A Revised Classification of Lakes Based on Mixing

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1779-1787 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Lewis Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Lakes ◽  
Tropical Lakes ◽  
Complex Treatment ◽  
Meromictic Lakes ◽  
Conceptual Foundation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cold Lakes ◽  
Original Classification ◽  
Existing Data

Deficiencies in the Hutchinson–Löffler classification of lakes based on mixing are reviewed and organized under the following headings: (1) exclusion of shallow lakes, (2) unsatisfactory relationship between meromixis and the six basic lake types, (3) excessively complex treatment of tropical lakes, and (4) difficulties in classification of cold lakes due to the 4 °C boundary on cold monomixis. A revision remedies these deficiencies with minimal changes in terminology and conceptual foundation of the original classification. The revision incorporates the following features: (1) the meromixis/holomixis dichotomy is combined with the six lake types based on seasonal mixing in such a way that the two systems are hierarchical and universal; meromictic lakes are assigned to a seasonal type on the basis of the behavior of the upper water column, (2) oligomixis is eliminated, (3) shallow lakes are brought under the classification by definition of four polymictic types based on ice cover and frequency of mixing. Dependence of the eight mixing types of the revised classification on latitude, elevation, and depth is estimated from existing data, and examples are given of each type.

scholarly journals The mechanism for managing the development of city-forming organizations

2017 ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
N. A. Kharitonova ◽  
K. B. Kunanbayeva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
Governance Mechanism ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Original Classification

The study goal is to develop methodological foundations for the formation of governance mechanism of the development of city-forming organizations, which should contribute to their sustainable functioning, as well as the social and economic development of dominated by a single employer or industry municipal entities.The article explores the main approaches to the definition of the mechanism for managing the development of an economic entity. It concluded that there is no formalized mechanism for managing the development of city-forming organizations. The definition of the phenomenon under study is done. It identifies complementary properties that the mechanism for managing the development of city-forming organizations should possess. The principles of its functioning are expanded.The stages of governance mechanism for managing were proposed. The main procedures that require periodic execution are identified. An approach to systematize development strategies is based on the author's original classification of city-forming organizations. The developed algorithm for the formation of a mechanism for managing the development of city-forming organizations is aimed at extending the practical possibilities of using management tools for improving the efficiency of specific economic entities and the municipal economy as a whole.

scholarly journals Definition and Classification of Bioceramic Endodontic Sealers

Folia Medica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 901-904
Author(s):  
Kostadin Zhekov ◽  
Vesela P. Stefanova
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Silicate ◽  
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate ◽  
New Classification ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Composition Properties ◽  
Endodontic Sealers ◽  
Original Classification

Introduction: The term “bioceramic” is used in endodontics to describe various products and is often used in general terms for mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and other hydroscopic dental cements (HDC), which creates confusion in the terminology. Aim: The aim of the study is to present a definition and an original classification of bioceramic endodontic sealers. Materials and methods: A total of 123 articles were found by the PubMed search engine using the key phrase “bioceramic endodontic sealers”. Of these 123 articles, we analyzed 20 articles that contain information about the composition, properties, definition, and classification of bioceramic endodontic sealers. Results: In accordance with the collected data on the composition and the delivery form of calcium silicate endodontic sealers, we propose a new definition of bioceramic endodontic sealers that clarifies the specificities of these materials. In the new classification they are divided by two criteria: source of calcium silicate and form of delivery. It also contains the particular products’ names in order to aid their usage in the clinical practice.  Conclusions: The new definition of bioceramic endodontic sealers clears out the confusion in the terminology, which promotes the classification of these products and helps understanding their clinical application.

scholarly journals Main directions of conceptualization of virtual social networks within the modern social science and the humanities

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
Dmitry Rudenkin
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Conceptual Foundation ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Original Classification ◽  
Holistic Representation

