Contributions of treatment and lifestyle to declining CVD mortality: why have CVD mortality rates declined so much since the 1960s?

Heart ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin O'Flaherty ◽  
Iain Buchan ◽  
Simon Capewell
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Ranking Diseases

2019 ◽  
pp. 84-108
Author(s):  
Rachel Kahn Best
Keyword(s):  
Basic Science ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Funding Distribution ◽  
Disease Specific

From the 1960s to the present, advocates have introduced various criteria to highlight their diseases’ impacts, from mortality to health spending. These competing claims encouraged policymakers to seek formal ways to rank and compare diseases, creating pressure to standardize the National Institutes of Health (NIH) budget across disease categories. NIH officials worried that the pursuit of narrow, disease-specific goals would funnel resources away from basic science and untargeted research. But while the proportion of the NIH budget targeting these goals declined slightly, the overall amounts increased dramatically, suggesting that specialized campaigns do not draw resources away from broader goals. The push for disease data did change how the government distributes money, bringing the funding distribution more in line with mortality rates. The effects of advocacy go beyond securing funding or passing favorable laws; advocacy also changes how policymakers define issues and judge policies, with concrete effects on funding distributions.

scholarly journals Developing an index to estimate the association between the food environment and CVD mortality rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 102469
Author(s):  
Christopher Ly ◽  
Michael Essman ◽  
Catherine Zimmer ◽  
Shu Wen Ng
Keyword(s):  
Food Environment ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Population and the Family in Southeast Asia

1995 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin W. Jones
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World War ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Population Growth Rates ◽  
The Family ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Population Stabilization

The decade of the 1960s was one of growing concern among demographers with the acceleration of the world's population growth, resulting largely from the sharp decline in mortality rates in the early post-World War II period. The concern has become more selective in recent times, with the prospects for population stabilization becoming clearer in some countries and regions as a result of sharp declines in fertility, but with population growth rates continuing to cause great disquiet in others. Southeast Asia as a whole gives grounds for a somewhat sanguine assessment; its population growth rate is slowing as a result of quite spectacular declines in fertility in a number of major countries. But the situation is quite variable, and some countries maintain high rates of fertility and of population growth.

scholarly journals Beverage-Specific Alcohol Sale and Cardiovascular Mortality in Russia

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. E. Razvodovsky
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Distilled Spirits ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Female Rate ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Objective. Recent research evidence suggests that the consumption of different types of alcoholic beverage may have a differential effect on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) mortality rates. The aim of this study was to examine the relation between the consumption of different beverage types and CVD mortality rates in Russia across the later-Soviet and post-Soviet periods.Method. Age-standardized male and female CVD mortality data for the period 1970–2005 and data on beverage-specific alcohol sales were obtained Russian State Statistical Committee (Rosstat). Time-series analytical modeling techniques (ARIMA) were used to examine the relation between the sales of different alcoholic beverages and CVD mortality rates.Results. Vodka consumption as measured by sales was significantly associated with both male and female CVD mortality rates: a 1 liter increase in vodka sales would result in a 5.3% increase in the male CVD mortality rate and a 3.7% increase in the female rate. The consumption of beer and wine were not associated with CVD mortality rates.Conclusions. The findings from this study suggest that public health efforts should focus on both reducing overall consumption and changing beverage preference away from distilled spirits in order to reduce cardiovascular mortality rates in Russia.

scholarly journals Malnutrition Rates in Chile from the Nitrate Era to the 1990s

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13112
Author(s):  
Manuel Llorca-Jaña ◽  
Diego Barría Traverso ◽  
Diego del Barrio Vásquez ◽  
Javier Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Chilean Population ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time

Following Salvatore and the WHO, in this article, we provide the first long-term estimates of malnutrition rates for Chile per birth cohort, measured through stunting rates of adult males born from the 1870s to the 1990s. We used a large sample of military records, representative of the whole Chilean population, totalling over 38 thousand individuals. Our data suggest that stunting rates were very high for those born between the last three decades of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth century. In addition, stunting rates increased from the 1870s to the 1900s. Thereafter, there was a clear downward trend in stunting rates (despite some fluctuations), reaching low levels of malnutrition, in particular, from the 1960s (although these are high if compared to developed countries). The continuous decrease in stunting rates from the 1910s was mainly due to a combination of factors, the importance of which varied over time, namely: Improved health (i.e., sharp decline in infant mortality rates during the whole period); increased energy consumption (from the 1930s onwards, but most importantly during the 1990s); a decline in poverty rates (in particular, between the 1930s and the 1970s); and a reduction in child labour (although we are less able to quantify this).

