Evaluation of a simple technique for recovering fish from capture stress: integrating physiology, biotelemetry, and social science to solve a conservation problem

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Donaldson ◽  
G.D. Raby ◽  
V.N. Nguyen ◽  
S.G. Hinch ◽  
D.A. Patterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Capture Stress

We evaluate the utility of an inexpensive, portable recovery bag designed to facilitate recovery of fish from capture stress by combining physiological assays, biotelemetry, and social science surveys. Adult migrating Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) were used as a model, since some of their populations are threatened. While catch-and-release is common, there is a need to ensure that it is sustainable. A social science survey revealed that anglers generally have positive attitudes towards recovery bag use, particularly if research identifies that such techniques could be effective. Physiological assays on pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) revealed benefits of both high- and low-velocity recovery, but high velocity was most effective with reduced plasma cortisol concentrations and similar plasma sodium and chloride concentrations as those found in controls at all recovery durations. A biotelemetry study on sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) captured by anglers and stressed by air exposure then placed in recovery bags had 20% higher, but not significantly different, survival than no-recovery salmon. The integration of natural science and social science provides an important step forward in developing methods for promoting recovery of fish from capture.

scholarly journals Climate and competition influence sockeye salmon population dynamics across the Northeast Pacific Ocean

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 943-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan Connors ◽  
Michael J. Malick ◽  
Gregory T. Ruggerone ◽  
Pete Rand ◽  
Milo Adkison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The North

Pacific salmon productivity is influenced by ocean conditions and interspecific interactions, yet their combined effects are poorly understood. Using data from 47 North American sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations, we present evidence that the magnitude and direction of climate and competition effects vary over large spatial scales. In the south, a warm ocean and abundant salmon competitors combined to strongly reduce sockeye productivity, whereas in the north, a warm ocean substantially increased productivity and offset the negative effects of competition at sea. From 2005 to 2015, the approximately 82 million adult pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) produced annually from hatcheries were estimated to have reduced the productivity of southern sockeye salmon by ∼15%, on average. In contrast, for sockeye at the northwestern end of their range, the same level of hatchery production was predicted to have reduced the positive effects of a warming ocean by ∼50% (from a ∼10% to a ∼5% increase in productivity, on average). These findings reveal spatially dependent effects of climate and competition on sockeye productivity and highlight the need for international discussions about large-scale hatchery production.

Effect of incubation temperature on the development of five species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) embryos and alevins

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Murray ◽  
J. D. McPhail
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Embryo and alevin survival, time to hatching and emergence, and alevin and fry size of five species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) were observed at five incubation temperatures (2, 5, 8, 11, and 14 °C). No pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) or chum (O. keta) salmon embryos survived to hatching at 2 °C. Coho (O. kisutch) and sockeye (O. nerka) salmon had higher embryo survival at 2 °C than chinook (O. tschawytscha) salmon. At 14 °C, chum, pink, and chinook salmon had higher embryo survival than coho or sockeye salmon. In all species, peaks of embryo mortality occurred at specific developmental stages (completion of epiboly, eye pigmentation, and hatching). Alevin survival to emergence was high for all species, except for coho and pink salmon at 14 °C. Hatching and emergence time varied inversely with incubation temperature, but coho salmon hatched and emerged sooner at all temperatures than the other species. Coho and sockeye salmon alevins were larger at 2 °C, pink, chum, and chinook salmon alevins were larger at 5 and 8 °C. Coho salmon fry were larger at 2 °C, chinook and chum salmon fry were larger at 5 °C, and sockeye and pink salmon fry were larger at 8 °C. High incubation temperatures reduced fry size in all species. Each species of Pacific salmon appears to be adapted to different spawning times and temperatures, and thus indirectly to specific incubation temperatures, to ensure maximum survival and size and to maintain emergence at the most favorable time each year.

scholarly journals On signals of phase transitions in salmon population dynamics

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1784) ◽  
pp. 20133221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Krkošek ◽  
John M. Drake
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Critical Transitions ◽  
Salmon Population

Critical slowing down (CSD) reflects the decline in resilience of equilibria near a bifurcation and may reveal early warning signals (EWS) of ecological phase transitions. We studied CSD in the recruitment dynamics of 120 stocks of three Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) species in relation to critical transitions in fishery models. Pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) exhibited increased variability and autocorrelation in populations that had a growth parameter, r , close to zero, consistent with EWS of extinction. However, models and data for sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) indicate that portfolio effects from heterogeneity in age-at-maturity may obscure EWS. Chum salmon ( Oncorhynchus keta ) show intermediate results. The data do not reveal EWS of Ricker-type bifurcations that cause oscillations and chaos at high r . These results not only provide empirical support for CSD in some ecological systems, but also indicate that portfolio effects of age structure may conceal EWS of some critical transitions.

