scholarly journals Summer temperature regimes in southcentral Alaska streams: watershed drivers of variation and potential implications for Pacific salmon

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 702-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Mauger ◽  
Rebecca Shaftel ◽  
Jason C. Leppi ◽  
Daniel J. Rinella
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Southcentral Alaska ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Cook Inlet Basin

Climate is changing fastest in high-latitude regions, focusing our research on understanding rates and drivers of changing temperature regimes in southcentral Alaska streams and implications for salmon populations. We collected continuous water and air temperature data during open-water periods from 2008 to 2012 in 48 nonglacial salmon streams across the Cook Inlet basin spanning a range of watershed characteristics. The most important predictors of maximum temperatures, expressed as mean July temperature, maximum weekly average temperature, and maximum weekly maximum temperature (MWMT), were mean elevation and wetland cover, while thermal sensitivity (slope of the stream–air temperature relationship) was best explained by mean elevation and area. Although maximum stream temperatures varied widely between years and across sites (8.4 to 23.7 °C), MWMT at most sites exceeded established criterion for spawning and incubation (13 °C), above which chronic and sublethal effects become likely, every year of the study, which suggests salmon are already experiencing thermal stress. Projections of MWMT over the next ∼50 years suggest these criteria will be exceeded at more sites and by increasing margins.

scholarly journals Analyses of the Zagreb Grič observatory air temperatures indices for the period 1881 to 2017

2018 ◽  
pp. 67-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ognjen Bonacci ◽  
Tanja Roje Bonacci
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Partial Sums ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Absolute Minimum ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

The paper studies time series of characteristic (minimum, mean, and maximum) daily, monthly, and yearly air temperatures measured at the Zagreb Grič Observatory in the period from 1 Jan. 1881 to 31 Dec. 2017. The following five air temperatures indices (ATI) are analysed: (1) absolute minimum yearly, monthly, and daily; (2) mean yearly, monthly, and daily minimum; (3) average mean yearly, monthly, and daily; (4) mean yearly, monthly, and daily maximum; (5) absolute maximum yearly, monthly, and daily. Methods of Rescaled Adjusted Partial Sums (RAPS), regression and correlation analyses, F-tests, and t-tests are used in order to describe changes in air temperature regimes over 137 years. Using the RAPS method the five analysed yearly ATI time series durations of 137 years were divided into two sub-periods. The analyses made in this paper showed that warming of minimum air temperatures started in 1970, mean air temperatures in 1988, and maximum air temperatures in 1998. Results of t-tests show an extreme statistically significant jump in the average air-temperature values in the second (recent time) sub-periods. Results of the t-tests of monthly temperatures show statistically significant differences between practically all five pairs (except in two cases) of analysed monthly ATI subseries for the period from January to August. From September to December the differences for most of pairs (except in six cases) of the analysed monthly ATI subseries are not statistically significant. It can be concluded that the urban heat island influenced the increase in recent temperatures more strongly than global warming. It seems that urbanisation firstly and chiefly influenced the minimum temperatures, as well as that Zagreb’s urbanisation had a bigger impact on minimum temperatures than on maximums. Increasing trend in time series of maximum temperatures started 20 years later.

Prediction of temperatures in cattle dung for estimating development times of coprophilous organisms

1988 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Matthiessen ◽  
M. J. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Cattle Dung ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Daily Minimum ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Minimum Air Temperature

AbstractIn studies in Western Australia, temperatures in air and one- and two-litre pads of cattle dung set out weekly and ranging from one to 20 days old were measured hourly for 438 days over all seasons, producing 1437 day x dung-pad observations. Daily maximum temperatures (and hence thermal accumulation) in cattle dung pads could not be accurately predicted using meteorological data alone. An accurate predictor of daily maximum dung temperature, using multiple regression analysis, required measurement of the following factors: maximum air temperature, hours of sunshine, rainfall, a seasonal factor (the day number derived from a linear interpolation of day number from day 0 at the winter solstice to day 182 at the preceding and following summer solstices) and a dung-pad age-specific intercept term, giving an equation that explained a 91·4% of the variation in maximum dung temperature. Daily maximum temperature in two-litre dung pads was 0·6°C cooler than in one-litre pads. Daily minimum dung temperature equalled minimum air temperature, and daily minimum dung temperatures occurred at 05.00 h and maximum temperatures at 14.00 h for one-litre and 14.30 h for two-litre pads. Thus, thermal summation in a dung pad above any threshold temperature can be computed using a skewed sine curve fitted to daily minimum air temperature and the calculated maximum dung temperature.

