Individual-level predictors of practices of nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions for infants and young children in West and Central Africa: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesTo explore the role of individual-level and household-level characteristics for practice of nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions.DesignSecondary data analysis (cross-sectional).SettingWest and Central Africa.ParticipantsData are from the Demographic and Health Surveys in the time period between 1986 and 2016. The final sample included between 116 325 and 272 238 observations depending on the outcome.Primary and secondary outcome measuresNutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions were identified based on the UNICEF Conceptual Framework for child undernutrition. These were early breastfeeding initiation, minimum dietary diversity, full age-appropriate immunisation, iodised salt usage, vitamin A supplementation, iron supplementation, deworming in children aged 1 to 5, clean cooking fuel, safe drinking water and improved sanitation. Explanatory variables include household, mother and child characteristics. Linear probability models were fitted for each outcome, both unadjusted as well as fully adjusted including primary sampling unit fixed effects.ResultsPrevalence of early breastfeeding initiation was 54.31% (95% CI: 53.22% to 55.41%), minimum dietary diversity 13.89% (95% CI: 13.19% to 14.59%), full age-appropriate immunisation 13.04% (95% CI: 12.49% to 13.59%), iodised salt usage 49.66% (95% CI: 46.79% to 52.53%), vitamin A supplementation 52.87% (95% CI: 51.41% to 54.33%), iron supplementation 10.73% (95% CI: 10.07% to 11.39%), deworming 31.33% (95% CI: 30.06% to 32.60%), clean cooking fuel usage 3.02% (95% CI: 2.66% to 3.38%), safe drinking water 57.85% (95% CI: 56.10% to 59.59%) and improved sanitation 42.49% (95% CI: 40.77% to 44.21%). There was a positive education and wealth gradient for the practices of all interventions except deworming. Higher birth order was positively associated with the practice of early breastfeeding initiation, minimum dietary diversity, vitamin A supplementation and negatively associated with full immunisation and improved sanitation.ConclusionsHousehold, maternal, and child-level characteristics explain practices of nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions beyond intervention delivery at the regional level.

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Consumption of Vitamin-A-Rich Foods and Vitamin A Supplementation for Children under Two Years Old in 51 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu14010188 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 188

Author(s):

Omar Karlsson ◽

Rockli Kim ◽

Andreas Hasman ◽

S. V. Subramanian

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vitamin A Supplementation ◽

Middle Income ◽

Persistent Problem ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Minimum Dietary Diversity ◽

Low And Middle Income

Vitamin A supplementation for children 6–59 months old is an important intervention that boosts immune function, especially where children do not consume enough vitamin-A-rich foods. However, the low coverage of vitamin A supplementation is a persistent problem in low- and middle-income countries. We first estimated the percentage of children 6–23 months old receiving the minimum dietary diversity, vitamin-A-rich foods, and vitamin A supplementation, and second, the difference in the percentage receiving vitamin A supplementation between children 6–23 months old and children 24–59 months old using nationally representative cross-sectional household surveys, namely, the Demographic and Health Surveys, conducted from 2010 to 2019 in 51 low- and middle-income countries. Overall, 22% (95% CI: 22, 23) of children received the minimum dietary diversity, 55% (95% CI: 54, 55) received vitamin-A-rich foods, 59% (95% CI: 58, 59) received vitamin A supplementation, and 78% (95% CI: 78, 79) received either vitamin-A-rich foods or supplementation. A wide variation across countries was observed; for example, the percentage of children that received either vitamin-A-rich foods or supplementation ranged from 53% (95% CI: 49, 57) in Guinea to 96% (95% CI: 95, 97) in Burundi. The coverage of vitamin A supplementation should be improved, especially for children 6–23 months old, in most countries, particularly where the consumption of vitamin-A-rich foods is inadequate.

