Subirrigation automated by capacitance sensors for salvia production

Subirrigation is typically controlled using timers to periodically irrigate plants based on a pre-determined schedule. The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of capacitance-type sensors to monitor substrate water content and to control subirrigation automatically for salvia production in greenhouse. Additionally, we quantified the effect of different substrate volumetric water content (VWC) on growth of plants cultivated in 15-cm diameter × 13.75-cm height pots. Automation was performed using three EC-5 capacitance soil moisture sensors per experimental unit, connected to a system with a CR10X data logger, AM16/32 multiplexer, SDM-CD16AC relay driver and NK-2 submersible pumps. Substrate moisture readings were taken every 15 minutes, and plants were irrigated only if the readings dropped below pre-set VWC thresholds. We evaluated five levels of substrate VWC (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 m3 m-3), with two replications, in a completely randomized design. The system effectively monitored and recorded VWC, and controlled irrigation accordingly. Substrate VWC ranged from 0.1 to 0.41, 0.2 to 0.39, 0.3 to 0.41, 0.4 to 0.43 and 0.5 to 0.53 m3 m-3, in ascending order of the treatments, with the highest values recorded after irrigation events. The number of irrigation events, total volume of nutrient solution applied, net photosynthesis, dry weight, number of branches and leaves, shoot height, leaf area, canopy light interception, and leaf chlorophyll content all increased significantly with the increase in VWC (p<0.0001). The VWC of 0.5 m3m-3 provided the highest plant growth (p<0.0001). Capacitance sensors can be used to both monitor soil moisture and control subirrigation for salvia production in soilless substrate, reducing the possibility of water stress caused by daily irrigation schedule using timers.

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Growth and Flavonoid Content of Gynura procumbens (Lour) Merr. in Different Soil Water Content

Jurnal Biodjati ◽

10.15575/biodjati.v4i2.4446 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 298-304

Author(s):

Evika Sandi Savitri ◽

Farrikhatun Khusnia

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Total Content ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Optimal Growth ◽

Flavonoid Content ◽

Randomized Design

Gynura procumbens contains tannins, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, essential oils and flavonoids which have bioactivity as a medicine for various diseases. One effort to obtain the quality of medicinal plants uses management of soil water content. The opti-mum of soil water content will support optimal growth of a plant. Whereas in conditions of low soil water content resulted in the induc-tion of the production of secondary metabolites as a self-defense sys-tem. This study aimed to determine the effect of soil moisture content on the growth and total content of plant flavonoids G. procumbens. This study was carried out experimentally using a one-factor com-plete randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments with five replications. The treatment used is the difference in soil water content of 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% field capacity. The data obtained in the form of quantitative data will be analyzed by One Way ANOVA Test. Measurement of the content of total flavonoid compounds was car-ried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis. The results of the study indicate the influence of soil moisture level on the growth and total content of G. procumbens. Parameter growth of fresh weight, dry weight, and root G. procumbens showed an increase in 40% soil water content. The flavonoid content showed the highest total flavo-noid content 18.884 mg/g in the 40% field capacity soil water content

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AVOCADO SEEDLINGS MULTIPLE STEMS PRODUCTION

Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura ◽

10.1590/0100-29452016221 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MARCUS VINICIUS SANDOVAL PAIXÃO ◽

JOSÉ CARLOS LOPES ◽

EDILSON ROMAIS SCHMILDT ◽

RODRIGO SOBREIRA ALEXANDRE ◽

CAROLINE MERLO MENEGHELLI

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Adventitious Rooting ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Federal Institute ◽

Multiple Stems

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the potential of multi-stems in avocado seeds according to their mass as well as the adventitious rooting of multi-stem budding with or without the use of auxin. The research was carried out at the Vegetation House of Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Campus Santa Teresa -ES, with seeds of different masses: <60 g, 61 to 80 g, 81 to 100 g and >100 g, in which each experimental unit was made of five seeds, distributed within five repetitions, under a completely randomized design. The seeds were put to germinate and the percentage number of emergence and multiple stems were evaluated. After 150 days, the following evaluations were carried out: survival of rooted cuttings; number of leaves; stem diameter; root length; root volume; root and shoot fresh mass; root and shoot dry mass; shoot height; absolute growth and shoot growth rate; shoot dry weight/root dry mass ratio; shoot height/stem diameter ratio; shoot height/root length and Dickson's quality index ratio. Avocado seeds with mass over 100 g and between 81-100 g presented higher percentage of multiple stems. Rods over 20 cm that were not treated with IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) resulted on avocado plants of better quality. The use of IBA (2000 mg L-1) does not affect the rooting and growth of avocado's multi-stem plants.