Who benefits from social investment? The gendered effects of family and employment policies on cardiovascular disease in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Ann Morris ◽  
Jason Beckfield ◽  
Clare Bambra
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Education ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Social Investment ◽  
Investment Policies ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Cvd Mortality

BackgroundIn the context of fiscal austerity in many European welfare states, policy innovation often takes the form of ‘social investment’, a contested set of policies aimed at strengthening labour markets. Social investment policies include employment subsidies, skills training and job-finding services, early childhood education and childcare and parental leave. Given that such policies can influence gender equity in the labour market, we analysed the possible effects of such policies on gender health equity.MethodsUsing age-stratified and sex-stratified data from the Global Burden of Disease Study on cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality between 2005 and 2010, we estimated linear regression models of policy indicators on employment supports, childcare and parental leave with country fixed effects.FindingsWe found mixed effects of social investment for men versus women. Whereas government spending on early childhood education and childcare was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for both men and women equally, government spending on paid parental leave was more strongly associated with lower CVD mortality rates for women. Additionally, government spending on public employment services was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for men but was not significant for women, while government spending on employment training was associated with lower CVD mortality rates for women but was not significant for men.ConclusionsSocial investment policies were negatively associated with CVD mortality, but the ameliorative effects of specific policies were gendered. We discuss the implications of these results for the European social investment policy turn and for future research on gender health equity.

Abstract P060: Reduction of Cardiovascular Mortality in the United States Population, 1988-2004: A Larger Contribution of Declining Exposures to Cadmium and Lead Compared to Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Circulation ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 133 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Ruiz-Hernandez ◽  
Ana Navas-Acien ◽  
Roberto Pastor-Barriuso ◽  
Josep Redon ◽  
Eliseo Guallar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Mortality ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
The Us ◽  
Urine Cadmium ◽  
Cadmium And Lead ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Introduction: Lead and cadmium exposures have markedly declined in the US following the banning of lead in gasoline and the implementation of tobacco control, air pollution reduction, and hazardous waste remediation policies since the mid 1970s. While lead and cadmium have been proposed as cardiovascular disease risk factors, little is known about their potential contribution to the decline in cardiovascular mortality in US adults. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that lead and cadmium exposure reductions partly explain the decreasing trend in cardiovascular mortality that occurred in the US from 1988-1994 to 1999-2004, after controlling for traditional cardiovascular risk factors including smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and dyslipidemia. Methods: Cohort study of 15,421 men and women ≥40 years old participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1988-1994 and 1999-2004. We implemented a mediation approach with additive hazard models to estimate the reductions in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality rates over time explained through changes in urine cadmium and blood lead concentrations. Results: After adjusting for age, sex, race and smoking, urine cadmium and blood lead concentrations decreased by 20.4 and 38.2%, respectively, between 1988-1934 and 1999-2004. Age-adjusted CVD mortality rates in the US decreased from 712.0 to 356.8 /100.000 person-years comparing 1988-1994 to 1999-2004. Changes in traditional CVD risk factors explained 16% of this decline. The observed reductions in urine cadmium and blood lead levels explained an additional 27.6% of this decline. Conclusions: The net impact of declining cadmium and lead exposures on mortality changes in the US was larger compared to traditional risk factors. These findings support that reducing cadmium and lead exposures resulted in a major public health achievement. The general population, however, remains exposed to cadmium and lead at concentrations that have been associated to CVD in the US population. Preventive strategies to enable additional reductions in exposure to cadmium and lead are needed.

