Growth of Odontia bicolor in vitro

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-452
Author(s):  
Denis Lachance
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Extract Medium ◽  
Mycelial Strands

The growth of Odontia bicolor in soil and in balsam fir wood was studied. In steam-sterilized organic soil, the fungus grows rapidly, producing a scanty and uniform growth, whereas in propylene oxide gas-treated or natural organic soil, it forms mycelial strands. In mineral soil, the fungus reacts as in organic soil except that growth is more sparse. The fungus grows through natural soil and colonizes new substrate more rapidly when mycelial strands are linked to an appropriate food base.The optimum temperature for growth on a 2.5% malt extract medium occurs between 22 and 27 °C. The fungus grows well in balsam fir wood at any moisture content above 42% of the oven-dry weight, and twice as fast in sapwood as in heartwood. Its growth is not influenced by previous storage of the wood, either frozen (−20 °C) or at a temperature of 2 °C for up to 16 weeks.

scholarly journals Morphologial variation in colonies of Chalara fraxinea isolated from ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) stems with symptoms of dieback and effects of temperature on colony growth and structure

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Kowalski ◽  
Czesław Bartnik
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Main Factor

The present paper presents the results of long-term observations of differences in growth and morphology of colonies of <i>C. fraxinea</i> isolated from ash stems with symptoms of dieback and the results of studies on effects of temperature on growth and morphology of colonies <i>in vitro</i>. Thirty randomly chosen <i>C. fraxinea</i> cultures, originating from six Forest Districts in southern and northern Poland, viz. Andrychów, Gryfice, Kańczuga, Lębork, Miechów and Mircze, were included in the temperature assay. Colony growth and morphology were evaluated <i>in vitro</i>, on malt extract agar. Two replicates of each isolate were incubated at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C in darkness. Colonies of <i>C. fraxinea</i> isolated from necrotic stem tissues of diseased ash trees differed greatly in colour, structure, growth rate, presence of sectors and stromata as well as the intensity of conidial sporulation. Colony characters were often lost in further sub-cultures grown on the same medium. Colonies of <i>C. fraxinea</i> grew at 5-25°C <i>in vitro</i>. Three isolates still grew, though slowly, at 30°C. The optimum temperature for growth was 20°C. Among 30 isolates tested, five grew most quickly at 25°C and four at 15°C. Differences among colony diameters recorded at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30°C were statistically significant, while differences at 15 and 25°C were not. At some temperatures, statistically significant differences in growth rate were related to the origin of the isolates. There were three main colony colour types. Temperature was the main factor affecting colony morphology <i>in vitro</i>. The formation of sectors was observed in 36% of colonies, pseudoparenchymatous stromata in 10.4% of colonies, and white crystalline substances in 53.3% of colonies. The results of <i>in vitro</i> observations were used for discussion of the effects of temperature on growth and activity of <i>C. fraxinea</i> <i>in vivo</i>.

Évolution des stocks de carbone organique dans le solaprès coupe dans la sapinière à bouleau jaune de l'est du Québec

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain St-Laurent ◽  
Rock Ouimet ◽  
Sylvie Tremblay ◽  
Louis Archambault
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Mature Stands ◽  
Whole Tree

Following the Rio and Kyoto protocols, forest sequestration of organic C (Corg) appears to be among the measures to reduce atmospheric C. In this context, we assessed the evolution of soils' reserves of Corg after complete whole-tree forest harvesting in the balsam fir–yellow birch forest of eastern Quebec. The experimental design consisted of eight plots in mature stands, and 10 plots in 7-, 12-, and 22-yr-old clearcuts in the "Seigneurie du Lac Métis", located 80 km south-east of Rimouski, Quebec, Canada. The soil type was an Orthic Humo-ferric Podzol. Major Corg losses occured in the forest floor of the 7-, 12- and 22-yr-old harvested plots compared with mature stands. The FH horizon of harvested plots showed a loss of 44% (−30.5 t ha−1) in dry weight and 13.5% (−62.1 g kg–1) in Corg content between 7 and 22-yr-old harvested plots. More than half the Corg content of the forest floor was lost in that time (−52% or −16.6 t ha−1). The Corg stock of the L horizon were lowered only for the 7-yr-old treatment (2.5 t ha−1) compared with mature stands (4.9 t ha−1). No significant differences in the Corg stocked in the first 30 m of the mineral soil were found between treatments. It appears that the forest floor of balsam fir–yellow birch stands has become a source of Corg for at least 22 yr after forest harvesting. Key words: Forest harvesting, soil, organic carbon, forest floor

