Chemical Changes During the Seasonal Cycle of Growth and Decay in Eelgrass (Zostera marina) on the Atlantic Coast of Canada

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Harrison ◽  
K. H. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Determination ◽  
Soluble Organic Fraction ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
True Protein

In a submerged bed of eelgrass, newly formed leaves in winter and spring had their maximum levels of total organic matter (90% of dry weight), soluble organic fraction (45%), carbon (42%), and nitrogen (4.8%). These components all decreased as the leaves matured, aged, and died. Soon after death, a leaf had only 70% total organic matter, 28% soluble organic matter, 30% carbon, and 1.5% nitrogen. Intact dead leaves showed little further change in chemical composition. The commonly used crude protein determination (6.25 × nitrogen content) overestimated true protein by up to 180%. The carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) was an unreliable index of the nutritional value of the plant. Two growth forms were present, most probably in response to wave action and substrate composition. Daylength, not temperature, most probably controls the seasonal cycle of growth.

scholarly journals Prediction of bovine milk true protein content by mid-infrared spectroscopy

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1472-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Garcia Botaro ◽  
Cristina Simões Cortinhas ◽  
Lucinéia Mestieri ◽  
Paulo Fernando Machado ◽  
Marcos Veiga dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Protein Determination ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Kjeldahl Method ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
One Year ◽  
True Protein

The aim of this study was to estimate the concentration of milk true protein (TP) by mid-infrared absorbance method (MIR) in samples from bulk tank of dairy herds, and to determine the correlation between the results of TP of milk determined by Kjeldahl and MIR. Forty nine dairy herds were selected (17 Holstein, 6 Jersey and 26 Girolando) for monthly collections of samples from bulk tanks during the period of one year (284 samples). Fat, lactose, crude protein and total solids were firstly determined by MIR, and then analyzed for total and true protein by Kjeldahl method. The regression equation to estimate TP contents based on MIR crude protein determination was as follows: TP=0.0021+(1.0104xCP), where: TP is the content of true protein, CP is the crude protein content determined by the MIR method, and 0.0155 is the model error term.

A note on the influence of a supplement of barley and dried lucerne on the intake of barley straw by cattle

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. J. Horton ◽  
W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Total Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Concentrate Level

SUMMARYSix castrated male cattle of 350 kg live weight were used in an incomplete Latin square design to measure intake and digestibility of barley straw offered ad libitum alone and with 5 levels, 1·5 to 7·5 kg/day, of a barley and dried lucerne concentrate. Straw intake declined and total organic-matter intake increased linearly with increasing concentrate level. On average 1 kg additional organic matter as concentrate, increased total organic-matter intake by 0·68 kg. There was no evidence that the crude protein content of the whole diet affected straw consumption.

scholarly journals KUALITAS KIMIA DAN KANDUNGAN KLOROFIL TANAMAN ALFALFA (Medicago sativa L.) DENGAN LAMA PENYINARAN DAN DOSIS DOLOMIT YANG BERBEDA PADA TANAH REGOSOL

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermanto Hermanto ◽  
Bambang Suwignyo Bambang Suwignyo ◽  
Nafiatul Nafiatul
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Fresh Weight

This study aimed to analyze the quality of chemical and chlorophyll content of alfalfa plants with lenght of irradiation and dose of dolomite on the regosol soil. The experiment was conducted implemented in Greenhouse Laboratory Forage and Pasture Faculty of Animal Sciences University of Gadjah Mada, from May to September 2015. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) 3 x 3 factorial design with two factors treatments and four replications. The first factor is the dose of dolomite (D) with 3 treatment (D0 = without dolomite, D1 = dolomite 6 t/hectare or 90 g/polybag and D2= dolomite 12 t/hectare or 180 g/polybag). The second factor is the length of irradiation (C) with 3 treatments (C0 = irradiating 12 hours, C1 = irradiating 14 hours and C2 = irradiating 16 hours). Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and significant results continued with Duncan test at 5% level.Parameters measured were the proximate analysis (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, ash) and alfalfa chlorophyll content. The results showed that there was no significant interaction effect between lenght of irradiation and dose of dolomite treatment to the dry matter content, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, ash and alfalfa chlorophyll content. The treatment lenght of irradiation are significant (P<0,05) of the organic matter content and ash content of alfalfa. Dose of dolomite treatment was not significant on all parameters of the study. The results showed that the treatment and dosage of radiation are dolomite not significant on the production of plant fresh weight, dry weight of plants, dry matter content, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, ash and content alfalfa chlorophyll. No interaction between treatment and dosage of radiation are dolomite which significantly affect production plant fresh weight, dry weight of plants, dry matter content, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, ash and alfalfa chlorophyll content. (Keywords: Alfalfa, lenght of irradiation, dolomite,  regosol soil)

scholarly journals Effect of organic farming on selected raw cow milk components and properties