scholarly journals The pink salmon genome: uncovering the genomic consequences of a strict two-year life-cycle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris A. Christensen ◽  
Eric B. Rondeau ◽  
Dionne Sakhrani ◽  
Carlo A. Biagi ◽  
Hollie Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Chromosomal Polymorphism ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Temporal Isolation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genome Assemblies ◽  
Salmon Fishery

Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) adults are the smallest of the five Pacific salmon native to the western Pacific Ocean. Pink salmon are also the most abundant of these species and account for a large proportion of the commercial value of the salmon fishery worldwide. A strict two-year life-history of most pink salmon generates temporally isolated populations that spawn either in even-years or odd-years. To uncover the influence of this genetic isolation, reference genome assemblies were generated for each year-class and whole genome re-sequencing data was collected from salmon of both year-classes. The salmon were sampled from six Canadian rivers and one Japanese river. At multiple centromeres we identified peaks of Fst between year-classes that were millions of base-pairs long. The largest Fst peak was also associated with a million base-pair chromosomal polymorphism found in the odd-year genome near a centromere. These Fst peaks may be the result of centromere drive or a combination of reduced recombination and genetic drift, and they could influence speciation. Other regions of the genome influenced by odd-year and even-year temporal isolation and tentatively under selection were mostly associated with genes related to immune function, organ development/maintenance, and behaviour.

scholarly journals Pacific salmon abundance trends and climate change

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1122-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Irvine ◽  
Masa-aki Fukuwaka
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
The North ◽  
Abundance Trends

Abstract Irvine, J. R., and Fukuwaka, M. 2011. Pacific salmon abundance trends and climate change. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1122–1130. Understanding reasons for historical patterns in salmon abundance could help anticipate future climate-related changes. Recent salmon abundance in the northern North Pacific Ocean, as indexed by commercial catches, has been among the highest on record, with no indication of decline; the 2009 catch was the highest to date. Although the North Pacific Ocean continues to produce large quantities of Pacific salmon, temporal abundance patterns vary among species and areas. Currently, pink and chum salmon are very abundant overall and Chinook and coho salmon are less abundant than they were previously, whereas sockeye salmon abundance varies among areas. Analyses confirm climate-related shifts in abundance, associated with reported ecosystem regime shifts in approximately 1947, 1977, and 1989. We found little evidence to support a major shift after 1989. From 1990, generally favourable climate-related marine conditions in the western North Pacific Ocean, as well as expanding hatchery operations and improving hatchery technologies, are increasing abundances of chum and pink salmon. In the eastern North Pacific Ocean, climate-related changes are apparently playing a role in increasing chum and pink salmon abundances and declining numbers of coho and Chinook salmon.

Protandry in Pacific salmon

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1252-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda Morbey
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Statistical Procedure ◽  
Timing Data ◽  
Mating Opportunities ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Specific Timing

Protandry, the earlier arrival of males to the spawning grounds than females, has been reported in several studies of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). However, the reasons for protandry in salmon are poorly understood and little is known about how protandry varies among and within populations. In this study, protandry was quantified in a total of 105 years using gender-specific timing data from seven populations (one for pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), three for coho salmon (O. kisutch), two for sockeye salmon (O. nerka), and one for chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha)). Using a novel statistical procedure, protandry was found to be significant in 90% of the years and in all populations. Protandry may be part of the males' strategy to maximize mating opportunities and may facilitate mate choice by females.

Use of the stratified-Petersen estimator in fisheries management: estimating the number of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) spawners in the Fraser River

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl James Schwarz ◽  
Carolyn Gail Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Differential Migration ◽  
Mark Recapture ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Recent Developments

The simple-Petersen estimator is a well-known mark-recapture method to estimate animal abundance. Two key assumptions are equal catchability in both samples and complete mixing of tagged and untagged animals. If these are violated, severe bias can occur. The stratified-Petersen estimator can be used to account for some of the heterogeneity in catchability or mixing. In this paper, we first review recent developments in the stratified-Petersen experiment for fisheries audiences and demonstrate some of the practical problems that can occur that have not been discussed in the theoretical literature. Second, we present a case study to estimate the gross escapement of Fraser River pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in 1991. The motivation for this study is a discrepancy of over 5 million fish between the estimates as derived by the Pacific Salmon Commission (PSC) (7.5 million fish based on a hydroacoustic method) and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), Canada (13.0 million fish based on a mark-recapture method). One hypothesis put forward was that the discrepancy may be due to the use of a pooled-Petersen estimator when there is differential migration over time. The stratified-Petersen model suggests that little of this discrepancy can be explained by differential migration.

