospina ◽  
Wbeimar Aguilar-Jimenez ◽  
Sandra M. Gonzalez ◽  
María T. Rugeles
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Activation Markers ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
In Vitro Activation ◽  
Cells Cultured

AbstractObjective:Vitamin D (VitD) is an anti-inflammatory hormone; however, some evidence shows that VitD may induce the expression of activation markers, such as CD38 and HLA-DR. We explored its effect on the expression of these markers on CD4Materials and methods:CD38 and HLA-DR expression was measured by flow cytometry in PHA/IL-2-activated mononuclear cells cultured under VitD precursors: three cholecalciferol (10Results:Cholecalciferol at 10Conclusion:Although no significant correlations were observed in vivo in healthy subjects, VitD treatment in vitro modulated immune activation by increasing the expression of CD38 and decreasing the proliferation of HLA-DR

Abstract 16292: Selective Platelet Protease-Activated-Receptor (PAR)1 and PAR4 Mediated Thrombin Desensitisation in the Elderly is Correlated With Inflammation and Chronic Thrombin Receptor Stimulation

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonali R Gnanenthiran ◽  
Gabrielle Pennings ◽  
Caroline Reddel ◽  
Heather Campbell ◽  
Justin Hamilton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Platelet Activation ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Thrombin Receptor ◽  
Receptor Stimulation ◽  
Activation Markers ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
D Dimer ◽  
Granule Release

Introduction: Platelet activation, by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) via P2Y 12 receptors and thrombin via PAR1 and PAR4, is a key therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease (CVD). The efficacy of antiplatelet agents diminishes in the elderly, but it is unknown whether these pathways change with aging. Hypothesis: Platelet activation pathways change with aging. Methods: Platelet activity was evaluated in young (20-30yrs), middle-aged (40-55yrs) and elderly (≥70yrs) healthy volunteers (n=174). Whole blood aggregometry and flow cytometry (P-selectin: α-granule release; CD63: dense granule release; PAC1 binding: activated GPIIb/IIIa) were performed under basal conditions and post ex vivo stimulation with ADP, thrombin, PAR1 agonist or PAR4 agonist. EC 50 and E max values were derived for each agonist. Receptor cleavage and quantification (P2Y 12 ; PAR1; PAR4; GPIbα) were assessed with flow cytometry. Thrombin generation (D-Dimer) and inflammation (interleukin [IL]-1β; tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-α) were assessed via ELISA. Results: The elderly had higher basal platelet activation markers (P-selectin, CD63, activated GPIIb/IIIa) than the young, with higher basal activity correlating with increasing IL-1β. P2Y 12 receptor density was higher in the elderly and associated with greater ADP-induced platelet aggregation and activation. Elderly subjects had less platelet activation in response to thrombin (higher EC 50 ), demonstrating hyporeactivity to selective stimulation of PAR1 or PAR4, more basal PAR1/PAR4 cleavage, and less inducible PAR1/PAR4 cleavage. This was associated with reduced thrombin binding receptor GPIbα and reduced secondary ADP contribution to thrombin-mediated activation. D-Dimer and TNF-α levels were elevated in the elderly, and inversely correlated with platelet thrombin sensitivity, implying a role of desensitization from chronic thrombin receptor stimulation. Conclusion: Aging is associated with increased basal platelet activation and hyperreactivity to ADP, but selective desensitization to thrombin. The latter appears mediated by chronic thrombin receptor stimulation and inflammation. Age-specific antiplatelet strategies may require selective targeting of these pathways to treat CVD in the elderly.

Enhancing Effects of CCL19 on Antigen Uptake and Antigen Presenting Ability of Human Mature Dendritic Cells (DCs).