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PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Physocalymma scaberrimum EM SUBSTRATOS COMPOSTOS POR DIFERENTES PORCENTAGENS DE RESÍDUO ORGÂNICO DE AÇAÍ

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v42i2.19220 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 399 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Álisson Sobrinho Maranho ◽

Ary Vieira de Paiva

Keyword(s):

Native Species ◽

Urban Forestry ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Native Forest ◽

Shoot Height ◽

The North ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Collar Diameter ◽

Growth Of Seedlings

Physocalymma scaberrimum Pohl é uma espécie nativa que ocorre principalmente no Norte e Centro-Oeste do Brasil, com potencial madeireiro, para arborização urbana e para recomposição de vegetação em áreas degradadas. Considerando a necessidade de conhecimento do seu comportamento em viveiro e da utilização de resíduos agroflorestais como componente de substrato, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o crescimento de mudas dessa espécie em substratos compostos por porcentagens de resíduo de açaí (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) misturado à terra de mata. O experimento ocorreu em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 tratamentos (substratos) e 20 repetições. Foi avaliado o crescimento das mudas através da altura, diâmetro do colo, massa seca da parte aérea e radicular e total, e Índice de Qualidade de Dickson (IQD). Houve ajuste de regressão linear e correlação positiva entre altura, diâmetro do colo e massa seca total com as porcentagens de resíduo de açaí. O substrato constituído por 100% do resíduo de açaí proporcionou o maior crescimento das mudas: 32,9 cm de altura, 2,98 mm de diâmetro do colo, 2,003 g de massa seca total e maior IQD (0,1142). Para a utilização com terra de mata, a composição entre 25% e 75% de resíduo também se mostrou possível.Palavras-chave: Resíduos agroflorestais; produção de mudas; espécies florestais nativas; silvicultura. AbstractPhysocalymma scaberrimum seedlings production in substrate composed by different percentages of organic residue of açaí. Physocalymma scaberrimum Pohl is a native species that occurs mainly in the North and Midwest regions of Brazil, with potential for wood production, urban forestry and restoration of vegetation in degraded areas. Considering the need for better understanding of the seedlings behavior in the nursery, and use of agroforestry residue as components of substrate, this study aimed to evaluate the growth of this species in substrates composed by different percentages of açaí residue (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) mixed with forest soil. The experiment was set up according to the completely randomized design, with 5 treatments (substrates) and 20 replicates. It was evaluated the growth of seedlings through shoot height, collar diameter, dry weights of shoot and roots and total, and Dickson Quality Index (IQD). A fit linear regression and positive correlation was found out between height, collar diameter and dry weight total dry mass with increasing percentages of açaí residue. The substrate composed by 100% of açaí residue provided the highest mean growth of seedlings: height (32.9 cm seedling-1), collar diameter (2.98 mm seedling-1), total dry mass (2.003 g seedling-1), and highest IQD (0.1142). To use with soil, the composition between 25% and 75% of residue also showed possibility.Keywords:agroforestry residues; seedlings production; native forest species; silviculture.

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PENGARUH UMUR PANEN RIMPANG TERHADAP PERUBAHAN FISIOLOGI DAN VIABILITAS BENIH JAHE PUTIH BESAR SELAMA PENYIMPANAN

Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri ◽

10.21082/littri.v21n1.2015.17-24 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

DEVI RUSMIN ◽

M.R. SUHARTANTO ◽

SATRIYAS ILYAS ◽

DYAH MANOHARA ◽

ENY WIDAJATI

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Seed Viability ◽

High Growth ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Zingiber Officinale ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Harvesting Time ◽

Seed Technology ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Growth Ability