scholarly journals SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF AIR TEMPERATURE IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL BETWEEN 1961-2011

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 635
Author(s):  
Flavia Venturini Rosso ◽  
Nathalie Tissot Boiaski ◽  
Simone Erotildes Teleginski Ferraz
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Characteristic ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
National Production ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Homogeneous Regions

Temperature is one of the most important variables used in climate studies. Changes in its time series can cause various social and political impacts, affecting diverse sectors of society, such as agriculture, for example. Southern Brazil is a region that relies heavily on agriculture, contributing to national production. Therefore, it is important to check the air temperature characteristic, i.e., its spatial pattern in this region. For this, daily data of minimum and maximum temperature of the air of the National Institute of Meteorology were used in the period from 1961 to 2011. The statistical technique of cluster analysis was applied to identify the homogeneous regions of temperature and the boxplot for the characterization of each an. In general, the results showed maximum values of temperatures in the west of Rio Grande do Sul. The regions of minimum temperatures presented a more homogenous pattern, with averages around 15 ºC. The regions of the maximum temperatures showed average values oscillating between 22 ºC and 28 ºC.

scholarly journals Study of the motor transport influence on the thermal regime of the territories adjacent to highways

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 207-219
Author(s):  
A Mulina ◽  
A Pavlуchenko
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Temperature Mode ◽  
Close Relationship

Goal. Investigation of the surface’s temperature of highways of the Dnipro city depending on the type of covering, features of the territory development, locality relief and weather conditions with the subsequent environmental recommendations. Research results. The temperature regimes of the highway, sidewalks, as well as the areas adjacent to the highways of the Dnipro city were assessed. Measurements of surface temperatures on different sections of highways were carried out three times a day: in the morning from 8.00 to 9.00, in the afternoon - from 13.00 to 14.00 and in the evening from 18.00 to 19.00. It is established that in the studied areas the fluctuations of the temperature difference in the morning are: section №1 from 7.7 °С to 13.4°С, section №2 from 13.2 °С to 21.1 °С, section №3 from 8,3 to 16.5 °C. The surface temperature of the asphalt during the day varies in the area №1 from 22.9 ° C to 40.5 ° C, the area №2 from 19.6 ° C to 28.3 °C, the area №3 from 27.3 °C to 37,3 °C. It is established that at increase of air temperature by 3 °С (from 29 °С to 32 °С) the surface of an asphalt covering in open space heats up to 68,5 °С. The surface temperature of the asphalt in the evening differs in the area №1 from 0 °C to 8 °C, the area №2 from 3.5 °C to 4.3 °C, the area №3 from 3.1 °C to 14.5 °C. At an air temperature in the evening 28-30 °С,maximum temperature of the asphalt surface in open space reaches54,2 °С. Scientific novelty. Regularities of change of a temperature mode of a canvas of the highway, sidewalks, and lawns depending on features of construction and gardening of the territory adjacent to highways are established. Practical meaning. The results of the study confirmed the close relationship between the temperature regime and the nature of the construction of the territory, the presence of large areas of open space, as well as the intensity of traffic at intersections. The results of the work can be used to improve the methods of thermal management of territories in the area of highway influence.

scholarly journals Thermal Injuries Caused by Water from Loose Garden Hoses

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2333794X2110312
Author(s):  
Karolína Uhrová ◽  
Pavel Böhm
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Concrete Surface ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Valid Data ◽  
Thermal Injuries

This is a monitoring research, the purpose of which is to point out the danger of scalding with water from loose garden hoses. All the stated data are the result of this research, which occurred during the month of August. To adequately compare the maximum temperature that the water reaches in garden hoses exposed to sunlight, 2 different surfaces were chosen, namely grass and concrete. It has been found that water in garden hoses, which lie in a place exposed to sunlight, is able to reach temperatures at which, in case of contact with human skin, there is a risk of scalding. The results confirmed the assumption that the temperature in the grass will be lower in the hoses than in the concrete surface. At an air temperature of 35°C, the water in the hoses on the grass reached a temperature of up to 47.3°C. On a concrete surface at an air temperature of 28.5°C, the water in the hoses reached 49.8°C. There is a risk of scalding from such hot water contact with the skin, and especially with sensitive baby skin. The aim of this research is to provide valid data on the risk of spilling hyperthermic water in free-lying garden hoses exposed to sunlight. The threat of scalding can occur unknowingly or through negligence, the risk of scalding with such water increases during tropical days significantly.

