EFFECT OF ATRAZINE ON GROWTH RESPONSE OF SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII AND TRICHODERMA VIRIDE

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1343-1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rodriguez-Kabana ◽  
E. A. Curl ◽  
H. H. Funderburk Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Atrazine Concentration ◽  
N Utilization

The effect of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-.s-triazine) on growth of Sclerotium rolfsii and Trichoderma viride was studied in liquid culture. The fungi were grown in Czapek solution containing 0, 8, 20, 40, and 80 μg of the herbicide per milliliter, and growth responses were measured at intervals of 3–5 days after inoculation. Mycelial dry weight of S. rolfsii was little affected at concentrations below 40 μg/ml, but was decreased at the higher concentrations. Total mycelium produced by T. viride was greater with all atrazine treatments than in the control. For S. rolfsii, the efficiency of utilization (economic coefficient) of glucose, inorganic P, and NO3-N with atrazine at 8 μg/ml was slightly higher than that of the control, but was significantly reduced at higher concentrations. Values for glucose utilization efficiency in T. viride increased with herbicide at 8 and 20 μg/ml, then decreased considerably at other concentrations, but remained higher than the control; a similar pattern was revealed for P and NO3-N utilization. Titratable acidity in the medium increased for both fungi with increased atrazine concentration.

scholarly journals Effects of Light Condition on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of the Endangered Species Sedirea japonica under RCP 6.0 Climate Change Scenarios

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1891
Author(s):  
Kyeong Cheol Lee ◽  
Jiae An ◽  
Jung Eun Hwang ◽  
Pyoung Beom Kim ◽  
Hyeong Bin Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Co2 Absorption ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Cam Plants

This study was conducted to evaluate the physiological and growth responses of Sedirea japonica cultured in chambers under RCP 6.0 and different light conditions. S. japonica was grown in a soil–plant daylight system chamber under two treatments, a control (CO2 = 400 ppm) and a climate change treatment (CCT) (CO2 = 650 ppm, temperature = control + 3 °C), and three different shading treatments (60%, 90%, and no-shading). S. japonica showed the characteristics of typical Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants. As the shading rate increased, it increased chlorophyll content, leaf area, and leaf dry weight to efficiently absorb and use light. The CCT had a lower CO2 absorption rate, stomatal conductance, and growth rate and slightly higher water utilization efficiency than the control. This was because stomatal closure occurred in the CCT to reduce water loss due to a relatively higher temperature. As CO2 fixation decreased and consumption increased due to respiration, the overall growth was inhibited. The CCT without shading revealed a dynamic photoinhibition phenomenon showing a significant increase in ABS/RC, TRo/RC, ETo/RC, and DIo/RC and a decrease in PI ABS and DF ABS. In this group, leaf, root, and total dry weight, chlorophyll content, and carotenoid content were the worst growth indices.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Nitrification Inhibition through Addition of Local Litter to Corn Plants in Andisols

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Andita Sari P.W ◽  
Lintang Panjali S.P ◽  
Purwanto Purwanto ◽  
Sri Hartati ◽  
Supriyadi Supriyadi
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Tithonia Diversifolia ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Potential Nitrification ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Soil Media ◽  
Corn Plants

Nitrification is the oxidation process of NH4+ to NO3- microbially. The nitrification process can produce compounds in the form of NO3-, N2O, or NO which can cause environmental pollution through water, soil, or air, thus harming living things. The research was conducted to find ways to inhibit or control nitrification effectively and sustainably. The experiment was carried out in a plastic greenhouse located in Plesungan, Karanganyar until the maximum vegetative planting period of corn around May-June using a completely randomized design three replications. Andisols soil media was taken from Tegalrejo Village, Tengaran District, Semarang Regency 07º25'28.3 '' LS and 110º31 '35.7 '' BT with an altitude of 760 meters above sea level. There are 5 treatments, one control, four are natural inhibitor treatments in the form of litter addition. The litter used was Gliricidia maculate, Albizzia falcataria, Senna siamea, and Tithonia diversifolia. Statistical analysis showed that treatment just significantly affect NO2- concentrations (potential nitrification), not significantly affect NH4+, NO3- concentrations, and efficiency utilization of N. However, measurement results in the laboratory and field showed that the addition of local litter could inhibit nitrification, which was demonstrated through the efficiency of N utilization. Tithonia diversifolia because it has the highest average N utilization efficiency of 25.79%, 58.71% more efficient than control treatments. Also followed by plant growth results showed that the root’s dry weight and canopy’s dry weight positively correlated with NH4+ concentrations and efficient utilization of N, also canopy’s dry weight negatively correlated with NO2- concentrations (potential nitrification). The highest results occurred in the Tithonia diversifolia treatment.