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
Ivana Cermanová ◽  
Oto Hanuš ◽  
Petr Roubal ◽  
Marcela Vyletělová ◽  
Václava Genčurová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Milk Fermentation ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Enzymatic Coagulation

Organic dairying is an alternative for friendly exploitation of environment. This paper was focused on impacts of organic dairying on milk composition and properties. The conventional (C) cow milk was compared to organic (O) milk. Holstein bulk milk samples (BMSs) from winter and summer season in 4 C and 4 O (n = 32 and 32 BMSs; 2 years) herds were investigated. 6 herds were grazed and 2 C herds were not grazed. Mean O cow milk yield (MY, 305 lactation days) was 7037.3 ± 421.5 and C MY 7015.8 ± 1068.1 kg. Higher values (P < 0.05) in O milk had: log acetone (0.7321 > 0.6048); titration acidity (8.34 > 7.82 ml 0.25 mol.l−1 NaOH); alcohol stability (0.6 > 0.44 ml); time for enzymatic coagulation (150.75 > 115.03 second); whey protein (0.54 > 0.49%); fat/crude protein (1.2 > 1.15); milk fermentation ability (FAM) by titration (31.45 > 22.18 ml 0.25 mol.l−1 NaOH). Lower values (P < 0.05) in O milk had: solids–not–fat (8.64 < 8.73%); urea content (19.91 < 29.03 mg.100ml−1); electrical conductivity (3.66 < 4.08 mS.cm−1); whey volume (32.03 < 34.53 ml); crude protein (3.16 < 3.25%); casein (2.47 < 2.58%); non–protein nitrogen compounds (0.15 < 0.18%); urea nitrogen in non-protein nitrogen ratio (40.81 < 49.0%); casein numbers for crude protein and true protein (78.12 < 79.58 and 81.99 < 84.11%); coli bacteria count in normal and logarithm form (330.56 < 1502.92 CFU.ml−1 and 1.484 < 2.5823); actual yoghurt acidity (4.71 < 4.8). O cows suffered probably from lower energy and nitrogen compounds intake due to feeding under mentioned conditions. O milk could be a little better environment for yoghurt cultivation.

scholarly journals Fungal Biomass Protein Production fromTrichoderma harzianumUsing Rice Polishing

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibtain Ahmed ◽  
Ghulam Mustafa ◽  
Muhammad Arshad ◽  
Muhammad Ibrahim Rajoka
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Practical Implications

Industrially important enzymes and microbial biomass proteins have been produced from fungi for more than 50 years. High levels of crude protein as much as 45% are present in fungal biomass with balanced essential amino acids. The aim of this study was to access the potential ofTrichoderma harzianumto produce fungal biomass protein from rice polishings. Maximum biomass yield was obtained at 5% (w/v) rice polishings after 72 h of incubation at 28°C at pH 4. Carbon and nitrogen ratio of 20 : 1 gave significantly higher production of fungal biomass protein. The FBP in the 75 L fermenter contained 49.50% crude protein, 32.00% true protein, 19.45% crude fiber, 9.62% ash, 11.5% cellulose content, and 0.325% RNA content. The profile of amino acids of final FBP exhibited that all essential amino acids were present in great quantities. The FBP produced by this fungus has been shown to be of good nutritional value for supplementation to poultry. The results presented in this study have practical implications in that the fungusT. harzianumcould be used successfully to produce fungal biomass protein using rice polishings.

