ACETATE-1-C14 UTILIZATION BY BROWN FAT FROM HAMSTERS IN COLD EXPOSURE AND HIBERNATION

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1397-1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Baumber ◽  
Arliss Denyes
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Cervical Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
White Fat

The in vitro conversion of acetate-1-C14 to C14O2 and C14-lipid by the interscapular and cervical brown fat depots of cold-exposed golden hamsters was measured. Tissue samples were taken from animals after 48 hours, 3 weeks, and 6–8 weeks in the cold, in hibernation, and arousing from hibernation and immediately after arousal. There was a depression in C14O2 production by cervical tissue after 48 hours in the cold, and by interscapular tissue after 3 weeks in the cold. C14O2 production by both depots remained low throughout acclimation, hibernation, and arousal. C14-Lipid production by both depots increased after 48 hours in the cold and remained high during acclimation. C14-Lipid production was depressed during hibernation and arousal, with recovery to acclimated levels at the end of arousal in the interscapular, but not in the cervical depot. Cervical brown fat had a higher conversion to both C14O2 and C14-lipid than interscapular brown fat. Qualitatively, but not quantitatively, brown fat behaved similarly to white fat. It was concluded that increased lipogenic capacity is not a primary response of brown fat to cold exposure of the animal, but that some other pathway becomes highly active.

scholarly journals A comparison between the effects of cold exposure in vivo and of noradrenaline in vitro on the metabolism of the brown fat of new-born rabbits

1970 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Knight ◽  
N. B. Myant
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
New Born ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Cervical Sympathetic ◽  
White Fat

1. Exposure of new-born rabbits to the cold leads to an increase in the incorporation of [14C]glucose into the glycerol of brown-fat triglyceride, but has no effect on [14C]glucose incorporation into triglyceride of white fat or liver. The effect of cold exposure on brown-fat triglyceride is abolished by cutting the cervical sympathetic nerve. 2. Brown fat incorporates very little [14C]glucose into triglyceride fatty acids, either in vivo or in vitro. 3. Noradrenaline added to incubations of brown fat from new-born rabbits stimulates O2 consumption, CO2 output and incorporation of glucose into triglyceride glycerol. The effects of noradrenaline in vitro are therefore consistent with the hypothesis that noradrenaline mediates the response of the brown fat of new-born rabbits to cold exposure. 4. Glycerokinase is present in the brown fat of new-born rabbits, but its activity is much less than that of the glycerokinase in the brown fat of adult rats. 5. Insulin has no effect on O2 consumption, CO2 output or glucose uptake in brown fat of new-born rabbits. 6. It is concluded that the thermogenic response of new-born rabbits to cold exposure is accompanied by a selective acceleration of the triglyceride cycle in brown fat. However, resynthesis of triglyceride would not account for more than 1% of the O2 consumed in vitro by new-born rabbit brown fat in the presence of noradrenaline if respiration remains coupled to phosphorylation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Browning Agents on the White Adipogenesis of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A Contribution to Fighting Obesity

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Girolamo Di Maio ◽  
Nicola Alessio ◽  
Ibrahim Halil Demirsoy ◽  
Gianfranco Peluso ◽  
Silverio Perrotta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
White Adipocyte ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
White Fat

Brown-like adipocytes can be induced in white fat depots by a different environmental or drug stimuli, known as “browning” or “beiging”. These brite adipocytes express thermogenin UCP1 protein and show different metabolic advantages, such as the ability to acquire a thermogenic phenotype corresponding to standard brown adipocytes that counteracts obesity. In this research, we evaluated the effects of several browning agents during white adipocyte differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Our in vitro findings identified two compounds that may warrant further in vivo investigation as possible anti-obesity drugs. We found that rosiglitazone and sildenafil are the most promising drug candidates for a browning treatment of obesity. These drugs are already available on the market for treating diabetes and erectile dysfunction, respectively. Thus, their off-label use may be contemplated, but it must be emphasized that some severe side effects are associated with use of these drugs.