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 3830-3830
Author(s):  
Ayumi Yokoyama ◽  
Miwako Narita ◽  
Naoko Sato ◽  
Asuka Sekiguchi ◽  
Anri Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Human Monocyte ◽  
Culture Dish ◽  
Antigen Uptake ◽  
Mouse Splenocytes ◽  
Tissue Culture Dish ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Allogeneic Response ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Abstract Recently, it has been demonstrated that CCL19 induces not only chemotaxis but also the extension of dendrites and endocytosis by mature DCs derived from mouse splenocytes. There are some reports presenting CCL19-associated inhibition on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes towards allogeneic DCs, but another reports presenting the inhibition of allogeneic response by the antagonist of CCL19. In the present study, we tried to induce CCR7 expression on human monocyte-derived mature DCs using cytokines and examined CCL19 effects on the functions of these mature DCs. In this present study, we demonstrated that CCL19 could promote the ability of endocytosis and allogeneic antigen presentation of monocyte-derived mature DCs. CD14+ cells were separated from human PB-MNCs using anti-CD14 conjugated magnetic microbeads. The cells were seeded in tissue culture dish and cultured in RPMI medium containing GM-CSF and IL-4. On day 4, a pro-inflammatory cytokine cocktail (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6 and INF-γ) and PGE2 ware added to this dish as the DC maturation stimuli and the cultures were continued for more one day. Surface phenotypes such as CD1a, CD14, CD80, CD83, CD86, HLA DR and CCR7 were analyzed by flow cytometry. To analyze endocytosis, immature and mature DCs were incubated with FITC-dextran at 37°C and 4°C in the presence or absence of CCL19 for 5 minutes. Cells were washed with ice-cold PBS then incubated for 10 minutes on ice. After washing, the cells were re-suspended in PBS and the fluorescence intensity of the cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Incubation of cells with the FITC-dextran on ice was used as a background control. Antigen presenting ability was analyzed by 3H-thymidin incorporation assay in the presence or absence of CCL19, in which autologous and allogeneic lymphocytes were used as responder cells. After the culture using TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6, INF-γ and PGE2 (TIIIP) as maturation stimuli, DCs highly expressed CD83, CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR and moderately expressed CCR7 in almost the same manner of mature DCs cultured with LPS. About the internalization of FITC-dextran in immature DCs, approximately 50% of the cells rapidly became FITC-dextran positive after 5–10 minutes of incubation without the addition of CCL19. Mature TIIIP-induced mature DCs, however, scarcely internalized FITC-dextran at 5–10 minutes; the proportion of FITC+ cells was less than 5% of the total cells. But the addition of CCL19 increased the uptake by TIIIP-induced mature DCs. In the presence of CCL19, the proportion of mature DCs positive for FITC-dextran was about 30% after 5 minutes of incubation. In allogeneic MLC, 3H-thymidin uptake of lymphocytes stimulated with TIIIP-induced mature DCs was definitely increased by CCL19 addition, while there were no effects of CCL19 in immature DCs. We recognized the role of CCL19 in the positive regulation of endocytosis in human mature DCs. In addition to CCL19-associated enhancement of endocytosis of antigens by mature DCs, CCL19 has also been demonstrated to promote the antigen presenting ability of mature DCs. These findings suggested that the regulation of CCR7-CCL19 interaction could be usefully applied in generating efficient DCs with possessing both active phagocytosis and potent antigen presenting ability for DC-based immunotherapy in various disorders.

scholarly journals Ouabain Affects the Expression of Activation Markers, Cytokine Production, and Endocytosis of Human Monocytes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Pires Teixeira ◽  
Vivian Mary Rumjanek
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Human Monocytes ◽  
Mixed Leukocyte Reaction ◽  
Monocyte Activation ◽  
Activation Markers ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Stimulatory Capacity ◽  
Endocytic Activity ◽  
And Function