Effect of atrazine on growth activity of Sclerotium rolfsii and Trichoderma viride in soil

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 1283-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rodriguez-Kabana ◽  
E. A. Curl ◽  
H. H. Funderburk Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Soil Culture ◽  
Atrazine Treatment ◽  
Growth Activity

Effect of the soil-applied herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) on growth activity of Sclerotium rolfsii and Trichoderma viride was determined in soil culture. The fungi were grown axenically in flasks of sterilized soil containing 0, 8, 20, 40, 80 μg of atrazine per gram of soil, and CO2 evolution was measured at intervals over a period of 19 days for the pathogen and 14 days for T. viride. For S. rolfsii, maximum CO2-carbon was produced in soil with 8 μg of atrazine, this being significantly above the O-herbicide control. Higher concentrations greatly inhibited activity of the pathogen. Correlation coefficients revealed that total production of CO2-C was closely related to amount of NO3-nitrogen consumed and titratable acidity produced (mostly oxalic acid); soil pH decreased with increased activity of the fungus. T. viride grew very rapidly in all treatments, activity being most accelerated between 3 and 10 days after inoculation. Production of CO2-C for all treatments above 8 μg indicated a stimulatory effect upon this fungus. Economic coefficients relating total CO2-C to amount of NO3-N consumed were highest for the 80-μg atrazine treatment and declined with decreasing concentration. Soil pH increased from an initial value of 6.4 to 7.4, with no significant differences between treatment.

scholarly journals Impact of Mycorrhization on Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency of Acacia gummifera and Retama monosperma under Salt Stress

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Abdessamad Fakhech ◽  
Martin Jemo ◽  
Najat Manaut ◽  
Lahcen Ouahmane ◽  
Mohamed Hafidi
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Phosphorus Utilization ◽  
Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Shoot And Root Growth

The impact of salt stress on the growth and phosphorus utilization efficiency (PUE) of two leguminous species: Retama monosperma and Acacia gummifera was studied. The effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to mitigate salt stress was furthermore assessed. Growth, N and P tissue concentrations, mycorrhizal root colonization frequency and intensity, and P utilization efficiency (PUE) in the absence or presence of AMF were evaluated under no salt (0 mM L−1) and three salt (NaCl) concentrations of (25, 50 and 100 mM L−1) using a natural sterilized soil. A significant difference in mycorrhizal colonization intensity, root-to-shoot ratio, P uptake, PUE, and N uptake was observed between the legume species. Salt stress inhibited the shoot and root growth, and reduced P and N uptake by the legume species. Mycorrhizal inoculation aided to mitigate the effects of salt stress with an average increase of shoot and root growth responses by 35% and 32% in the inoculated than in the non-inoculated A. gummifera treatments. The average shoot and root growth responses were 37% and 45% higher in the inoculated compared to the non-inoculated treatments of R. monosperma. Average mycorrhizal shoot and root P uptake responses were 66% and 68% under A. gummifera, and 40% and 95% under R. monosperma, respectively. Mycorrhizal inoculated treatments consistently maintained lower PUE in the roots. The results provide insights for further investigations on the AMF conferred mechanisms to salt stress tolerance response by A. gummifera and R. monosperma, to enable the development of effective technologies for sustainable afforestation and reforestation programs in the Atlantic coast of Morocco.