Acetate-1-C14 metabolism of white fat from hamsters in cold exposure and hibernation

1963 ◽  
Vol 205 (5) ◽  
pp. 905-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Baumber ◽  
Arliss Denyes
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Golden Hamsters ◽  
Epididymal Fat ◽  
Cold Room ◽  
White Fat

Incorporation of C14 from acetate-1-C14 into lipid and CO2 by epididymal fat from golden hamsters kept at room temperature, acclimated to 5 ± 1 C, in hibernation and arousing from hibernation, was measured in vitro at 37 C. Summer and winter series were compared. The C14O2 production by tissue from control and acclimated animals was similar but the C14O2 production of tissue from hibernating and arousing hamsters was significantly greater than that from acclimated animals. There was a large increase in the lipid-C14 of tissue from cold-acclimated animals and this increase persisted into hibernation but was slightly depressed in tissue from arousing animals. Many acclimated and all hibernating hamsters had involuted testes and a greater incorporation of C14 into lipid than those with noninvoluted testes. A greater percentage of hamsters hibernated in the cold room during the winter and at this time the incorporation of C14 into lipid by the fat pad was greater than in the summer.

scholarly journals Manipulation of dietary amino acids prevents and reverses obesity in mice through multiple mechanisms that modulate energy homeostasis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Admin ◽  
Chiara Ruocco ◽  
Maurizio Ragni ◽  
Fabio Rossi ◽  
Pierluigi Carullo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
White Fat

Reduced activation of energy metabolism increases adiposity in humans and other mammals. Thus, exploring dietary and molecular mechanisms able to improve energy metabolism is of paramount medical importance, as such mechanisms can be leveraged as a therapy for obesity and related disorders. Here, <a>we show that a designer protein-deprived diet enriched in free essential amino acids can i) promote the brown fat thermogenic program and fatty acid oxidation, ii) stimulate uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-independent respiration in subcutaneous white fat, iii) change the gut microbiota composition, and iv) prevent and reverse obesity and dysregulated glucose homeostasis in multiple mouse models, prolonging the healthy lifespan. </a>These effects are independent of unbalanced amino acid ratio, energy consumption, and intestinal calorie absorption. A brown fat-specific activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 seems involved in the diet-induced beneficial effects, as also strengthened by <i>in vitro</i> experiments. Hence, our results suggest that brown and white fat may be targets of specific amino acids to control UCP1-dependent and -independent thermogenesis, thereby contributing to the improvement of metabolic health.

scholarly journals Biomarkers of Browning in Cold Exposed Siberian Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2162
Author(s):  
Agrafena Efremova ◽  
Georgia Colleluori ◽  
Mikhail Thomsky ◽  
Jessica Perugini ◽  
Marina Protasoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Exposed Group ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
White Fat

Cold-exposure promotes energy expenditure by inducing brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, which over time, is also sustained by browning, the appearance, or increase, of brown-like cells into white fat depots. Identification of circulating markers reflecting BAT activity and browning is crucial to study this phenomenon and its triggers, also holding possible implications for the therapy of obesity and metabolic diseases. Using RT-qPCR, we evaluated the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) expression profile of regulators of BAT activity (CIDEA, PRDM16), white adipocytes browning (HOXC9 and SLC27A1), and fatty acid β-oxidation (CPT1A) in 150 Siberian healthy miners living at extremely cold temperatures compared to 29 healthy subjects living in thermoneutral conditions. Anthropometric parameters, glucose, and lipid profiles were also assessed. The cold-exposed group showed significantly lower weight, BMI, hip circumference, and PBMC expression of CIDEA, but higher expression of HOXC9 and higher circulating glucose compared to controls. Within the cold-exposed group, BMI, total cholesterol, and the atherogenic coefficient were lower in individuals exposed to low temperatures for a longer time. In conclusion, human PBMC expresses the brown adipocytes marker CIDEA and the browning marker HOXC9, which, varying according to cold-exposure, possibly reflect changes in BAT activation and white fat browning.

scholarly journals Brown and beige adipose tissues: phenotype and metabolic potential in mice and men

2018 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 482-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanta Chechi ◽  
Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt ◽  
Denis Richard
Keyword(s):  
Brown Fat ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Oxidative Potential ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
Beige Fat ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
White Fat ◽  
Body Energy

With the recent rediscovery of brown fat in adult humans, our outlook on adipose tissue biology has undergone a paradigm shift. While we attempt to identify, recruit, and activate classic brown fat stores in humans, identification of beige fat has also raised the possibility of browning our white fat stores. Whether such transformation of human white fat depots can be achieved to enhance the whole body oxidative potential remains to be seen. Evidence to date, however, largely points toward a major oxidative role only for classic brown fat depots, at least in rodents. White fat stores seem to provide the main fuel for sustaining thermogenesis via lipolysis. Interestingly, molecular markers consistent with both classic brown and beige fat identity can be observed in human supraclavicular depot, thereby complicating the discussion on beige fat in humans. Here, we review the recent advances made in our understanding of brown and beige fat in humans and mice. We further provide an overview of their plausible physiological relevance to whole body energy metabolism.