The effects of harvest intensity and seedbed type on germination and cumulative survivorship of white spruce and balsam fir in northwestern Quebec

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1467-1476 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Calogeropoulos ◽  
D F Greene ◽  
C Messier ◽  
S Brais
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Harvest Intensity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Germination Stage

The effects of different harvest intensities, including uncut, 1/3 and 2/3 partial cuts, clearcuts with and without slash, were investigated on the germination and cumulative survivorship of white spruce and balsam fir over 2 consecutive years. We also investigated the regenerative capacity of both species on three different seedbeds across all harvest intensities. The seedbeds included were mineral, humus, and organic soil. At the germination stage, both species were strongly affected by seedbed type (p < 0.032). The germination rates of fir seeds in partial cuts were significantly greater than clearcut treatments, but spruce remained unaffected at this stage by harvest intensity. The addition of slash improved the germination rates of fir relative to the clear-cut plots without slash. The germination rates the following year were reduced on mineral soil for spruce. The cumulative survivorship at the end of the third summer still showed a significant seedbed response for both species (p < 0.007) and a significant harvest response for fir (p < 0.005). The cumulative survivorship of the second fir cohort was no longer affected by either harvest or seedbed type. Spruce, however, was still affected by seedbed type (p = 0.006). The data from this study provide us with a more detailed description of the fate of cohorts recruited following a harvest operation. Still, what remains to be studied is the fate of these cohorts over the next 5–10 years.

Production of Rubratoxin by Penicillium rubrum in a Soy Whey-Malt Extract Medium

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. EMEH ◽  
E. H. MARTH
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Extract Medium ◽  
Penicillium Rubrum ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Malt Extract Medium

Sterile soy whey (1.75% dissolved solids) was fortified with malt extract and inoculated with spore suspensions of Penicillium rubrum strains P-13, 1062, 2120, 2123, and 3290. Samples were incubated quiescently at 28 C from 1 to 28 days and as shake cultures for 3, 5, and 7 days. Rubratoxin was recovered from culture filtrates by alcohol-acetone extraction and resolved by thin-layer chromatography. Toxin was not produced in shake cultures. Rubratoxins A and B were produced in quiescent soy whey cultures of all P. rubrum strains except P. rubrum P-13 which produced only rubratoxin B. Toxin production increased as the concentration of malt extract increased from 0.5 to 10% (w/v). Rubratoxin formation also increased with an increase in incubation time from 3 to 17 days but the amount of toxin in cultures declined rapidly thereafter. Yields of rubratoxin A ranged from 0.83 to 31.53 mg/100 ml in cultures of P. rubrum 1062 and from 1.89 to 22.70, 0.53 to 25.13, and 2.07 to 31.20 mg/100 ml in P. rubrum 2120 2123, and 3290 cultures, respectively. Yields of rubratoxin B ranged from 0.77 to 105.30, 1.03 to 94.83, 2.13 to 91.57, 0.82 to 78.53, and 1.3 to 85.57 mg/100 ml in cultures of P. rubrum 13, 1062, 2120, 2123, and 3290, respectively. After maximum production, toxin content in cultures leveled off and then decreased. Amounts of toxin declined more rapidly than did mold growth (as measured by mycelial dry weight). Although malt extract stimulated fungal growth, toxin production was enhanced more than mold growth.

Organic matter and major elements of the forest floors and soils in subalpine balsam fir forests

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald E. Lang ◽  
Christopher S. Cronan ◽  
William A. Reiners
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
White Mountains ◽  
Forest Floors