scholarly journals Genetic Dissection of Phosphorous Uptake and Utilization Efficiency Traits Using GWAS in Mungbean

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1401
Author(s):  
Venkata Ravi Prakash Reddy ◽  
Shouvik Das ◽  
Harsh Kumar Dikshit ◽  
Gyan Prakash Mishra ◽  
Muraleedhar S. Aski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Dissection ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
P Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Phosphorous Uptake

Mungbean (Vignaradiata L. Wilczek) is an early maturing legume grown predominantly in Asia for its protein-rich seeds. P deficiency can lead to several physiological disorders which ultimately result in a low grain yield in mungbean. The genetic dissection of PUpE (Puptake efficiency) and PUtE (P utilization efficiency) traits are essential for breeding mungbean varieties with a high P uptake and utilization efficiency. The study involves an association mapping panel consisting of 120 mungbean genotypes which were phenotyped for total dry weight, P concentration, total P uptake, and P utilization efficiency under low P (LP) and normal P (NP) conditions in a hydroponic system. A genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) based genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach was employed to dissect the complexity of PUpE and PUtE traits at the genetic level in mungbean. This has identified 116 SNPs in 61 protein-coding genes and of these, 16 have been found to enhance phosphorous uptake and utilization efficiency in mungbeans. We identified six genes with a high expression (VRADI01G04370, VRADI05G20860, VRADI06G12490, VRADI08G20910, VRADI08G00070 and VRADI09G09030) in root, shoot apical meristem and leaf, indicating their role in the regulation of P uptake and utilization efficiency in mungbean. The SNPs present in three genes have also been validated using a Sanger sequencing approach.

scholarly journals Application of Bio-Friendly Formulations of Chitinase-Producing Streptomyces cellulosae Actino 48 for Controlling Peanut Soil-Borne Diseases Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Gaber Abo-Zaid ◽  
Ahmed Abdelkhalek ◽  
Saleh Matar ◽  
Mai Darwish ◽  
Muhammad Abdel-Gayed
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Particle Size Analyzer ◽  
Cell Pellet

Of ten actinobacterial isolates, Streptomyces cellulosae Actino 48 exhibited the strongest suppression of Sclerotium rolfsii mycelium growth and the highest chitinase enzyme production (49.2 U L−1 min−1). The interaction between Actino 48 and S. rolfsii was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), which revealed many abnormalities, malformations, and injuries of the hypha, with large loss of S. rolfsii mycelia density and mass. Three talc-based formulations with culture broth, cell-free supernatant, and cell pellet suspension of chitinase-producing Actino 48 were characterized using SEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a particle size analyzer. All formulations were evaluated as biocontrol agents for reducing damping-off, root rot, and pods rot diseases of peanut caused by S. rolfsii under greenhouse and open-field conditions. The talc-based culture broth formulation was the most effective soil treatment, which decreased the percentage of peanut diseases under greenhouse and open-field conditions during two successive seasons. The culture broth formulation showed the highest increase in the dry weight of peanut shoots, root systems, and yielded pods. The transcriptional levels of three defense-related genes (PR-1, PR-3, and POD) were elevated in the culture broth formulation treatment compared with other formulations. Subsequently, the bio-friendly talc-based culture broth formulation of chitinase-producing Actino 48 could potentially be used as a biocontrol agent for controlling peanut soil-borne diseases caused by S. rolfsii.

The role of nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and abiotic factors in the etiology of apple replant problems in the Granite Belt of Queensland

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
SR Dullahide ◽  
GR Stirling ◽  
A Nikulin ◽  
AM Stirling
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Granite Belt ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Orchard Soils ◽  
Fusarium Tricinctum