scholarly journals Manipulation of dietary amino acids prevents and reverses obesity in mice through multiple mechanisms that modulate energy homeostasis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Admin ◽  
Chiara Ruocco ◽  
Maurizio Ragni ◽  
Fabio Rossi ◽  
Pierluigi Carullo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
White Fat

Reduced activation of energy metabolism increases adiposity in humans and other mammals. Thus, exploring dietary and molecular mechanisms able to improve energy metabolism is of paramount medical importance, as such mechanisms can be leveraged as a therapy for obesity and related disorders. Here, <a>we show that a designer protein-deprived diet enriched in free essential amino acids can i) promote the brown fat thermogenic program and fatty acid oxidation, ii) stimulate uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-independent respiration in subcutaneous white fat, iii) change the gut microbiota composition, and iv) prevent and reverse obesity and dysregulated glucose homeostasis in multiple mouse models, prolonging the healthy lifespan. </a>These effects are independent of unbalanced amino acid ratio, energy consumption, and intestinal calorie absorption. A brown fat-specific activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 seems involved in the diet-induced beneficial effects, as also strengthened by <i>in vitro</i> experiments. Hence, our results suggest that brown and white fat may be targets of specific amino acids to control UCP1-dependent and -independent thermogenesis, thereby contributing to the improvement of metabolic health.

scholarly journals Brown Adipose YY1 Deficiency Activates Expression of Secreted Proteins Linked to Energy Expenditure and Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity

2015 ◽  
pp. MCB.00722-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Verdeguer ◽  
Meghan S. Soustek ◽  
Maximilian Hatting ◽  
Sharon M. Blättler ◽  
Devin McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
White Fat

Mitochondrial oxidative and thermogenic function in brown and beige adipose tissues modulate rates of energy expenditure. It is unclear, however, how beige or white adipose tissue contributes to brown fat thermogenic function or compensate for partial deficiencies in this tissue and protect against obesity. Here, we show that the transcription factor YY1 in brown adipose tissue activates the canonical thermogenic and uncoupling gene expression program. In contrast, YY1 represses a series of secreted proteins including FGF21, BMP8b, GDF15, Angptl6, Neuromedin B and Nesfatin linked to energy expenditure. Despite substantial decreases in mitochondrial thermogenic proteins in brown fat, mice lacking YY1 in this tissue are strongly protected against diet-induced obesity, exhibit increased energy expenditure and oxygen consumption in beige and white fat depots. The increased expression of secreted proteins correlates with elevation of energy expenditure and promotion of beige and white fat activation. These results indicate that YY1 in brown adipose tissue controls antagonistic gene expression programs associated with energy balance and maintenance of body weight.

Regional blood flow of exercise-trained younger and older cold-exposed rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (5) ◽  
pp. R1069-R1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. McDonald ◽  
J. S. Hamilton ◽  
J. S. Stern ◽  
B. A. Horwitz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
The Other ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Fat Depots

O2 consumption (thermogenesis) and regional blood flows (measured using radioactively labeled microspheres) were evaluated in younger (12 mo) and older (24 mo) sedentary and exercised male Fischer 344 (F-344) rats. These variables were measured at rest and during exposure to 6 degrees C. Exercise-trained rats were run on a motor-driven treadmill 5 days/wk, 1 h/day, at 20 m/min for 6 mo. Resting rates of O2 consumption did not differ with age or exercise training. However, thermogenesis during cold exposure was significantly greater in the older exercised rats than in the other three groups. This difference did not reflect a greater contribution from brown fat as indicated by the fact that total blood flow to the brown fat depots during cold exposure was not greater in the older exercised vs. the other rat groups. Neither exercise training nor age had a significant effect on specific resting blood flow (expressed as ml.min-1.g tissue mass-1) to most of the organs measured, including heart, kidney, brown fat, white fat, and skeletal muscle. The notable exception to this was in the spleen of the older sedentary animals where flow was diminished compared with that in the older exercised animals. We conclude that aging, between 12 and 24 mo of age, and/or exercise training have only a minor effect on regional blood flow of F-344 rats during rest or cold exposure and that the enhanced thermogenesis seen in cold-exposed older exercised vs. sedentary F-344 rats cannot be explained by a greater contribution from brown fat.

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