This article carries a theoretical-methodological character. The key goal consists in the revision of theoretical-methodological approaches f social science and the humanities towards analyzing virtual social networks. The author notes that currently within social science and the humanities has formed a strong contradiction between the growing relevance of studying virtual social networks and the absence of viable conceptual foundation for conducting such studies. An attempt is made to overcome such contradiction by referring to the analysis of established vectors of research of the virtual social networks for the purpose of systematization of inherent to them substantive peculiarities. Methodologically, the article is based on the analysis of most cited and resonant theoretical works dedicated to examination of the virtual social networks, published in Russian and foreign sources prior to writing this article. The author concludes that at least four main directions can be determined in the context of relevant research on virtual social networks: socio-philosophical, socio-psychological, communicative, and utilitarian. Despite the fact that these directions do not contradict each other, they suggest different perspective of studying the virtual social networks; therefore, it is difficult to build a holistic representation on the essence of such networks. The scientific novelty of this work is defined by a rare attempt to systematize the relevant scientific approaches towards analyzing the virtual social networks, and proposal of the original classification of such approaches that has not been previously described in the scientific literature.

scholarly journals Approximation and metaphor in Italian nominative strategy

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Process ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Pragmatic Information ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Fuzzy Description ◽  
Semantic Properties ◽  
Original Classification

This article analyses nominative strategies in the Italian language and deals with miscellaneous cases which cannot be described in terms of direct nomination. In particular, I consider approximation and metaphor as two complementary means used by the speaker to characterize the concept. Approximation and metaphor are semantic categories with a specific system of rules. According to their specific semantic properties, approximatives “stretch” the semantic field of a concept so that it can be applied to different situations, leading to a fuzzy description of the situation; metaphors, on the contrary, clearly identify some aspects of a fuzzy situation so that it can become more comprehensible for the listener. Both approximative and metaphorical operators are used for redefining a concept and for changing its range of applicability. In this article is given a definition of approximatives and metaphors and then a description of their semantic properties, including the pragmatic information they convey. I also give an original classification of approximatives, dividing them in two different groups – graduating and boundary approximatives. Both approximative and metaphorical operators allow speakers to convey their subjective relationship to the described situation: this article analyses the different kind of the speaker’s assessment on the base of the selected operator, approximative rather than metaphor. Approximative and metaphorical cases differ very much depending on the linguistic local culture: in Ukraine, English, Russian and Italian we have different systems of approximatives or metaphors and they convey different meanings. The article also provides a detailed illustration of the assessment process of metaphors related to food in Italian linguistic culture.

scholarly journals Defining chronic conditions for primary care with ICPC-2

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie O'Halloran ◽  
Graeme C Miller ◽  
Helena Britt
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
General Practice ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Baseline Measure ◽  
Population Prevalence ◽  
Australian General Practice ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Existing Data

Abstract Background. With the increasing prevalence of chronic conditions, there is need for a standardized definition of chronicity for use in research, to evaluate the population prevalence and general practice management of chronic conditions. Objectives. Our aims were to determine the characteristics required to define chronicity, apply them to a primary care classification and provide a defined codeset of chronic conditions. Methods. A literature review evaluated characteristics used to define chronic conditions. The final set of characteristics was applied to the International Classification of Primary Care-Version 2 (ICPC-2) through more specific terms available in ICPC-2 PLUS, an extended terminology classified to ICPC-2. A set of ICPC-2 rubrics was delineated as representing chronic conditions. Results. Factors found to be relevant to a definition of chronic conditions for research were: duration; prognosis; pattern; and sequelae. Within ICPC-2, 129 rubrics were described as ‘chronic’, and another 20 rubrics had elements of chronicity. Duration was the criterion most frequently satisfied (98.4% of chronic rubrics), while 88.2% of rubrics met at least three of the four criteria. Conclusion. Monitoring the prevalence and management of chronic conditions is of increasing importance. This study provided evidence for multifaceted definitions of chronicity. While all characteristics examined could be used by those interested in chronicity, the list has been designed to identify chronic conditions managed in Australian general practice, and is therefore not a nomenclature of all chronic conditions. Subsequent analysis of chronic conditions using pre-existing data sets will provide a baseline measure of chronic condition prevalence and management in general practice.