scholarly journals Mortality rates and cardiovascular disease burden in type 2 diabetes by occupation, results from all Swedish employees in 2002–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Carlsson ◽  
Tomas Andersson ◽  
Mats Talbäck ◽  
Maria Feychting
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Diabetes Mortality ◽  
Machine Operators ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Abstract Objective To identify occupations where employees with type 2 diabetes have a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality, and their prevalence of CVD risk factors. This study can contribute in the creation of targeted interventions at the workplace. Research design and methods This nationwide registry-based study included all employees with type 2 diabetes born in Sweden in 1937–1979 (n = 180,620) and followed up in 2002–2015. We calculated age-standardized incidence (per 100,000 person-years) of all-cause and CVD mortality, ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke across the 30 most common occupations. Information on prognostic factors was retrieved from the National Diabetes Register. Results In males with type 2 diabetes, mortality rates were highest in manufacturing workers (1782) and machine operators (1329), and lowest in specialist managers (633). The risk of death at age 61–70 years was 21.8% in manufacturing workers and 8.5% in managers. In females with type 2 diabetes, mortality rates were highest in manufacturing workers (1150) and cleaners (876), and lowest in writers and artists (458); the risk of death at age 61–70 years was 12.4% in manufacturing workers and 4.3% in writers and artists. The same occupations also had relatively high incidences of CVD mortality, IHD and stroke. Occupational groups with poor prognosis had high prevalence of CVD risk factors including poor glycemic control, smoking and obesity. Conclusions Manufacturing workers, machine operators and cleaners with type 2 diabetes have two to three times higher mortality rates than managers, writers and artists with type 2 diabetes. Major health gains would be made if targeted workplace interventions could reduce CVD risk factors in these occupations.

scholarly journals State reach and development in Africa since the 1960s: new data and analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Carl Müller-Crepon
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
State Capacity ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Travel Times ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract Prominent arguments hold that African states’ geography limits state capacity, impedes public service provision, and slows economic development. To test this argument, I collect comprehensive panel data on a proxy of local state capacity, travel times to national and regional capitals. These are computed on a yearly 5 × 5 km grid using time-varying data on roads and administrative units (1966–2016). I use these data to estimate the effect of changes in travel times to capitals on local education provision, infant mortality rates, and nightlight emissions. Within the same location, decreases in travel times to its capitals are robustly associated with improved development outcomes. The article advances the measurement of state capacity and contributes to understanding its effects on human welfare.

scholarly journals Associations of Socioeconomic Factors with Cause-specific Mortality and Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases: Findings from the Vital Registration in Urban Shanghai, China, during 1974-2015

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijuan Zhang ◽  
Qi Li ◽  
Xue Han ◽  
Shuo Wang ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Ischemic Heart Disease ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Ischemic Heart ◽  
Vital Registration ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The effect of socioeconomic factors on cause-specific mortality and burden of CVD is rarely evaluated in low- and middle-income countries, especially in a rapidly changing society.Methods: Original data were derived from the vital registration system in Yangpu, a representative, population-stable district of urban Shanghai, China, during 1974-2015. Temporal trends for the mortality rates and burden of CVD during 1974-2015 were evaluated using Joinpoint Regression Software. The burden was evaluated using age-standardized person years of life loss per 100,000 persons (SPYLLs). Age-sex-specific CVD mortality rates were predicted by using age-period-cohort Poisson regression model. Results: A total of 101,822 CVD death occurred during 1974-2015, accounting for 36.95% of total death. Hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke were the 3 leading causes of CVD death. The age-standardized CVD mortality decreased from 144.5/100,000 to 100.7/100,000 in the residents (average annual percentage change [AAPC] -1.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.7 to -0.2), which was mainly contributed by women (AAPC -1.3, 95% CI -2.0 to -0.7), not by men. Hemorrhagic stroke, the major CVD death in the mid-aged population, decreased dramatically after 1991. The crude mortality of ischemic heart disease kept increasing but its age-adjusted mortality decreased continually after 1997. SPYLLs of CVD death increased from 1974 to 1986 (AAPC 2.1, 95% CI 0.4 to 3.8) and decreased after 1986 (AAPC 1.8, 95% CI -2.3 to -1.3). These changes were in concert with the implementation of policies including extended medical insurance coverage, pollution control, active prophylaxis of CVD including lifestyle promotion, and national health programs. The mortality of CVD increased in those born during 1937-1945, a period of the Japanese military occupation, and during 1958-1965, a period including the Chinese Famine. Sequelae of CVD and ischemic heart disease are predicted to be the leading causes of CVD death in 2029.Conclusions: Exposure to serious malnutrition in early life might increase CVD mortality in later life. Improvements in medical services, pollution control, and lifestyle could decrease CVD death. New strategy is needed to prevent the aging-related CVD death and burden in the future.

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