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Neighbour home gardening predicts dietary diversity among rural Tanzanian women

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980018003798 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (09) ◽

pp. 1646-1653

Author(s):

Mia M Blakstad ◽

Alexandra L Bellows ◽

Dominic Mosha ◽

Chelsey R Canavan ◽

Killian Mlalama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Diversity ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Home Garden ◽

Food Groups ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Home Gardening ◽

The Individual ◽

Nutrition Sensitive ◽

The Impact ◽

Minimum Dietary Diversity

AbstractObjectiveThe present study’s aim was to assess the impact of a nutrition-sensitive intervention on dietary diversity and home gardening among non-participants residing within intervention communities.DesignThe study was a cross-sectional risk factor analysis using linear and logistic multivariate models.SettingIn Tanzania, women and children often consume monotonous diets of poor nutritional value primarily because of physical or financial inaccessibility or low awareness of healthy foods.ParticipantsParticipants were women of reproductive age (18–49 years) in rural Tanzania.ResultsMean dietary diversity was low with women consuming three out of ten possible food groups. Only 23·4 % of respondents achieved the recommended minimum dietary diversity of five or more food groups out of ten per day. Compared with those who did not, respondents who had a neighbour who grew crops in their home garden were 2·71 times more likely to achieve minimum dietary diversity (95 % CI 1·60, 4·59; P=0·0004) and 1·91 times more likely to grow a home garden themselves (95 % CI 1·10, 3·33; P=0·02). Other significant predictors of higher dietary diversity were respondent age, education and wealth, and number of crops grown.ConclusionsThese results suggest that there are substantial positive externalities of home garden interventions beyond those attained by the people who own and grow the vegetables. Cost-effectiveness assessments of nutrition-sensitive agriculture, including home garden interventions, should factor in the effects on the community, and not just on the individual households receiving the intervention.

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Optimal Household Water Access Fosters the Attainment of Minimum Dietary Diversity among Children Aged 6–23 Months in Malawi

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13010178 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 178

Author(s):

Zizwani Brian Chilinda ◽

Mark L. Wahlqvist ◽

Meei-Shyuan Lee ◽

Yi-Chen Huang

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

World Health ◽

Food Groups ◽

Water Access ◽

Direct Role ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Child Undernutrition ◽

Health Organization ◽

Minimum Dietary Diversity

Along with sanitation and hygiene, water is a well-known driver of child undernutrition. However, a more direct role of household (HH) water access in shaping dietary diversity remains unexplored. We assessed the association between HH water access and achievement of minimum dietary diversity (MDD) among young children. We utilized nationally-representative cross-sectional data from the 2015/16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, which included 4727 mother–child dyads, respectively, (26.8 ± 6.8 years, range 15–49 years) and (13.9 ± 4.9 months, range 6–23 months). HH water access was categorized as (1) basic or no access, (2) intermediate, or (3) optimal. MDD was defined as feeding a child, during the previous day, at least four of the food groups defined by the World Health Organization. Only 27.7% of the children achieved MDD standards; most of the children who achieved MDD were from HHs with optimal water access (58.4%, p < 0.001). However, only 5.9% of the mother–child dyads were from HHs with optimal water access. After adjusting for covariates, children from HHs with optimal water access had higher odds of achieving MDD than those from HHs with basic or no water access (aOR = 1.74, CI = 1.24–2.46). Our results highlight the need to incorporate water-based strategies into national nutritional policies to increase dietary diversity among Malawian infants and young children.

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THE RELATIONSHIP OF VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION, GIVING IMMUNIZATION, AND HISTORY OF INFECTION DISEASE WITH THE STUNTING OF CHILDREN AGED 24-59 MONTHS IN PUSKESMAS MULYOREJO, SURABAYA

Media Gizi Kesmas ◽

10.20473/mgk.v10i1.2021.72-79 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 72

Author(s):

Melvanda Gisela Putri ◽

Roedi Irawan ◽

Indri Safitri Mukono

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Z Score ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vitamin A Supplementation ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