scholarly journals Analytical Determination of the Brake Temperature Mode During Repetitive Short-Term Braking

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1912
Author(s):  
Aleksander Yevtushenko ◽  
Katarzyna Topczewska ◽  
Michal Kuciej
Keyword(s):  
Friction Pair ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Finite Difference Methods ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Frictional Heat ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Analytical Determination ◽  
Flash Temperature ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The One

An algorithm to determine the maximum temperature of brake systems during repetitive short-term (RST) braking mode has been proposed. For this purpose, the intermittent mode of braking was given in the form of a few cyclic stages consisting of subsequent braking and acceleration processes. Based on the Chichinadze’s hypothesis of temperature summation, the evolutions of the maximum temperature during each cycle were calculated as the sum of the mean temperature on the nominal contact surface of the friction pair elements and temperature attained on the real contact areas (flash temperature). In order to find the first component, the analytical solution to the one-dimensional thermal problem of friction for two semi-spaces taking into account frictional heat generation was adapted. To find the flash temperature, the solution to the problem for the semi-infinite rod sliding with variable velocity against a smooth surface was used. In both solutions, the temperature-dependent coefficient of friction and thermal sensitivity of materials were taken into account. Numerical calculations were carried out for disc and drum brake systems. The obtained temporal variations of sliding velocity, friction power and temperature were investigated on each stage of braking. It was found that the obtained results agree well with the corresponding data established by finite element and finite-difference methods.

THE TEMPERATURES OF SURFACE FIRES IN JACK PINE BARREN: I. THE VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE WITH TIME

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1285-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Smith ◽  
John H. Sparling
Keyword(s):  
Jack Pine ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Surface Fires ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

The temperatures of 18 fires in an open jack pine barren near Timmins, Ontario, have been recorded. The maximum temperature recorded was 545 °C, although in other determinations fire temperatures in excess of 1000 °C were reached. The mean temperature of all fires was 340.6 ± 133.2 °C. Three fires at 230, 345, and 545 °C were considered in detail.The maximum temperature of a fire was normally recorded at heights of 5 cm or 10 cm above the surface. Maximum temperatures of hotter fires usually occurred at greater heights than cooler ones. Duration and the temperature ("intensity") of the fire are important aspects of fire studies.

Calorimetric determination of the effect of additives on cement hydration process

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Šiler ◽  
Josef Krátký ◽  
Iva Kolářová ◽  
Jaromír Havlica ◽  
Jiří Brandštetr
Keyword(s):  
Portland Cement ◽  
Silica Fume ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
Mineral Components ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Furnace Slag ◽  
Calorimetric Determination

AbstractPossibilities of a multicell isoperibolic-semiadiabatic calorimeter application for the measurement of hydration heat and maximum temperature reached in mixtures of various compositions during their setting and early stages of hardening are presented. Measurements were aimed to determine the impact of selected components’ content on the course of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) hydration. The following components were selected for the determination of the hydration behaviour in mixtures: very finely ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), silica fume (microsilica, SF), finely ground quartz sand (FGQ), and calcined bauxite (CB). A commercial polycarboxylate type superplasticizer was also added to the selected mixtures. All maximum temperatures measured for selected mineral components were lower than that reached for cement. The maximum temperature increased with the decreasing amount of components in the mixture for all components except for silica fume. For all components, except for CB, the values of total released heat were higher than those for pure Portland cement samples.