Forest floors, fallen branches and fallen tree boles were sampled in 13 balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) stands in the subalpine zone (1220–1450 m) of the White Mountains in New Hampshire, U.S.A. These 13 stands were distributed in three sites of contrasting exposure, slope, and rockiness. Soil pits were excavated in three of the stands representing each of the three sites. The ash-free dry weights and major elemental contents of the forest floor and dead wood were compared along chronosequences following natural disturbances, between sites, and with other forest types. No significant trends in these components were found along chronosequence comparisons. For sites that are dissimilar in terms of physical position on the landscape and in the appearance of the trees, compensating biotic and abiotic factors apparently underlie the convergence in forest floor and soil characteristics, thereby eliminating site differences as well. The forest floor is massive; ash-free dry weight averages 92 200 kg•ha−1. Total soil profile ash-free weight is 323 600 kg•ha−1. The forest floor and mineral soil horizons are unusually rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, with weighted average ash-free nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of 2.42 and 0.23%, respectively, in the forest floor. Total nitrogen and phosphorus contents of the forest floor are 2300 and 217 kg•ha−1, respectively. The weight and nitrogen and phorphorus contents of the fir forest floor are greater than that found in other regional forests and coniferous forests in general.

Effect of the endophytic plant growth promoting Enterobacter ludwigii EB4B on tomato growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E.A. Bendaha ◽  
H.A. Belaouni
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Enterobacter Ludwigii ◽  
Tomato Growth

SummaryThis study aims to develop a biocontrol agent against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) in tomato. For this, a set of 23 bacterial endophytic isolates has been screened for their ability to inhibit in vitro the growth of FORL using the dual plate assay. Three isolates with the most sound antagonistic activity to FORL have been qualitatively screened for siderophore production, phosphates solubilization and indolic acetic acid (IAA) synthesis as growth promotion traits. Antagonistic values of the three candidates against FORL were respectively: 51.51 % (EB4B), 51.18 % (EB22K) and 41.40 % (EB2A). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolates EB4B and EB22K were closely related to Enterobacter ludwigii EN-119, while the strain EB2A has been assigned to Leclercia adecarboxylata NBRC 102595. The promotion of tomato growth has been assessed in vitro using the strains EB2A, EB4B and EB22K in presence of the phytopathogen FORL. The treatments with the selected isolates increased significantly the root length and dry weight. Best results were observed in isolate EB4B in terms of growth promotion in the absence of FORL, improving 326.60 % of the root length and 142.70 % of plant dry weight if compared with untreated controls. In the presence of FORL, the strain EB4B improved both root length (180.81 %) and plant dry weight (202.15 %). These results encourage further characterization of the observed beneficial effect of Enterobacter sp. EB4B for a possible use as biofertilizer and biocontrol agent against FORL.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytoprotective Activities of Halophyte Extracts against Mycotoxin Intoxication

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 312
Author(s):  
Nolwenn Hymery ◽  
Xavier Dauvergne ◽  
Halima Boussaden ◽  
Stéphane Cérantola ◽  
Dorothée Faugère ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cell Protection ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Mdbk Cells ◽  
Dpph Scavenging ◽  
T2 Toxin

Twelve halophyte species belonging to different families, widely represented along French Atlantic shoreline and commonly used in traditional medicine, were screened for protective activities against mycotoxins, in order to set out new promising sources of natural ingredients for feed applications. Selected halophytic species from diverse natural habitats were examined for their in vitro anti-mycotoxin activities, through viability evaluation of Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) and intestinal porcine enterocyte (IPEC-J2) cell lines. Besides, the in vitro antioxidant activities of plant extracts were assessed (total antioxidant and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-scavenging bioassays). Of the 12 species, Galium arenarium, Convolvulus soldanella and Eryngium campestre exhibited the most protective action on MDBK and IPEC-J2 cells against zearalenone (ZEN) or T2 toxin contamination (restoring about 75% of cell viability at 10 μg·mL−1) without inflammation response. They also had strong antioxidant capacities (Inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC50) < 100 μg·mL−1 for DPPH radical and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of 100 to 200 mg Ascorbic Acid Equivalent (AAE)·g−1 Dry Weight), suggesting that cell protection against intoxication involves antioxidant action. A bio-guided study showed that fractions of G. arenarium extract protect MDBK cells against T2 or ZEN toxicity and several major compounds like chlorogenic acid and asperuloside could be involved in this protective effect. Overall, our results show that the halophytes G. arenarium, C. soldanella and E. campestre should be considered further as new sources of ingredients for livestock feed with protective action against mycotoxin intoxication.

scholarly journals In-Vitro Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Volatile Compounds and Minerals in Five Different Onion Varieties

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Rokayya Sami ◽  
Abeer Elhakem ◽  
Mona Alharbi ◽  
Manal Almatrafi ◽  
Nada Benajiba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
No Production ◽  
Oxidative Stresses ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Red Variety ◽  
A Minor