History Of ◽

The Relationship

ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Stunting merupakan suatu istilah yang menggambarkan kondisi pertumbuhan tinggi badan kurang berdasarkan umur disesuaikan dengan Z-Score (<-2SD). Stunting pada balita dapat diakibatkan oleh kurangnya asupan zat gizi yang diperlukan bagi pertumbuhan anak. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan suplementasi vitamin A, pemberian imunisasi dan riwayat penyakit infeksi yakni diare dan ISPA terhadap kejadian stunting.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan suplementasi vitamin A, pemberian imunisasi, dan penyakit infeksi terhadap stunting pada anak usia 24-59 bulan di Puskesmas Mulyorejo, Surabaya.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional dengan metode cross sectional. Besar sampel adalah 107 anak usia 24-59 bulan di Puskesmas Mulyorejo, Surabaya. terdiri dari 25 anak kelompok stunting dan 82 anak kelompok non- stunting. Cara pengambilan data melalui data sekunder posyandu dan wawancara langsung orang tua anak dengan pengisian kuisioner. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Chi-Square, Fisher Exact, dan Mann Whitney.Hasil: Penelitian ini menunjukkan hasil terdapat hubungan suplementasi vitamin A dengan stunting (p=0,000), tidak ada hubungan antara pemberian imunisasi terhadap stunting (p=0,332). Dalam riwayat penyakit infeksi, frekuensi diare dan ISPA ditemukan tidak ada hubungan dengan stunting (p=0,053 dan p=0,082), begitu pula pada lama diare dan lama ISPA tidak berhubungan dengan stunting (p= 0,614 dan p=0,918).Kesimpulan: Suplementasi vitamin A berhubungan signifikan dengan stunting yang diamati pada anak usia 24-59 bulan di Puskesmas Mulyorejo, Surabaya. Kata kunci: kejadian stunting, vitamin A, imunisasi, penyakit infeksi, anak usia 24-59 bulanABSTRACTBackground: Stunting is a term that describes condition of lower height-for-age Z-Score (<-2SD). Stunting among children can be caused by a lack of nutrients needed for children's growth. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between vitamin A supplementation, immunization and a history of infectious diseases, namely diarrhea and ARI to the incidence of stunting.Objectives: To determine the relationship between vitamin A supplementation, immunization, and history of infectious disease with the incidence of stunting in children aged 24-59 months at Puskesmas Mulyorejo, Surabaya.Methods: This study was an observational analytic study with cross sectional method. The sample size was 107 children aged 24-59 months at Puskesmas Mulyorejo, Surabaya. This study consisted of 25 children in the stunting group and 82 children in the non-stunting group. The method of data collection was through secondary data from posyandu and direct interviews with parents by filling out questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, fisher exact, and Mann Whitney.Results: The results of this study indicated that there was a relationship between vitamin A supplementation and with stunting (p = 0.000). There was no relationship between immunization and stunting (p = 0.332). In the history of infectious diseases, the frequency of diarrhea and ARI was found to have no relationship with stunting (p = 0.053 and p = 0.082), as well as the duration of diarrhea and duration of ARI there was no association with the stunting (p = 0.614 and p = 0.918).Conclusion: Vitamin A supplementation has significant relationship with stunting in children aged 24-59 months at Puskesmas Mulyorejo, Surabaya.

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Uptake of routine vitamin A supplementation for children in Humbo district, southern Ethiopia: community-based cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-020-09617-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Getnet Kassa ◽

Addisalem Mesfin ◽

Samson Gebremedhin

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Vitamin A Deficiency ◽

Economic Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vitamin A Supplementation ◽