The ecology of immature phases of Trichostrongyle nematodes: II. The effect of climatic factors on the availability of the infective larvae of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis to the host

Parasitology ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 26-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Crofton
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Faecal Pellet ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
High Death ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation

1. Eggs and larvae of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis were used.2. The rate of hatching of eggs was shown to be mainly related to temperature. From November to March, when maximum temperatures were below 50° F., there was no hatching. When maximum temperatures of 50–55° F. occurred eggs hatched on or before the fifteenth day, but never during the first 8 days. Eggs hatched in 8 days or less when maximum temperatures of 60–80° F. occurred.3. When the rate of evaporation in the air was high, eggs still hatched and reached the infective stage, the grass blades reducing the rate of loss of moisture from the faecal pellet. Laboratory experiments show that eggs may not develop to the infective stage if the faecal pellets are on a grassless portion of the pasture. This is most likely to occur when the rate of evaporation is high and the temperature low.4. Hatching may be delayed by cold conditions, but some eggs remain viable for long periods and they hatch when the temperature rises. Eggs passed by the host in the autumn can survive a cold winter and hatch in the spring, but eggs passed during the coldest period die.5. During periods when the maximum temperature never exceeded 55° F., little or no migration of larvae occurred. When temperatures rose above 55° F. the number of larvae migrating increased; but rise of temperature was associated with increase in the rate of evaporation. High rates of evaporation reduced the number of larvae migrating on the grass blades.6. Some infective larvae died soon after exposure on grass plots, but a small number survived long periods. In cold weather some larvae were still alive after 20 weeks. A high death-rate occurred in warm weather. A large proportion of the larvae died during periods in which the rate of evaporation was high; in one of these periods 95% of the larvae were dead at the end of 4 weeks' exposure.7. The number of larvae on grass blades of a pasture was shown to be dependent, at any time, upon the climate at that time, and upon past conditions which had influenced hatching and survival:

scholarly journals Verification of surface minimum, mean, and maximum temperature forecasts in Calabria for summer 2008

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Federico
Keyword(s):  
Forecast Error ◽  
Background Field ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Atmospheric Modeling ◽  
Forecast Skill ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Model Forecast ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Analysis Error ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Since 2005, one-hour temperature forecasts for the Calabria region (southern Italy), modelled by the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), have been issued by CRATI/ISAC-CNR (Consortium for Research and Application of Innovative Technologies/Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences of the National Research Council) and are available online at http://meteo.crati.it/previsioni.html (every six hours). Beginning in June 2008, the horizontal resolution was enhanced to 2.5 km. In the present paper, forecast skill and accuracy are evaluated out to four days for the 2008 summer season (from 6 June to 30 September, 112 runs). For this purpose, gridded high horizontal resolution forecasts of minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures are evaluated against gridded analyses at the same horizontal resolution (2.5 km). Gridded analysis is based on Optimal Interpolation (OI) and uses the RAMS first-day temperature forecast as the background field. Observations from 87 thermometers are used in the analysis system. The analysis error is introduced to quantify the effect of using the RAMS first-day forecast as the background field in the OI analyses and to define the forecast error unambiguously, while spatial interpolation (SI) analysis is considered to quantify the statistics' sensitivity to the verifying analysis and to show the quality of the OI analyses for different background fields. Two case studies, the first one with a low (less than the 10th percentile) root mean square error (RMSE) in the OI analysis, the second with the largest RMSE of the whole period in the OI analysis, are discussed to show the forecast performance under two different conditions. Cumulative statistics are used to quantify forecast errors out to four days. Results show that maximum temperature has the largest RMSE, while minimum and mean temperature errors are similar. For the period considered, the OI analysis RMSEs for minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures vary from 1.8, 1.6, and 2.0 °C, respectively, for the first-day forecast, to 2.0, 1.9, and 2.6 °C, respectively, for the fourth-day forecast. Cumulative statistics are computed using both SI and OI analysis as reference. Although SI statistics likely overestimate the forecast error because they ignore the observational error, the study shows that the difference between OI and SI statistics is less than the analysis error. The forecast skill is compared with that of the persistence forecast. The Anomaly Correlation Coefficient (ACC) shows that the model forecast is useful for all days and parameters considered here, and it is able to capture day-to-day weather variability. The model forecast issued for the fourth day is still better than the first-day forecast of a 24-h persistence forecast, at least for mean and maximum temperature. The impact of using the RAMS first-day forecast as the background field in the OI analysis is quantified by comparing statistics computed with OI and SI analyses. Minimum temperature is more sensitive to the change in the analysis dataset as a consequence of its larger representative error.

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