Ouabain is a steroid capable of binding to and inhibiting Na+,-K+-ATPase. Studies have demonstrated some actions of ouabain on immune cells, which indicated both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of this molecule. Nevertheless, its effects on human monocytes are still poorly understood. Thus, the present work investigated effects of ouabain in the activation and function of human adherent monocytes. Our results show that there is an increase in intracellular calcium levels already 5 minutes following monocyte treatment with 10−7 M of ouabain. Furthermore, monocytes expressed increased amounts of surface activation markers such as CD69, HLA-DR, CD86, and CD80 and also presented an augmented endocytic activity of dextran-FITC particles after 24 hours of culture in the presence of ouabain. However, monocytes treated with ouabain did not have an increased stimulatory capacity in allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction. Ouabain-treated monocytes produced higher levels of IL-1βand TNF-αas reported before. A novel observation was the fact that ouabain induced IL-10 and VEGF as well. Collectively, these results suggest that ouabain impacts monocyte activation and modulates monocyte functions, implying that this steroid could act as an immunomodulator of these cells.

scholarly journals Association of mucosal-associated invariant T cells with different disease phases of polymyalgia rheumatica

Rheumatology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 2939-2946
Author(s):  
Shihoko Nakajima ◽  
Asako Chiba ◽  
Ayako Makiyama ◽  
Eri Hayashi ◽  
Goh Murayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Intracellular Cytokine Staining ◽  
Γδ T Cells ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Inactive Disease ◽  
Activation Markers ◽  
Hla Dr

Abstract Objectives Although T cells are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of PMR, whether innate-like T cells are involved in the process remains unknown. Methods The serum levels of 27 cytokines/chemokines in patients with PMR were measured by a multiplex immunoassay (Bio-Plex Assay). The cytokine-producing capacity of T and innate-like T cells was assessed by intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry. The frequency and activated status of T and innate-like T cells were investigated by flow cytometry and their associations with clinical parameters were assessed. Results The levels of inflammatory cytokines were associated with disease activity in PMR. The cytokine-producing capacity by CD8+ T and innate-like T cells was associated with disease activity. The frequency of HLA-DR+ CD38+ cells among CD8+ T cells was increased in patients with active disease. The frequencies of HLA-DR+ CD38+ cells among CD4+ T, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) and γδ T cells were higher in patients with inactive disease. The frequency of HLA-DR+ CD38+ MAIT cells was associated with the PMR activity score and CRP levels in patients in remission. Conclusion The inflammatory cytokine-producing capacity and expression of activation markers of CD8+ T and innate-like T cells were associated with the disease activity of PMR. MAIT cell activation in patients in remission may contribute to the subclinical activity of the disease.

scholarly journals Phytochemicals and Immunomodulatory Effect of Nelumbo nucifera Flower Extracts on Human Macrophages

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2007
Author(s):  
Rungnapa Pankla Sranujit ◽  
Chanai Noysang ◽  
Patcharaporn Tippayawat ◽  
Nateelak Kooltheat ◽  
Thitiya Luetragoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Human Monocytes ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Human Macrophages ◽  
Lotus Flower ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Immunomodulatory Properties

This research characterizes phytochemicals inherent in lotus flower and investigates the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity of ethyl acetate (EA) and ethyl alcohol (ET) lotus petal extracts. In the experiment, human monocytes-derived macrophages were stimulated by lipopoly-saccharide to mimic bacteria-induced inflammation. The results showed that ferulic acid, couma-rin, and chlorogenic acid were three dominant polyphenols. The EA and ET lotus petal extracts also possessed high antioxidant capability. Furthermore, the extracts exhibited immunomodulatory properties by suppressing TNF-α secretion in inflammatory-induced human macrophages by in-hibiting NF-κB-dependent inflammatory response. In essence, the lotus petal extracts possess reme-dial attributes beneficial to individuals afflicted with declined immune functions.

scholarly journals T Cell Activation By OKT3 Is a Function of the Percent Monocytes in PBMC of Healthy Donors and MDS Patients

Blood ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 4870-4870
Author(s):  
Alison Tarke ◽  
Valentina Ferrari ◽  
Hannah Fields ◽  
Luca Ferrari ◽  
Franco Ferrari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Transplant ◽  
Activation Markers ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Healthy Donors