Protein-energy relationships in the digestion products of sheep fed on herbage diets differing in digestibility and nitrogen concentration

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Egan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Unit Energy ◽  
True Protein

The digestion of organic matter and nitrogen in 17 herbages was studied in sheep fitted with duodenal re-entrant cannulas. Each herbage was in chopped form, and was given at levels close to ad libitum but offered at an even rate hourly by automatic feeder. Diets ranged from 0.4 to 5.1% nitrogen and from 49 to 79% digestibility of organic matter (OM). At the levels of intake achieved, the apparent digestibility of OM in the stomachs ranged from 28 to 45%; between 54 and 72% of the apparently digested OM disappeared before the duodenum. Though the percentage of the digestible OM digested across the stomachs tended to increase with decreasing overall digestibility, the relationship was poor (r² = 0.25). Of the OM apparently digested between duodenum and faeces, 5ndash;40% could be accounted for as crude protein. Non-protein OM digested in the intestines contributed about 25% of total apparently digested OM. The nitrogen intakes extended over a range of 1.8–57.1 g/day, and the apparent digestibility of nitrogen rose from negative values to 84% with increasing nitrogen intake. Small gains (1–3 g) in nitrogen at the lower end and substantial losses of up to 40% of nitrogen at the upper end of the dietary range resulted in yields of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) of 2.4–32 g/day at the duodenum, of which 75–80% was accounted for as α--amino nitrogen. Crude protein yielded at the duodenum ranged from 10.3 to 42.5 g/100 g OM apparently digested across the stomachs. Metabolic faecal nitrogen losses were estimated at 0.65 g/100 g OM entering the duodenum of which 0.60 g was estimated to arise in the intestines. Over all diets the estimated mean true digestibility of NAN entering the intestines was 84%. Crude protein truly digested in the intestine contributed 5.6–21.2 g of each 100 g OM apparently digested, or an estimated 5.3–20 g of each 100 g OM truly digested. This would have provided from c. 7% to c. 24% of digestible energy as protein, or 14–45 g truly digestible true protein/Mcal metabolizable energy (ME) to the animal. While a 12-fold range of dietary crude protein concentration was condensed to a fourfold range of protein concentration in the OM digested by the animal, it is suggested that diets 1–13 still provide insufficient protein per unit energy to meet requirements for normal lamb growth even if adequate ME intake could be achieved, and that diets 1–8 would not provide adequate protein for maintenance. The protein yield as grams truly digested true protein per Mcal ME (P) was related to the dietary nitrogen concentration, expressed as grams per 100 g digestible OM (N), by the equation P = 11.50 + 4.58N (?3.19; r² = 0.88) However, despite the high correlation, prediction on this basis would not separate diets in the mid-range of nitrogen concentration (i.e. 3.0 g N/100 g digestible OM) which provided, in terms of eventual protein yield per unit energy, 19–42 g truly digestible true protein per Mcal ME (or roughly 11–22% of calories).

Studies On Browse Plants in Ghana II. Digestibility, (d) Digestibility Of Grewia Carpinifolia From The Accra Plains, Using Local Cattle As Experimental Animals

1966 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
G. L. Mabey ◽  
R. Rose Innes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Accra Plains

SummaryDigestibility of the palatable indigenous shrub Grewia carpinifolia was investigated. Digestion coefficients (%) were—organic matter 70, dry matter 70, crude protein 78, crude fibre 54, nitrogenfree extract 81, ether extract 13 and ash 52. Calculated nutritive values were—starch equivalent 27.3 and digestible crude protein 5.0, giving a nutritive ratio of about 1 : 5. The material used was moderately young.

The intake and production of lactating Merino ewes and their lambs grazed at different stocking rates

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Langlands
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Total Organic Matter ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Stocking Rates

Grass and milk consumption and liveweight changes of lambs grazed at stocking rates ranging from 9 to 35 sheep/ha were measured during a 105 day lactation. Grass consumption and wool production of their mothers and of similar ewes without lambs were also determined. The forage and total organic matter intakes of the lamb increased with time while milk consumption declined; all three variables were negatively correlated with stocking rate. The intake of the ewe and its liveweight gain were not sensitive to increasing stocking rate, but wool production declined at higher stocking rates. The maintenance requirement of the ewes was estimated to be 218 kJ metabolizable energy/kg liveweight, and the efficiency with which metabolizable energy was utilized for milk production was 66%. Lactation increased the intake of the ewe but reduced its wool production.

A study on the steady state of total organic matter in the Ocean

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 354-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chikayoshi Matsudaira ◽  
Keinosuke Motohashi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Total Organic Matter
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