Development and Evaluation of Fuzzy Criteria for the Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (04/05) ◽  
pp. 334-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-P. Adlassnig ◽  
G. Kolarz ◽  
H. Leitich
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
American Rheumatism Association ◽  
Uniform Definition ◽  
Sensitivity Rate ◽  
Fuzzy Techniques ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Specificity Rate

Abstract:In 1987, the American Rheumatism Association issued a set of criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to provide a uniform definition of RA patients. Fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic were used to transform this set of criteria into a diagnostic tool that offers diagnoses at different levels of confidence: a definite level, which was consistent with the original criteria definition, as well as several possible and superdefinite levels. Two fuzzy models and a reference model which provided results at a definite level only were applied to 292 clinical cases from a hospital for rheumatic diseases. At the definite level, all models yielded a sensitivity rate of 72.6% and a specificity rate of 87.0%. Sensitivity and specificity rates at the possible levels ranged from 73.3% to 85.6% and from 83.6% to 87.0%. At the superdefinite levels, sensitivity rates ranged from 39.0% to 63.7% and specificity rates from 90.4% to 95.2%. Fuzzy techniques were helpful to add flexibility to preexisting diagnostic criteria in order to obtain diagnoses at the desired level of confidence.

ABOUT THE PROBLEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF INFORMATICS STUDIED AT SECONDARY SCHOOL

2018 ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
S. I. Zenko
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Definition Of

The article raises the problem of classification of the concepts of computer science and informatics studied at secondary school. The efficiency of creation of techniques of training of pupils in these concepts depends on its solution. The author proposes to consider classifications of the concepts of school informatics from four positions: on the cross-subject basis, the content lines of the educational subject "Informatics", the logical and structural interrelations and interactions of the studied concepts, the etymology of foreign-language and translated words in the definition of the concepts of informatics. As a result of the first classification general and special concepts are allocated; the second classification — inter-content and intra-content concepts; the third classification — stable (steady), expanding, key and auxiliary concepts; the fourth classification — concepts-nouns, conceptsverbs, concepts-adjectives and concepts — combinations of parts of speech.

To Understand the Informal (on the Book BY V. L. Tambovtsev “Economics of Informal Institutions”)

2015 ◽  
pp. 151-158
Author(s):  
A. Zaostrovtsev
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
Original Classification

The review considers the first attempt in the history of Russian economic thought to give a detailed analysis of informal institutions (IF). It recognizes that in general it was successful: the reader gets acquainted with the original classification of institutions (including informal ones) and their genesis. According to the reviewer the best achievement of the author is his interdisciplinary approach to the study of problems and, moreover, his bias on the achievements of social psychology because the model of human behavior in the economic mainstream is rather primitive. The book makes evident that namely this model limits the ability of economists to analyze IF. The reviewer also shares the author’s position that in the analysis of the IF genesis the economists should highlight the uncertainty and reject economic determinism. Further discussion of IF is hardly possible without referring to this book.

Determining the discount rate when evaluating trade organizations: Some features

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
E.A. Grigor'eva ◽  
A.S. Buzhikeeva
Keyword(s):  
Discount Rate ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Evaluation Procedures ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Subject. This article deals with the issues of determining the market value of the trading business, taking into account a number of characteristics. Objectives. The article aims to develop certain provisions of the methodology and practice of evaluating the business of trading organizations, namely, taking into account the additional risk of inventory feasibility when calculating the discount rate. Methods. For the study, we used a systems approach, and the cognition, and economic and analytical research methods. Results. The article presents a three-tiered classification of stocks and a definition of risk based on the criteria for dividing stocks by purpose, degree of implementation, and shelf life in accordance with the scale. Based on the classification, the article offers certain recommendations for determining the discount rate when evaluating trading organizations, aimed at taking into account additional risk. Conclusions. Various evaluation procedures within the framework of traditional approaches and methods in relation to trading organizations do not take into account risk specific to this type of economic activity. The proposed methodology for calculating the discount rate for trade organizations takes into account the features of their functioning.

State Failure and the Political Violence Phenomenon: A Comparative Analysis of Iraq and Syria Cases

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Eylem Özkaya Lassalle
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
State Failure ◽  
The Political ◽  
Collective Violence ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War

The concept of failed state came to the fore with the end of the Cold War, the collapse of the USSR and the disintegration of Yugoslavia. Political violence is central in these discussions on the definition of the concept or the determination of its dimensions (indicators). Specifically, the level of political violence, the type of political violence and intensity of political violence has been broached in the literature. An effective classification of political violence can lead us to a better understanding of state failure phenomenon. By using Tilly’s classification of collective violence which is based on extent of coordination among violent actors and salience of short-run damage, the role played by political violence in state failure can be understood clearly. In order to do this, two recent cases, Iraq and Syria will be examined.

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