Estimations of Ocean Mortality Rates for Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus)

1962 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Factor ◽  
Sampling Errors ◽  
Instantaneous Rate ◽  
Factor C

A conceptual model representing natural marine mortality rates of Pacific salmon is developed. Ocean mortality rate (q) is taken as the base to which coastal mortality rates of juveniles (c) and of adults (k) are additive factors. The effect of marking is taken as a multiplicative factor (m) of the instantaneous rate (i) where i = q + c + k. Together with time these values are incorporated into the balanced equation[Formula: see text]where N0 denotes the population entering the sea and R1, R2, R3 denote the returns at succeeding times of maturity. The locus of c + k = f(q) is used to graphically depict all possible combinations of c + k and q within the limits [q, c + k = 0]. Intersections of loci are taken as estimates of values of q and c + k which satisfy two sets of data. Available data for sockeye salmon (O. nerka) from Cultus Lake, Chilko Lake and Hooknose Creek, British Columbia, Karluk River and Bare Lake, Alaska, and Dalnee River, Kamchatka, pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) and chum salmon (O. keta) from Hooknose Creek, chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) from the coast of Southeast Alaska and coho (O. kisutch) from the Eel River, California, are utilized. It is concluded that ocean mortality is relatively constant, of the order of magnitude q = 0. 32 or S = 73% annually. A juvenile coastal mortality factor (c) apparently exists and is characteristic of the species and race through the media of size of migrants, time spent in the costal area, and geography. An adult coastal factor (k) may exist but is of negligible influence on the total mortality rate. While the data utilized collectively may be considered as extensive, serious defects in sampling errors and undefined variability were encountered. It is doubted that mortality rates can be more accurately defined from any repetition of experiments used, hence a more direct approach is indicated for solution of this problem.

scholarly journals Response of the Sea Louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis Infestation Levels on Juvenile Wild Pink, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, and Chum, O. keta, Salmon to Arrival of Parasitized Wild Adult Pink Salmon

2006 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Alexandra Morton ◽  
Rob Williams
Keyword(s):  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Sea Lice ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Louse Infestation ◽  
Age Cohorts

Recent recurring infestations of Sea Lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, on juvenile Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and subsequent annual declines of these stocks have made it imperative to identify the source of Sea Lice. While several studies now identify farm salmon populations as sources of Sea Louse larvae, it is unclear to what extent wild salmonid hosts also contribute Sea Lice. We measured Sea Louse numbers on adult Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) migrating inshore. We also measured Sea Louse numbers on wild juvenile Pink and Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) migrating to sea before the adults returned, and as the two age cohorts mingled. Adult Pink Salmon carried an average of 9.89 (SE 0.90) gravid lice per fish, and thus were capable of infecting the adjacent juveniles. Salinity and temperature remained favourable to Sea Louse reproduction throughout the study. However, all accepted measures of Sea Louse infestation failed to show significant increase on the juvenile salmon, either in overall abundance of Sea Lice or of the initial infective-stage juvenile lice, while the adult wild salmon were present in the study area. This study suggests that even during periods of peak interaction, wild adult salmon are not the primary source of the recent and unprecedented infestations of Sea Lice on juvenile Pacific Pink and Chum salmon in the inshore waters of British Columbia.

Homing behavior and vertical movements of four species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the central Bering Sea

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miki Ogura ◽  
Yukimasa Ishida
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Bering Sea ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Depth Sensing ◽  
Compass Orientation ◽  
Homing Behavior ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Strong Surface

Four sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), two chum salmon (O. keta), three pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), and four Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) with depth-sensing ultrasonic transmitters were tracked in the central Bering Sea to examine migration in the open sea. Ground speeds of maturing sockeye, chum, and pink salmon were at 0.54–0.66 m/s (0.88–1.17 fork lengths/s). Chinook salmon, probably immature fish, moved more slowly (0.34 m/s). Maturing individuals moved in particular directions and maintained their ground speeds and directions during day and night. The results also suggested that salmon had a compass orientation ability functioning without celestial information. Sockeye, chum, and pink salmon showed strong surface preferences but chinook salmon swam deeper (30–35 m) than did the other species.

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