Background: Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous hematologic malignancy characterized by bone marrow failure and cytopenias. The median survival rate for patients with higher-risk MDS who fail standard-of-care chemotherapy with hypomethylating agents (HMAs) is less than 6 months, and the only curative treatment for these patients is hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Over the past 10 years, immunotherapy as a cancer treatment has achieved variable levels of success in different tumor types. There are currently 22 active clinical trials of immunotherapies for MDS (www.clinicaltrials.gov; 7/30/19), including our phase I clinical trial with a personalized adoptive cellular therapy targeting MDS patient neoantigens (NCT 03258359). Because MDS patients are frequently monocytopenic and the existing literature is inconsistent regarding the ability of MDS patients' monocytes to support T cell activation, we compared the activation of MDS T cells with those of healthy donors in the presence of autologous monocytes. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 5 healthy donors and 7 higher-risk MDS patients were cryopreserved after Ficoll separation. These PBMC were thawed and aliquoted into 6 replicate wells of 200,000 cells in 96-well u-bottom plates in R-10 culture medium. Half of the wells were treated with 25 ng/mL OKT3 and 200 U/mL IL-2. After 48 hours at 37˚C with 5% CO2, the wells were collected for analysis by flow cytometry. Beads were used to detect T cell activation induced secretion of IFNg, TNFa, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 in the supernatant and fluorescent antibodies were used to phenotype viable cells for CD3, CD4, CD8, and the T cell activation markers, CD69, CD25, CTLA-4, PD-1, and HLA-DR. Results: We measured a higher release of IFNg and TNFa in donor PBMC compared to MDS patients after OKT3/IL-2 activation, p < 0.01 and 0.04, respectively by 2-way ANOVA. The expression of CD69, CD25, HLA-DR, and CTLA4 increased variably on activated T cells from donors or MDS patients, but expression of CD4+CD25+ was more frequent on donor T cells after activation (p = 0.03). Activation also resulted in a higher frequency of PD-1 expression on donor CD4+ and CD8+ T cells than on MDS T cells (p < 0.01 and < 0.01, respectively). Interestingly, on both MDS and normal T cells the percentage of CD8+PD1+ activated cells correlated strongly with the percent of CD14+ monocytes present in the PBMC (R2 = 0.92 and 0.60 respectively; Fig 1a and 1b). We designed further experiments to test whether this was a patient intrinsic phenomenon, or if the absolute number of CD14+ monocytes in the PBMC was associated with different levels of PD1 expression upon T cell activation. First, we separated CD14+ cells from the PBMC of a patient with MDS using magnetic beads. Then CD14+ cells were added back to the CD14-depleted PBMC at a final percent of 0.5, 5, 10, 20, 35, 70, or 100% of the original amount. Unmodified PBMC was included as a control and all cells were stimulated with OKT3 and IL-2 or left in R-10 medium without stimulus. After 24, 48, and 70 hours, samples were collected to analyze by flow cytometry for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, and PD1 expression. The results show that an increasing percent of monocytes corresponded to the increased expression of PD1 on CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Conclusion: Our results show that there are variable reductions in markers of T cell activation and cytokine secretion in MDS patients compared to healthy donors. We also observed that the fold increase in activation induced PD-1 expression was well correlated with the percent of CD14+ monocytes in the PBMC of both MDS patients and healthy donors. Direct experimentation revealed that this correlation is a cause-effect relationship. We are continuing to investigate the role of monocytes in T cell activation in MDS patients. Disclosures Bejar: Celgene: Consultancy; Takeda Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; AbbVie/Genentech: Consultancy, Honoraria; Astex/Otsuka: Consultancy; Modus Outcomes: Consultancy; Daiichi-Sankyo: Consultancy. Lane:PersImmune, Inc.: Employment.

