THE EFFECT OF HEATING, THE PRESENCE OF ANTIOXIDANTS, AND THE LEVEL AND MELTING POINT OF THE FAT COMPONENT ON THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF DIETS AS INDICATED IN RAT FEEDING TESTS

Male white rats were fed baked and unbaked diets containing blended cottonseed oil of two different melting points (45° and 57 °C) with and without antioxidant. The fat was incorporated in the diets at 4 and 16% levels. The relative nutritive value of the diets was measured by growth of rats, digestibility of the diet, and the proportion of fat deposited in the livers and carcasses.The digestibility of the fat decreased as the melting point increased from 45 °C to 57 °C The addition of 0.1% nordihydroguairetic acid to the fat showed no effect on the nutritive value of the diets. Increasing the fat content of the diet from 4 to 16% resulted in a decline in body weight that can be accounted for only on the assumption of poor utilization of fat. Heating the diet lowers its efficiency for rats.

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Mixed Culture Fermentations To Improve Nutritional Value of Corn Meal1

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-51.11.866 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 51 (11) ◽

pp. 866-868

Author(s):

M. L. FIELDS ◽

A. AL-SHOSHAN ◽

Y. POOSIRI

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Mixed Culture ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Mixed Cultures ◽

Corn Meal ◽

One Step ◽

Significant Change ◽

Amino Acid Balance ◽

Relative Nutritive Value

One-step fermentation involving two microorganisms inoculated at the same time and two-step fermentations involving two inoculations of different microbes at different times were used to enrich corn meal. Starch in corn meal was first hydrolyzed by amylases of B. stearothermophilus, E. fibuligera or A. oryzae followed by the growth of C. utilis. The combination of E. fibuligera and C. utilis produced a significant (P<0.05) increase in lysine, methionine, tryptophan. The relative nutritive value (%), which reflected the amino acid balance, increased significantly (P<0.05) with this sequence of microorganisms. Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin increased significantly (P<0.05) when mixed cultures of A. oryzae and E. fibuligera in combination with C. utilis were employed. When E. fibuligera alone was grown, no significant change was observed in thiamin content but significant increases occurred in niacin and riboflavin. A. oryzae by itself produced significant (P<0.05) changes in niacin, riboflavin and thiamin.

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OVIPOSITION AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE RED FLOUR BEETLE AND THE RUSTY GRAIN BEETLE ON GROUND AND BALL-MILLED KERNELS OF VARIOUS CEREAL CULTIVARS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps88-074 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 617-626 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

N. D. G. WHITE ◽

S. R. LOSCHIAVO

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Larval Development ◽

Tribolium Castaneum ◽

Egg Production ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽

Environmental Indices ◽

Relative Nutritive Value

Oviposition and larval development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) were used as criteria of the nutritional value of 28 ground or 29 ball-milled cultivars of two-rowed barley, six-rowed barley, oat, triticale, durum and common wheat for these insects. Oviposition by individual adult T. castaneum, on 28 ground cultivars, was lowest only on Benito wheat and all oat except Terra (hulless). On 29 ball-milled cultivars, Coulter and Medora durum wheat were optimal for egg production while the least number of eggs was produced on Glenlea (wheat), TR 212 and 219 (two-rowed barley), Bonanza and Conquest (six-rowed barley) and all oat. Oviposition by C. ferrugineus on ball-milled cultivars was also optimal on durum wheat and was lowest on all oat. The pattern of egg laying for both species over three 4-d periods varied with the payability and texture of the ground and ball-milled cultivars. Rate of larval development for T. castaneum on three ball-milled oat and three durum wheat cultivars was slower on oat than on durum wheat and C. ferrugineus larvae rarely survived on oat; there were no significant differences among the cultivars of a crop. Environmental indices based on time to pupation and oviposition indicated the relative nutritive value of the various cereals and cultivars to both insect species.Key words: Oviposition, development, Ball-milled, Cereal, Tribolium castaneum, Cryptolestes ferrugineus

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Yield and nutritive value of hay from five tropical grasses at three harvesting intervals

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v72i1.6840 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 109-118

Author(s):