Socio Economic Status

Abstract Background In low- and middle-income countries routine vitamin A supplementation (VAS) is a key strategy for reducing vitamin A deficiency and mortality and morbidity of preschool children. However, in Ethiopia, there is paucity of evidence regarding the level and determinants of the uptake of the supplement. This study was designed to assess the coverage and predictors of VAS among preschool children in Humbo district, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in April 2016. A total of 840 mothers/caregivers having children 6–59 months of age were selected using multistage cluster sampling technique from six rural villages implementing routine VAS program. Data were collected using interviewer administered questionnaire. Possible predictors considered in the study include distance from the nearby health facility, household socio-economic status, type of the household (model vs non-model), maternal access to health education on VAS, and knowledge on vitamin A and VAS. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of uptake of VAS. The outputs are presented using adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with the respective 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The coverage of VAS was 75.0% (95% CI: 72.1–77.9). Better knowledge of mothers about the importance of the supplement (AOR: 1.49, 1.02–2.17), obtaining VAS related information from frontline community health workers (AOR: 1.51, 1.34–2.72) than health professionals and being from households in the “rich” wealth tertile (AOR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.07–3.03) were positively associated with uptake VAS. Conclusion The VAS coverage of the area was approaching the expected national target of 80%. However, the uptake can be enhanced though awareness creation and improving socio-economic status of the community.

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Minimum Dietary Diversity and Associated Factors among Lactating Mothers in Ataye District, North Shoa Zone, Central Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2020/1823697 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Lemma Getacher ◽

Gudina Egata ◽

Tadesse Alemayehu ◽

Agegnehu Bante ◽

Abebaw Molla

Keyword(s):

Associated Factors ◽

Formal Education ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lactating Mothers ◽

History Of ◽

Minimum Dietary Diversity

Background. Low dietary diversity superimposed with poor-quality monotonous diets is a major problem that often results in undernutrition, mainly micronutrient deficiencies. However, there is limited evidence on minimum dietary diversity and associated factors among lactating mothers in resource-poor settings, including the study area. Therefore, the objective of the study is to assess the prevalence of minimum dietary diversity and associated factors among lactating mothers in Ataye District, Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study design was used among 652 lactating mothers aged 15–49 years from January 25 to April 30, 2018. Dietary diversity was measured by the minimum dietary diversity indicator for women (MDD-W) using the 24-hour dietary recall method. Data were entered into EpiData version 4.2.0.0 and exported to the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 24 for analysis using the logistic regression model. Results. The prevalence of minimum dietary diversity among lactating mothers was 48.8% (95% CI: (44.7%, 52.9%). Having formal education ((AOR = 2.16, 95% CL: (1.14, 4.09)), a final say on household purchases ((AOR = 5.39, 95% CI: (2.34, 12.42)), home gardening practices ((AOR = 2.67, 95% CI: (1.49, 4.81)), a history of illness ((AOR = 0.47, 95% CI: (0.26, 0.85)), good knowledge of nutrition ((AOR = 5.11, 95% CI: (2.68, 9.78)), being from food-secure households ((AOR = 2.96, 95% CI: (1.45, 6.07)), and medium ((AOR = 5.94, 95% CI: (2.82, 12.87)) and rich wealth indices ((AOR = 3.55, 95% CI: (1.76, 7.13)) were significantly associated with minimum dietary diversity. Conclusion. The prevalence of minimum dietary diversity among lactating mothers was low in the study area. It was significantly associated with mothers having a formal education, final say on the household purchase, home garden, good knowledge of nutrition, history of illness, food-secure households, and belonging to medium and rich household wealth indices. Therefore, efforts should be made to improve the mother’s decision-making autonomy, nutrition knowledge, household food security, and wealth status.

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Maternal Characteristics Are Associated with Child Dietary Diversity Score, in Golina District, Northeast Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2020/6702036 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Getahun Fentaw Mulaw ◽

Fentaw Wassie Feleke ◽

Seteamlak Adane Masresha

Keyword(s):

Dietary Diversity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Maternal Characteristics ◽