scholarly journals Trypanosoma cruzi Infects Human Dendritic Cells and Prevents Their Maturation: Inhibition of Cytokines, HLA-DR, And Costimulatory Molecules

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 4033-4040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Van Overtvelt ◽  
Nathalie Vanderheyde ◽  
Valérie Verhasselt ◽  
Jamila Ismaili ◽  
Louis De Vos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Human Monocyte ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Tnf Α

ABSTRACT Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasitic protozoan, is the etiological agent of Chagas’ disease. Despite the many immune system disorders recognized in this infection and the crucial role played by dendritic cells (DC) in acquired immune responses, it was not known whether these cells could be infected by T. cruzitrypomastigotes and the consequences of such an infection on their immune functions. We now provide evidence that human monocyte-derived DC can be infected by T. cruzi and can support its intracellular multiplication. Interestingly, this infection has functional consequences on immature DC and on their maturation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). First, after T. cruziinfection, the basal synthesis of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was impaired. Furthermore, the process of maturation of DC induced by LPS was drastically affected by T. cruzi infection. Indeed, secretion of cytokines such as IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-6, which are released normally at high levels by LPS-activated DC, as well as the up-regulation of HLA-DR and CD40 molecules, was significantly reduced after this infection. The same effects could be induced by T. cruzi-conditioned medium, indicating that at least these inhibitory effects were mediated by soluble factors released by T. cruzi. Taken together, these results provide new insights into a novel efficient mechanism, directly involving the alteration of DC function, which might be used byT. cruzi to escape the host immune responses in Chagas’ disease and thus might favor persistent infection.

Alendronate Stimulates Expression of Functional Surface Molecules ICAM-1, HLA-DR, and B7-2 on Human Monocytes

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 188-196
Author(s):  
S. Brosch ◽  
M. Shehata ◽  
G. Hofbauer ◽  
M. Peterlik ◽  
P. Pietschmann
Keyword(s):  
Human Monocytes ◽  
Functional Surface ◽  
Surface Molecules ◽  
Hla Dr

scholarly journals 3D Clumps/Extracellular Matrix Complexes of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells Ameliorate the Attenuating Effects of LPS on Proliferation and Osteogenic Potential

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 528
Author(s):  
Spoorthi Ravi Banavar ◽  
Swati Yeshwant Rawal ◽  
Shaju Jacob Pulikkotil ◽  
Umer Daood ◽  
Ian C. Paterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
3D Culture ◽  
Osteogenic Potential ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells ◽  
Raman Analysis ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Inflammatory Milieu

Background: The effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on cell proliferation and osteogenic potential (OP) of MSCs have been frequently studied. Objective: to compare the effects of LPS on periodontal-ligament-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PDLSCs) in monolayer and 3D culture. Methods: The PDLSCs were colorimetrically assessed for proliferation and osteogenic potential (OP) after LPS treatment. The 3D cells were manually prepared by scratching and allowing them to clump up. The clumps (C-MSCs) were treated with LPS and assessed for Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and OP. Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze calcium salts, DNA, and proline/hydroxyproline. Multiplexed ELISA was performed to assess LPS induced local inflammation. Results: The proliferation of PDLSCs decreased with LPS. On Day 28, LPS-treated cells showed a reduction in their OP. C-MSCs with LPS did not show a decrease in ATP production. Principal bands identified in Raman analysis were the P–O bond at 960 cm−1 of the mineral component, 785 cm−1, and 855 cm−1 showing qualitative changes in OP, proliferation, and proline/hydroxyproline content, respectively. ELISA confirmed increased levels of IL-6 and IL-8 but with the absence of TNF-α and IL-1β secretion. Conclusions: These observations demonstrate that C-MSCs are more resistant to the effects of LPS than cells in monolayer cell culture. Though LPS stimulation of C-MSCs creates an early pro-inflammatory milieu by secreting IL-6 and IL-8, PDLSCs possess inactivated TNF promoter and an ineffective caspase-1 activating process.

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