Angel V. Méndez-Cruz ◽

Víctor Siberio-Torres ◽

John Fernández-Van Cleve ◽

Eleanor Fontanet ◽

Gumersindo Ramírez-Oliveras

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Tropical Grasses ◽

Voluntary Intake ◽

Cynodon Nlemfuensis ◽

Harvesting Intervals ◽

Relative Nutritive Value

Five tropical grasses, Cynodon dactylon (coastcross), Cynodon nlemfuensis (star grass), Cynodon plectostachyus (callie), Digitaria pentzii (slenderstem), and Panicum maximum (guinea) PRPI 12917, were plan fed for hay production on a Vertisol soil with irrigation in the Lajas valley. On the basis of all factors studied, guinea, star grass and slenderstem, harvested at 45-day intervals (DI), are the best for hay production under adequate irrigation and fertilizer use in Vertisol soils in the southern coast of Puerto Rico. The forages were harvested at 35-, 45- and 55 DI. The highest yields of hay were obtained from guinea at 35- and 45 (2069 and 2901 kg/ha, respectively), and from slenderstem at the 55-DI (3397 Icg/ha). The highest crude protein content was obtained with star grass at the 35-DI (18.6%) and with callie at 45- and 55-DI (14.0% and 11.5%, respectively). Crude protein yield at 35-DI was highest for star grass (356 kg/ha). At 45- and 55-DI slenderstem was higher (363 and 384 kg/ha, respectively). The highest digestion coefficients (DC) at the 45- and 55-DI were obtained with guinea (63.0 and 59.0, respectively), although not significantly different (P>0.05) from those of slenderstem and coastcross. At a 35-DI, coastcross averaged the highest DC (64.3%). The highest voluntary intake at the 35-DI was observed with coastcross (2.8% of body weight daily), but not more (P>0.05) than with slenderstem or star grass. At the 45- and 55-DI, the highest voluntary intake was observed with star grass and guinea (2.4% and 2.3% of body weight daily, respectively). The highest relative nutritive value (digestibility X voluntary intake) was obtained with coastcross (181) at the 35-DI and with guinea at the 45- and 55-DI (1.51 and 1.36, respectively).

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FURTHER STUDY OF THE USEFULNESS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHORTENING WHEN INCORPORATED IN BISCUITS AT VARIOUS LEVELS AND WITH DIFFERENT BAKING TEMPERATURES

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr46f-019 ◽

1946 ◽

Vol 24f (3) ◽

pp. 157-167

Author(s):

E. W. Crampton ◽

Margaret Frances Mills

Keyword(s):

Protein Fraction ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Milk Powder ◽

The Other ◽

Bone Meal ◽

Heat Damage ◽

White Rats ◽

Different Types ◽

Fat Level ◽

Relative Nutritive Value

One hundred and ninety-two 30-day-old male white rats were fed diets containing four different types of shortening (compound animal-vegetable, blended vegetable, hydrogenated vegetable, and lard) incorporated at 0, 8, 16, and 24% levels by weight and baked at 375° and 425° F. Diets were mixtures of flour, milk powder, shortening, salt, and bone meal with supplementary allowances of vitamins A, D, and B1. The proportion of ingredients was adjusted to maintain protein at 16% by weight. The relative nutritive value of the diets was measured by growth of rats, digestibility of the diet, and the proportion of fat deposited in the livers and carcasses.Gains decreased with increasing fat level, apparently owing to a reduction of the proportion of protein to non-protein calories from the replacement of carbohydrate by fat.Digestibility of the fat component was unaffected by baking temperatures or level of fat in the ration. Lard was slightly more digestible than the other types which included vegetable fats. Rats fed diets baked at 425° F. made slower gains than those on the diets baked at 375° F. This was not traceable primarily to heat damage to the fat but more probably to some effect on the protein fraction.

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Резекция печени изменяет механизмы выведения аммиака почками крыс с хроническим тетрахлорметановым гепатитом

ZHurnal «Patologicheskaia fiziologiia i eksperimental`naia terapiia» ◽

10.25557/0031-2991.2018.03.72-79 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 72-79

Author(s):