Dietary Diversity Score ◽

Northeast Ethiopia ◽

Minimum Dietary Diversity

Background. Dietary diversity is part of the set of indicators developed to assess infant and young child feeding practices. In developing countries, only a quarter of children met the required minimum dietary diversity. In Ethiopia, only 14% of children aged 6–23 months met the minimum dietary diversity score, with regional variation. Therefore, this study aimed to assess dietary diversity score and associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in Golina district, Afar region, Ethiopia. Method. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 345 study participants from February 15 to March 30, 2017, in Golina district, Afar, Northeast Ethiopia. The study kebeles were selected randomly and the study subjects were selected using a cluster sampling technique. The child dietary diversity score was determined by the WHO child dietary diversity score scale, using a 24-hour dietary recall method, and data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictor variables, and the level of significance was determined at P value <0.05. Result. This study revealed that children who met the required minimum dietary diversity score were 35.1% (95% CI, (30%–40%)). Children whose mothers have not attended formal education were 3.042 times (AOR = 3.042 95% CI: (1.312–7.052)) less likely to meet the minimum dietary diversity score than children whose mothers have attended secondary and above. Children whose mothers had normal BMI were 51.2% (AOR = 0.488, 95% CI: (0.259–918)) and 68.1% (AOR = 0.319, 95% CI: (0.119–0.855)) more likely to meet the minimum dietary diversity score than children whose mothers’ BMI was underweight and overweight, respectively. Conclusion. Maternal characteristics (educational status and nutrition status) were found to be associated with their child's dietary diversity score. This study also revealed that children who met the minimum dietary diversity score were few. Therefore, the increased emphasis on the importance of the education of girls (future mothers) and nutrition counseling for girls/women who currently have received little education on ways to improve the family and child dietary feeding practice is needed.

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Serum retinol in 1–6-year-old children from a low socio-economic South African community with a high intake of liver: implications for blanket vitamin A supplementation

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980011002126 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 716-724 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Martha E van Stuijvenberg ◽

Serina E Schoeman ◽

Carl J Lombard ◽

Muhammad A Dhansay

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Economic Status ◽

Care Facility ◽

Health Care Facility ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Primary Health Care Facility ◽

Serum Retinol ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vitamin A Supplementation ◽

Breast Fed

AbstractObjectiveTo assess serum retinol, liver intake patterns, breast-feeding history and anthropometric status in pre-school children of a low socio-economic community where liver is regularly consumed.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingNorthern Cape Province, South Africa.SubjectsChildren aged 1–6 years (n243) who attended the local primary health-care facility and had not received a vitamin A supplement in the 6 months preceding the study. Non-pregnant female caregivers (n225), below 50 years of age, were also assessed.ResultsDespite stunting, underweight and wasting being prevalent in 40·5 %, 23·1 % and 8·4 % of the children, only 5·8 % had serum retinol concentrations < 20 μg/dl, which is in sharp contrast to the national prevalence of 63·6 %. None of the caregivers were vitamin A deficient. Liver was eaten by 89·2 % of children, with 87 % of households eating liver at least once monthly and 30 % eating it at least once weekly; liver was introduced into the diet of the children at a median age of 18 months. Ninety-three per cent of the children were being breast-fed or had been breast-fed in the past; children were breast-fed to a median age of 18 months. A significant negative correlation was found between educational level of the caregiver and frequency of liver intake (r= −0·143,P=0·032). There was no correlation between serum retinol and indicators of anthropometric or socio-economic status.ConclusionsThe blanket approach in applying the national vitamin A supplementation programme may not be appropriate for all areas in the country, even though the community may be poor and undernourished.

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Factors influencing the uptake of pulse vitamin A supplementation among children in a rural area in India: a cross sectional study

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ◽

10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20195727 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 61

Author(s):

Vinod K. Ramani ◽

Anand Lakshman

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Technical Assistance ◽

Health Workers ◽

Vitamin A Deficiency ◽

Health Department ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Leafy Vegetables ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vitamin A Supplementation ◽