Investigations of apple replant failure in the Granite Belt suggested that the problem had a complex etiology. Soil fertility was an important factor because apple seedlings grew best in replant soils with high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Consistent improvements in the growth of apple seedlings were obtained when typical orchard soils were treated with fenamiphos, confirming that lesion nematode was also an important component of the disease complex. Pratylenchus penetrans had been recognised as a pathogen of apples, and pathogenicity tests showed that P. jordanensis, another species widely distributed in the Granite Belt, had similar effects. Growth responses of apple seedlings were greater when soil was pasteurised than when it was treated with fenamiphos, suggesting that root pathogens other than nematodes were involved in apple replant failure. However, the primary cause probably differed between orchards because soils did not respond in the same manner to pasteurisation and nematicide treatments. Pathogenicity tests with 14 bacteria associated with apple roots showed no effect on the growth of apple seedlings. However, Fusarium tricinctum, Cylindrocarpon destructans, and Pythium sp. were implicated in the problem because they were consistently recovered from discoloured roots. In a factorial experiment involving nematodes and fungi in pots, P. jordanensis, P. penetrans, E. tricinctum, and C. destructans reduced the dry weight of apple roots but there was no interaction between nematodes and fungi.

scholarly journals Effects of pH and Aeration on Sclerotium rolfsii sacc. Mycelial Growth, Sclerotial Production and Germination

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fakher Ayed ◽  
Hayfa Jabnoun-Khiareddine ◽  
Rania Aydi-Ben-Abdallah ◽  
Mejda Daami-Remadi
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Sclerotial Development ◽  
Sclerotial Germination

Sclerotium rolfsii is one of the devastating soilborne fungus responsible for significant plant losses. The effects of pH and aeration on pathogen mycelial growth, sclerotial production and germination were investigated for three Tunisian isolates. Optimal mycelial growth occurred at pH 6 for Sr2 and Sr3 isolates and at pH 6-7 for Sr1. Dry mycelial growth was optimum at pH values ranging between 4 and 7. Sclerotial initiation started on the 3rd day of incubation at all pH values tested and mature sclerotia were formed after 6 to 12 days. Optimal sclerotial production was noted at pH 5. The dry weight of 100 sclerotia varied depending on isolates and pH and occurred at pH range 4-7. At pH 9, mycelial growth, sclerotial production and dry weight of 100 sclerotia were restricted. The optimum sclerotial germination, noted after 24 h of incubation, varied depending on isolates and pH and occurred at pH 4-9. Mycelial growth was optimum in aerated plates with a significant isolates x aeration treatments interaction. Sclerotial initiation occurred at the 3rd day of incubation and mature sclerotia were observed after 6-9 days. Sclerotial development was very slow in completely sealed plates and dark sclerotia were produced only after 15 days of incubation. The highest sclerotial yields were noted in aerated plates. The highest dry weight of 100 sclerotia for Sr1 isolate was recorded in ½ sealed, no sealed and completely sealed plates, while for Sr2, it was noted in ½ and ⅔ sealed plates. For Sr3, the maximum dry weight of 100 sclerotia was recorded in ½, ⅔ and completely sealed plates. Germination of S. rolfsii sclerotia, after 24 h of incubation, did not vary significantly depending on aeration treatments and ranged from 90 to 100% for all isolates.

scholarly journals Above and Belowground Growth of Corymbia maculata in a Constructed Soil: The Effect of Profile Design and Organic Amendment

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Karen Smith ◽  
Peter May ◽  
Robert White
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Organic Amendment ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Coir Fiber ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Profile Design

Spotted gum (Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson), a common street tree in southern Australian cities, was used to assess growth responses to variations in profile design and organic amendment of constructed soils. Aboveground growth responses were total stem dry weight and foliar nutrient content. The belowground response was root length density. Soil profiles were constructed of sand, amended with either coir fiber, composted biosolids or composted green waste, at rates of 0, 5, 10 or 20% by volume. The profiles were either layered, with a 150 mm (6 in) organic-amended surface layer, or uniform, with amendment of the entire profile. A single fertilizer treatment was applied to all profiles. Shoot dry weight was only affected by organic matter type with the greatest growth in sand amended with composted biosolids. Foliage P and K content were affected by amendment but foliage N was not. Profile design affected root length density and distribution. Trees in uniform profiles had greater root length density, and a more uniform distribution of roots, especially with compost amendments. Above- and belowground growth increases are thought to be due to increased nutrient status resulting from organic matter mineralization.

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