Pertofran

1963 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 27-28
Keyword(s):  
Active Metabolite ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Antidepressant Action

The antidepressant action of imipramine (Tofranil - Geigy) is probably due not to the direct action of the drug itself, but to one of its metabolites, desmethylimipramine (B. B. Brodie et al., Med. exp. 1961, 5, 454), which has been given the Approved Name desipramine. This substance is now marketed as Pertofran (Geigy). It has been suggested but not proved that imipramine takes several weeks to work because this time-lag is necessary for the active metabolite to accumulate. If this is true, desipramine might be expected to act more quickly than imipramine in the treatment of depressive illness.

Comparison of the Effect of Imipramine and Desipramine on Some Symptoms of Depressive Illness

1965 ◽  
Vol 111 (478) ◽  
pp. 889-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Griffith Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Experimental Demonstration ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Leptazol Convulsions ◽  
Antidepressant Action

The possibility that desipramine might prove to be a rapidly acting antidepressant was first raised by laboratory studies. In 1959 desipramine was isolated as a metabolite of imipramine (Hermann et al., 1959; Hermann and Pulver, 1960), and a series of papers then followed (Brodie et al., 1961; Gillette et al., 1961; Sulser et al., 1962) in which it was shown that reserpine-induced inactivity in the rat can be more rapidly reversed by desipramine than by imipramine. This was referred to (Gillette et al., 1961) as an experimental demonstration of the relative rapidity of the “antidepressant” action of the two drugs. Other experimental reports should however warn against incautious interpretation of laboratory findings. Garattini et al. (1962) showed that desipramine is not responsible for all the actions of imipramine: in mice, leptazol convulsions are inhibited by the latter but not by the former drug. Dingell et al. (1964) were able to show considerable species differences in the rate at which imipramine is converted to desipramine and in the rate at which desipramine is then destroyed. Their paper also emphasizes the paucity of information on the metabolism of imipramine in human subjects.

scholarly journals Riluzole Stimulates BDNF Release from Human Platelets

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Türck ◽  
Marcos Emílio Frizzo
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Bdnf Expression ◽  
Extracellular Glutamate ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Antidepressant Action

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has several functions in the central nervous system, where it contributes to brain development and its functionality through affecting neuronal survival and activity and also modulating neurotransmitter levels. This neurotrophin is also found in the serum, but its origin and peripheral function remain unknown. Although the source of circulating BDNF is uncertain, it is stored in platelets and can be released through pharmacological treatment. Decreased levels of BDNF in the serum have been related to the pathophysiology of depression, and this relationship is reinforced by the reversal of this condition by treatment with antidepressants. Recently, riluzole has been proposed for the treatment of depression because it has the ability to lower extracellular glutamate levels and increase BDNF expression; and both mechanisms could be associated with its antidepressant action. Considering that riluzole enhances BDNF levels in the serum of patients, we investigated if treatment with this drug could stimulate the release of this neurotrophin from human platelets obtained from healthy subjects. When platelets were incubated with riluzole for 4 h, the basal value of BDNF (92.9±11.1 pg 10−6platelets) was significantly increased (P<0.05,n=27). This stimulatory effect was achieved at low concentrations of riluzole (from 10 µM) and was not observed when platelets were incubated with the drug for 24 h. The direct action of riluzole evoking BDNF release from human platelets at therapeutic concentrations is important and may contribute to the understanding of its mechanisms of action in the treatment of depression.

Experimental and clinical evidence of the antidepressant effect of a beta-adrenergic stimulant

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Simon ◽  
Y. Lecrubier ◽  
R. Jouvent ◽  
A. J. Puech ◽  
J. F. Allilaire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Antidepressant Effect ◽  
Beta Adrenergic ◽  
Uncontrolled Study ◽  
Antidepressant Action

SYNOPSISA group of 49 patients with depressive illness were treated in an uncontrolled study by the intravenous administration of the beta-adrenergic stimulant, salbutamol. The results suggested a rapid antidepressant action in the majority of cases without significant adverse effects.

Metabolism, anticholinergic effects, and therapeutic outcome of desmethylimipramine in depressive illness

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Watt ◽  
J. L. Crammer ◽  
A. Elkes
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Active Metabolite ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Clinical Judgments ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Body Weight Changes ◽  
Anticholinergic Effects ◽  
The Common ◽  
Depressive Patients

SynopsisIn order to test two theories of the mode of action of imipramine 58 depressive patients were treated at two dosage levels with desmethylimipramine (DMI), its active metabolite. Clinical judgments were used to distinguish therapeutic responders from non-responders, who showed clear differences in depressive rating scales and body weight changes. Measurements of urinary output of DMI, of salivation, and of the incidence of side-effects were compared in responders and non-responders: no differences appeared between the two groups. It is concluded that the therapeutic effect of imipramine does not depend on either its anticholinergic or other action revealed by the common side-effects, and that variability of response cannot be accounted for by differences in the rate of metabolism of DMI.