Factors Influencing

Background: The change in strategy of India’s National Program for the prevention and control of nutritional blindness due to Vitamin A deficiency during 2006, aims for all children aged 9 months to 5 years to receive biannual pulse dose of Vitamin A with a total nine mega doses of Vitamin A. Micronutrient initiative (MI) was providing technical assistance to the State Health department of Karnataka in implementing the new bi-annual strategy, in partnership with UNICEF during the period 2006 to 2010.Methods: During July 2006, the Investigator evaluated its coverage in Gulbarga district. This study assessed the factors influencing the uptake of pulse Vitamin A supplementation (VAS) among children from impoverished background. Using oral questionnaires, a total of 30 Parents (Mothers) of these children, 12 childcare workers (AWWs), 12 peripheral health workers (ANMs) were interviewed regarding barriers towards implementing this Program and assessment of the facilities (12 Anganwadi centres) were conducted.Results: Only 28% of the facility had some IEC display regarding VAS. 75% of ANMs were aware that either green leafy vegetables or fish or fruits are the main source of micronutrients. A similar number of ANMs knew that Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness, >90% of AWW had informed parents about the program during the monthly mother meetings. <20% of parents were aware of the current pulse VAS program and a similar number were aware of the next round of supplementation.Conclusions: Regular interaction with families, monitoring the activities of field level health workers and supportive supervision will enable uptake of VAS Program. Future action should prioritize sub-district level units – blocks and villages, with higher concentration of poor households.

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Measles Immunization and Vitamin A for Prevention of Pneumonia in Indonesia

Kesmas National Public Health Journal ◽

10.21109/kesmas.v11i1.841 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 46 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ratno Widoyo

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Child Death ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Measles Vaccine ◽

Preventive Action ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Test Analysis ◽

Vitamin A Supplementation

Pneumonia is the major cause of child death in Indonesia after diarrhea. Increasing coverage of measles, pertusis, Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) and Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) immunization substantially cancontrol pneumonia. Spn and Hib vaccines have not been included in category of mandatory immunization in Indonesia. Measles vaccine has more direct effect on prevention of pneumonia than pertusis vaccine. Providing immunization followed by providing vitamin A will increase the specific antibody titer among children. This study aimed to determine effects of measles vaccine and vitamin A to pneumonia incidence among toddlers. Method of study was cross sectional using 13,062 data of children drawn from 2012 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. Data were analyzed using poisson regression test. Analysis results showed that prevalence of pneumonia among Indonesian children was 5.4%, measles immunization coverage was 82.57%, and vitamin A supplementation coverage was 74.9%. Furthermore, providing measles immunization and vitamin A could prevent pneumonia incidence among toddlers (12 – 59 months old) up to 26.5%. Providing measles immunization then followed by providing vitamin A can be used as a preventive action in attempt to decrease pneumonia incidence.AbstrakPneumonia merupakan penyebab kematian tertinggi pada anak di Indonesia setelah diare. Pengendalian pneumonia dapat dilakukan dengan peningkatan cakupan imunisasi campak, pertusis, Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), dan Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib). Vaksin Spn dan Hib belum masuk ke dalam kategori imunisasi wajib di Indonesia. Vaksin campak lebih memiliki pengaruh langsung terhadap pneumonia dibandingkan dengan vaksin pertusis. Pemberian imunisasi yang disertai pemberian vitamin A akan meningkatkan titer antibodi pada anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian imunisasi campak dan vitamin A terhadap kejadian pneumonia. Metode penelitian adalah potong lintang dengan menggunakan 13.062 data anak yang terdapat pada data Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2012. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji regresi poisson. Hasil analisis menunjukkan prevalensi pneumonia pada anak di Indonesia adalah 5.4%, cakupan imunisasi campak sebesar 82.6%, dan cakupan pemberian vitamin A sebesar 74.9%. Pemberian imunisasi campak disertai dengan pemberian vitamin A dapat mencegah terjadinya kejadian pneumonia pada anak usia 12 – 59 bulan sebesar 26,5%. Pemberian imunisasi campak yang disertai dengan pemberian vitamin A dapat digunakan sebagai tindakan pencegahan dalam upaya penurunan kejadian pneumonia.

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