П.Н. Савилов ◽

Д.В. Молчанов

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Toxic Hepatitis ◽

Ammonia Excretion ◽

Left Lobe ◽

Free Form ◽

Sham Operation ◽

White Rats ◽

Urea Reabsorption ◽

Ambiguous Effect ◽

Collecting Tubules

Цель исследования - изучение влияния резекции печени (РП) на аммиакэкскретирующую функцию почек при хроническом тетрахлорметановом гепатите. Методика. Опыты выполнены на 265 беспородных белых крысах (самках) массой 180-220 г. Хронический гепатит воспроизводили подкожным введением 50% раствора тетрахлорметана (CCl) на оливковом масле (0,1 мл/100 г массы тела, через сутки, c двумя двухнедельными перерывами между 6, 7 и 13-14 инъекциями). На 65-е сут. (последние) введения тетрахлорметана, удаляли часть левой доли печени (15-20% массы органа). На 3-и, 7-е и 14-е сут. после РП или лапаротомии («ложнооперированные» животные) в почках, артериальной и венозной крови, моче исследовали содержание аммиака, глутамина и мочевины. Результаты. Прогрессирование эндогенной аммиачной интоксикации после РП на фоне тетрахлорметанового гепатита сопровождается повышенной экскрецией аммиака почками. Однако это не устраняет артериальную гипераммониемию и не предотвращает накопление почками аммиака. Инкреция глютамина из почек в кровоток прекращается. К 14-м сут. послеоперационного периода возрастает потребление глютамина из артериальной крови, что приводит к его накоплению в почках. Стимулируя выведение мочевины из организма с мочой, РП одновременно активирует её образование в почках, с дальнейшим поступлением как в кровоток, так и в мочу. В зависимости от сроков послеоперационного периода это сопровождается изменением скорости реабсорбции мочевины в почках. Заключение. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют, что при РП на фоне тетрахлорметанового гепатита почки не предотвращают прогрессирование эндогенной аммиачной интоксикации, патологическое накопление аммиака и глутамина её клетками, но сохраняют способность принимать участие в регуляции повышенного содержания мочевины в артериальной крови. Mechanical (resection) or toxic (hepatitis) liver damage alone has an ambiguous effect on renal ammonia excretion during development of endogenous ammonia intoxication. The aim. The study investigated the effect of liver resection (LR) on renal ammonia excretion in chronic tetrachlorocarbon (CCl)-induced hepatitis. Methods. Experiments were conducted on 240 mongrel white rats (females) weighing 180-220 g. Chronic hepatitis was induced by subcutaneous injection of 50% solution of carbon tetrachloride (CCl) in olive oil (0.1 ml/100g body weight per day with two two-week breaks between injections 6-7 and 13-14). LR with removal of a part of the left lobe (15-20% of body weight) was performed on the 65th (last) day of CCl injections. The animals were examined on the 3rd, 7th and 14th day after LR or laparotomy (sham operation). Contents of ammonia (AM), glutamine (GN), and urea were measured in the kidney, arterial (AB) and venous ( v.renlis ) blood, and urine. Results. Progression of endogenous ammonia intoxication after LR associated with CCl-induced hepatitis and increased renal excretion of Am involves three mechanisms: 1) excretion of Am that is delivered to kidneys in the free form with AB; 2) stimulation of renal tubule secretion of Am that had formed in kidneys by deamidation of «arterial» Gn; and 3) contrary to rules, partial reabsorption of Am from collecting tubules into the blood. However, this does not eliminate arterial hyperammonemia or prevent accumulation of Am in kidneys. The stimulatory effect of LR in CCl-induced hepatitis on Gn incretion from kidneys to the circulation stops by the 14 day after surgery, and the accompanying increased consumption of Gn from AВ results in Gn accumulation in kidneys. LR stimulates urea excretion with urine and simultaneously activates kidney formation of urea, which further enters the bloodstream and urine. Depending on the postoperative period this is associated with changes in the rate of urea reabsorption in kidneys. Conclusions. In RP associated with CCl-induced hepatitis, kidneys cannot prevent progression of endogenous ammonia intoxication and pathological accumulation of ammonia and glutamine in kidney cells but retain the ability to participate in the regulation of the increased urea level in AB.

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Predictions of Current Attachment at Thermionic Cathode for TIG Arcs

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.319 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 580-582 ◽

pp. 319-322 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Manabu Tanaka ◽

Kentaro Yamamoto ◽

Tashiro Shinichi ◽

John J. Lowke

Keyword(s):

Melting Point ◽

Work Function ◽

Atmospheric Pressure ◽

The Other ◽

Numerical Calculations ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Arc Plasma ◽

Melting Points ◽

Thermionic Cathode ◽

Uniform Current

Study of current attachment at thermionic cathode for TIG arc at atmospheric pressure is attempted from numerical calculations of arc-electrodes unified model. The calculations show that the maximum temperature of arc plasma close to the cathode tip for W-2% ThO2 reaches 19,000 K and it is the highest value in comparison with the other temperatures for W-2% La2O3 and W-2% CeO2, because the current attachment at the cathode tip is constricted by a centralized limitation of liquid area of ThO2 due to its higher melting point. The calculations also show that, in cases of W- 2% La2O3 and W-2% CeO2, the liquid areas of La2O3 and Ce2O3 are widely expanded at the cathode tip due to their lower melting points and then produce uniform current attachments at the cathode. It is concluded that the current attachment at thermionic cathode is strongly dependent on work function, melting point and Richardson constant of emitter materials.