Effect of ECT on the Neuroendocrine Response to Apomorphine in Severely Depressed Patients

1982 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice E. Christie ◽  
L. J. Whalley ◽  
N. S. Brown ◽  
H. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Receptor Sensitivity ◽  
Synaptic Receptor ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Subcutaneous Apomorphine ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Drug Free ◽  
Antidepressant Action

SummaryAnimal studies have suggested that the mechanism of the antidepressant action of ECT may be to increase monoaminergic post-synaptic receptor sensitivity. We have tested this hypothesis in 12 drug-free patients suffering from severe depression, 11 of whom had depressive delusions. The responses of growth hormone, prolactin and Cortisol to 0.75 mg subcutaneous apomorphine were examined before and after a successful course of ECT. There were no significant differences between hormonal measurements on the two occasions, with the exception that basal plasma Cortisol concentrations were significantly lower following ECT and recovery from depressive illness. These results do not support the hypothesis that ECT increases dopaminergic post-synaptic receptor sensitivity.

A Comparison of the Antidepressant Action of Citalopram and Amitriptyline

1986 ◽  
Vol 149 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Shaw ◽  
D. R. Thomas ◽  
M. H. Briscoe ◽  
R. Crimmins ◽  
B. Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Hypnotic Effect ◽  
Antidepressant Action

The response of patients with major depressive illness to citalopram of amitriptyline was compared in a double-blind multi-centre trial. No differences in efficacy were observed, but citalopram had less hypnotic effect and a remarkably lower profile of side-effects.

Serotonergic Genes and Suicidality

Crisis ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisheng Du ◽  
Gabor Faludi ◽  
Miklos Palkovits ◽  
David Bakish ◽  
Pavel D. Hrdina
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Tryptophan Hydroxylase ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serotonergic Activity ◽  
Completed Suicide

Summary: Several lines of evidence indicate that abnormalities in the functioning of the central serotonergic system are involved in the pathogenesis of depressive illness and suicidal behavior. Studies have shown that the number of brain and platelet serotonin transporter binding sites are reduced in patients with depression and in suicide victims, and that the density of 5-HT2A receptors is increased in brain regions of depressed in suicide victims and in platelets of depressed suicidal patients. Genes that code for proteins, such as tryptophan hydroxylase, 5-HT transporter, and 5-HT2A receptor, involved in regulating serotonergic neurotransmission, have thus been major candidate genes for association studies of suicide and suicidal behavior. Recent studies by our group and by others have shown that genetic variations in the serotonin-system-related genes might be associated with suicidal ideation and completed suicide. We have shown that the 102 C allele in 5-HT2A receptor gene was significantly associated with suicidal ideation (χ2 = 8.5, p < .005) in depressed patients. Patients with a 102 C/C genotype had a significantly higher mean HAMD item #3 score (indication of suicidal ideation) than T/C or T/T genotype patients. Our results suggest that the 102T/C polymorphism in 5-HT2A receptor gene is primarily associated with suicidal ideation in patients with major depression and not with depression itself. We also found that the 5-HT transporter gene S/L polymorphism was significantly associated with completed suicide. The frequency of the L/L genotype in depressed suicide victims was almost double of that found in control group (48.6% vs. 26.2%). The odds ratio for the L allele was 2.1 (95% CI 1.2-3.7). The association between polymorphism in serotonergic genes and suicidality supports the hypothesis that genetic factors can modulate suicide risk by influencing serotonergic activity.

Cross-Lagged Relationships Between Self-Esteem, Self-Construal, and Happiness in a Three-Wave Longitudinal Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-185
Author(s):  
Daniela Moza ◽  
Laurențiu Maricuțoiu ◽  
Alin Gavreliuc
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Independent Person

Abstract. Previous research established that an independent construal of the self is associated with higher self-esteem, which, in turn, is associated with increased happiness. Regarding the directionality of these relationships, theoretical arguments have suggested that self-construal precedes self-esteem and that self-esteem precedes happiness. However, most research in this area is cross-sectional, thus limiting any conclusions about directionality. The present study tested these relationships in 101 Romanian undergraduates using a 3-wave cross-lagged design with a 6-month time lag between every two waves. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that self-esteem is an antecedent of both happiness and dimensions of independent self-construal (i.e., consistency vs. variability and self-expression vs. harmony). In other words, one’s positive evaluation of self-worth precedes one’s self-perception as being a happy and independent person. The findings are discussed with respect to the theoretical and practical implications, along with limitations and suggestions for future research.

Relationships Between Bidirectional Work-Family Interactions and Psychological Well-Being

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi-Chao Zhang ◽  
Oi Ling Siu ◽  
Jing Hu ◽  
Weiwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Family Conflict ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Family Interactions ◽  
Work Family Conflict ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Direct Model ◽  
Work Family

This study investigated the direct, reversed, and reciprocal relationships between bidirectional work-family conflict/work-family facilitation and psychological well-being (PWB). We administered a three-wave questionnaire survey to 260 married Chinese employees using a time lag of one month. Cross-lagged structural equation modeling analysis was conducted and demonstrated that the direct model was better than the reversed causal or the reciprocal model. Specifically, work-to-family conflict at Time 1 negatively predicted PWB at Time 2, and work-to-family conflict at Time 2 negatively predicted PWB at Time 3; further, work-to-family facilitation at Time 1 positively predicted PWB at Time 2. In addition, family-to-work facilitation at Time 1 positively predicted PWB at Time 2, and family-to-work conflict at Time 2 negatively predicted PWB at Time 3.

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