Onions contain high antioxidants compounds that fight inflammation against many diseases. The purpose was to investigate some selected bioactive activities of onion varieties (Yellow, Red, Green, Leek, and Baby). Antioxidant assays and anti-inflammatory activities such as NO production with the addition of some bioactive components were determined and analyzed by using a spectrophotometer. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used for the volatile compounds, while an Atomic absorption spectrometer was used for mineral determinations. Red variety achieved the highest antioxidant activities. The total flavonoids were between (12.56 and 353.53 mg Quercetin/gin dry weight) (dw) and the total phenol was (8.75–25.73 mg/g dw). Leek, Yellow and Green extracts achieved highly anti-inflammatory values (3.71–4.01 μg/mL) followed by Red and Baby extracts, respectively. The highest contents of sodium, potassium, zinc, and calcium were established for Red onions. Furfuraldehyde, 5-Methyl-2-furfuraldehyde, 2-Methyl-2-pentenal, and 1-Propanethiol were the most predominant, followed by a minor abundance of the other compounds such as Dimethyl sulfide, Methyl allyl disulfide, Methyl-trans-propenyl-disulfide, and Methyl propyl disulfide. The results recommend that these varieties could act as sources of essential antioxidants and anti-inflammatories to decrease inflammation and oxidative stresses, especially red onions that recorded high activities.

scholarly journals Virulence of Aerial Conidia of Beauveria bassiana Produced under LED Light to Ctenocephalides felis (Cat Flea)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Sarayut Pittarate ◽  
Malee Thungrabeab ◽  
Supamit Mekchay ◽  
Patcharin Krutmuang
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Ctenocephalides Felis ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Led Light ◽  
Red Led ◽  
Aerial Conidia ◽  
Different Color

Ctenocephalides felis is an ectoparasitic flea species commonly found on dogs and cats. The current study verified the in vitro virulence of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana produced under different color LED light (red, blue, purple, green, yellow, and white) to adults of C. felis. The fungal isolates were cultivated on malt extract agar (MEA). Bioassay treatments used aerial conidia in test tubes. Adult fleas were obtained from a house cat in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. The experiments were composed of one control and eleven treatment groups. All of the treatments with B. bassiana conidia caused adult mortality after an exposure of 12 h. Among the conditions used in this study, B. bassiana cultured under red LED and fluorescent light were the most effective in causing mortality (100 %) in adult fleas after 36 h. The experimental results indicate that these aerial conidia of B. bassiana have promising potential for use in control of C. felis adult stages.

scholarly journals Co-Microencapsulated Black Rice Anthocyanins and Lactic Acid Bacteria: Evidence on Powders Profile and In Vitro Digestion

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2579
Author(s):  
Carmen-Alina Bolea ◽  
Mihaela Cotârleț ◽  
Elena Enachi ◽  
Vasilica Barbu ◽  
Nicoleta Stănciuc
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Black Rice

Two multi-functional powders, in terms of anthocyanins from black rice (Oryza sativa L.) and lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus paracasei, L. casei 431®) were obtained through co-microencapsulation into a biopolymer matrix composed of milk proteins and inulin. Two extracts were obtained using black rice flour as a raw material and hot water and ethanol as solvents. Both powders (called P1 for aqueous extract and P2 for ethanolic extract) proved to be rich sources of valuable bioactives, with microencapsulation efficiency up to 80%, both for anthocyanins and lactic acid bacteria. A higher content of anthocyanins was found in P1, of 102.91 ± 1.83 mg cyanindin-3-O-glucoside (C3G)/g dry weight (DW) when compared with only 27.60 ± 17.36 mg C3G/g DW in P2. The morphological analysis revealed the presence of large, thin, and fragile structures, with different sizes. A different pattern of gastric digestion was observed, with a highly protective effect of the matrix in P1 and a maximum decrease in anthocyanins of approximatively 44% in P2. In intestinal juice, the anthocyanins decreased significantly in P2, reaching a maximum of 97% at the end of digestion; whereas in P1, more than 45% from the initial anthocyanins content remained in the microparticles. Overall, the short-term storage stability test revealed a release of bioactive from P2 and a decrease in P1. The viable cells of lactic acid bacteria after 21 days of storage reached 7 log colony forming units (CFU)/g DW.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document