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The absorption of stearic acid from triacylglycerols: an inquiry and analysis

Nutrition Research Reviews ◽

10.1079/095442200108729061 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 185-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Geoffrey Livesey

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Melting Point ◽

Cocoa Butter ◽

Stearic Acid ◽

Short Chain ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Long Chain ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

AbstractAlthough stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid, its influence on plasma cholesterol acid other health variables is neutral; possibly owing in part to poor absorption. Reduced absorption of stearic acid from particular triacylglycerols, cocoa butter and novel fats formulated with short- and long-chain acid triacylglycerol molecules (Salatrims) has been attributed to high intakes. However, the circumstances and causes of poor stearic acid digestion from triacylglycerols are unclear; published data were therefore collected and analysed, with emphasis on human studies. Of twenty-eight studies conducted in adults, most are in men (>90%). The assertion that reduced absorption is due to a high intake of stearoyl groups is not supported: dietary intakes of stearoyl of 0·05–0·65 g stearic acid equivalent/kg body weight (cf typical intake of 0·2 g stearic acid equivalent/kg body weight in the Western diet) indicate that the ‘true’ digestibility of stearoyl is 0·98 (SE 0·01) g/g, with apparent digestibility less than this value at low intakes owing to endogenous stearic acid excretion and to inter-publication variation of unidentified cause. The neutral health impact of stearic acid must be due to factors other than availability. Exceptions include cocoa butter, Salatrims and tristearin, for which digestibility is an additional factor. The efficiency with which human subjects digest stearoyl from cocoa butter still remains uncertain, while the digestion of total long-chain fat from this source is 0·89–0·95 g/g, high in comparison with 0·33 g/g for Salatrim 23CA and 0·15 g/g for tristearin in their prepared states. Salatrims contain the highest proportion of long-chain fatty acids that are stearic acid-rich other than tristearin, which is the main component of fully-hydrogenated soyabean and rapeseed oil. Analysis shows that apparent digestibility of stearic acid is associated with stearoyl density within the triacylglycerol molecule and that, in Salatrims, the occurrence of short-chain fatty acids in place of long-chain fatty acids increases this density. Soap formation appears not to be a major factor in the reduced digestion of stearic acid from tristearin under regular dietary circumstances, but both microcrystallinity and reduced digestibility of tri-, di- and monostearoylglycerols appears to be important. Solubilisation of high-melting-point tristearin in low-melting-point oils improves the digestibility of its stearic acid, particularly when emulsified or liquidized at above melting point. However, without such artificial aids, the digestive tracts of the rat, dog and man have a low capacity for emulsifying and digesting stearic acid from tristearin. Reduced digestibility of stearic acid from Salatrim 23CA also appears to be attributable to reduced digestibility of di- and monostearoylglycerols and is particularly due to remnants with the 1- or 3-stearoylglycerol intact after initial hydrolytic cleavage. Short-chain organic acid in Salatrim 23CA, which is readily hydrolysed, leaves such remnants. Unlike tristearin, Salatrim 23CA melts at body temperature and mixing it with low-melting-point oils is not expected to cause further disruption of microcrystalline structures to aid digestibility of its stearoyl groups. The low digestibility of stearoyl in Salatrim 23CA, together with the occurrence of short-chain organic acids in this product, account for its relatively low nutritional energy value (about 20 kJ (5 kcal)/g) compared with traditional fats (37 kJ (9 kcal)/g) and low fat value (<20:37 kJ/kJ; <5:9 kcal/kcal) relative to traditional fats. In part these differences are because of minor effects of Salatrim 23CA on the excretion of other fat and protein, due to the bulking properties of this poorly-digestible fat.

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Regulation of plasma leptin in mice: influence of age, high-fat diet, and fasting

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.1.r113 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 273 (1) ◽

pp. R113-R120 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

B. Ahren ◽

S. Mansson ◽

R. L. Gingerich ◽

P. J. Havel

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Dietary Fat ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

Plasma Insulin ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Age Groups ◽

Fat Content ◽

High Fat ◽

Background Strain ◽

Plasma Leptin

Mechanisms regulating circulating leptin are incompletely understood. We developed a radioimmunoassay for mouse leptin to examine the influence of age, dietary fat content, and fasting on plasma concentrations of leptin in the background strain for the ob/ob mouse, the C57BL/6J mouse. Plasma leptin increased with age [5.3 +/- 0.6 ng/ml at 2 mo (n = 23) vs. 14.2 +/- 1.6 ng/ml at 11 mo (n = 15), P < 0.001]. Across all age groups (2-11 mo, n = 160), log plasma leptin correlated with body weight (r = 0.68, P < 0.0001), plasma insulin (r = 0.38, P < 0.001), and amount of intra-abdominal fat (r = 0.90, P < 0.001), as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging. Plasma leptin was increased by a high-fat diet (58% fat for 10 mo) and reduced by fasting for 48 h. The reduction of plasma leptin was correlated with the reduction of plasma insulin (r = 0.43, P = 0.012) but not with the initial body weight or the change in body weight. Moreover, the reduction in plasma leptin by fasting was impaired by high-fat diet. Thus plasma leptin in C57BL/6J mice 1) increases with age or a high-fat diet; 2) correlates with body weight, fat content, and plasma insulin; and 3) is reduced during fasting by an action inhibited by high-fat diet and related to changes of plasma insulin.

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