ABSTRAK Salah satu faktor yang menentukan daya simpan benih jahe putih besar (JPB) adalah mutu. Mutu benih sangat ditentukan oleh tingkat kemasakan rimpang. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh umur panen terhadap perubahan fisiologi dan viabilitas benih selama penyimpanan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Rumah Kaca dan Laboratorium Teknologi Benih, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat serta Laboratorium Pascapanen IPB Bogor, mulai bulan Juli 2012 sampai dengan Februari 2013. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah acak lengkap (RAL) dengan lima ulangan. Perlakuan yang diuji adalah tiga tingkat umur panen benih 7, 8, dan 9 bulan setelah tanam (BST). Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap perubahan fisiologis (penyusutan bobot, persentase rimpang bertunas, tunas, kadar air, dan laju respirasi), serta viabilitas rimpang benih (daya tumbuh, tinggi, dan bobot kering bibit). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rimpang benih umur 7 dan 8 BST mempunyai daya simpan terbaik karena menghasilkan masing-masing total angka penyusutan bobot lebih rendah (24,65 dan 25,25%) dan tunas lebih pendek (0,30 dan 1,08 cm) dibandingkan dengan umur panen 9 BST (27,13% dan 1,62 cm), selama 4 bulan disimpan. Masa dormansi rimpang benih JPB mulai pecah setelah mengalami periode simpan 2 bulan. Pertumbuhannya mulai seragam setelah 3 bulan simpan. Umur panen jahe 7 dan 8 BST mempunyai derajat dormansi yang lebih tinggi dibanding 9 BST. Rimpang benih umur panen 7, 8, dan 9 BST mempunyai daya tumbuh tinggi (>95%) dan pertumbuhan bibit seragam setelah 3 bulan disimpan. Kata kunci: Zingiber officinale Rosc., penyimpanan, benih, perubahan fisiologis, viabilitasABSTRACT One of the factors that determine the storability of seed rhizome of white big ginger (WBG) is quality. The quality is determined by the maturity levels of seed rhizome. The aim of the experiment was to observe the effect of harvesting time on physiological changes and seed viability of WBG seed rhizomes during the storage. The experiment was conducted at Green House and Seed Technology Laboratory of Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute, Bogor and Postharvest Laboratory, IPB, from July 2012 to February 2013. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with five replications. The treatments tested were three levels of WBG seed rhizome harvesting time: 7, 8, and 9 month after planting (MAP). Variables observed were physiological changes of seed rhizomes during the storage (weight loss, sprouting percentage, shoot height, respiration rate, and moisture content) and viability (growth ability, height, and dry weight of the seedling). The results showed that seed rhizomes at 7 and 8 had the best storability, since it was produced each low rate of weight loss (24.65 and 25.25%), and shoots shorter (0.3 and 1.08 cm) than 9 MAP (27.13% and 1.62 cm), for 4 months in storage. Dormancy of WBG seed rhizomes has been broken after 2 months in storage. Harvesting at 7 and 8 showed a degree of dormancy higher than the harvesting age 9 MAP. Harvesting time at 7, 8, and 9 MAP had high growth ability (> 95%) and uniform seedling growth after 3 months in storage. Keywords: Zingiber officinale Rosc., storage, seed, physiological changes, viability

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Combined Effects of Inoculating Serendipita Indica on Soybean Growth and Soil Health Under Cd Stress

10.21203/rs.3.rs-463405/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaohui Wang ◽

Xiaoxu Fan ◽

Weidong Wang ◽

Fuqiang Song

Keyword(s):

Soil Health ◽

Pollution Assessment ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Potential Method ◽

Combined Effects ◽

Cd Stress ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Global Environmental ◽

Exchangeable Fraction

Abstract Cadmium (Cd) pollution in the soil is a global environmental problem. Plants-microbial technology has been regarded as a potential technique for the remediation of Cd polluted soils. Here, we aimed to explore the combined effects of inoculating (Serendipita indica) S. indica on soybean growth and soil health under Cd stress. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the S. indica on soybean growth and the soil enzyme activities, pH and chemical forms of Cd in the soil under Cd 0, 10, 20, 30 mg/kg soil teatments. Results reflected that compared to non-inoculated ones, the application of S. indica can still enhance the dry weight (66.57%), shoot height (90.35%) and promote the net photosynthesis rate (72.18%), transpiration ratio (80.73%), and stomatal conductance (119.05%) photosynthesis of soybean under Cd 30 mg/kg soil. Furthermore, The pH, phosphatase (116.39%) and catalase (4.17%) activities in the S. indica treatments were increased under Cd 10 mg/kg soil. Meanwhile, inoculated S. indica treatments significantly shifted Cd from exchangeable fraction to other more stable fractions, primarily decreased Cd concentrations (23.66%) under Cd 20 mg/kg soil. The Cd pollution assessment in soil indicated that S. indica could effectively reduce Cd pollution in the Cd 10 mg/kg soil treatments. This work suggests that S. indica may be a potential method for not only promoting plant growth, but also relieving the phytotoxicity of Cd and remediating Cd contaminated soil.

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Performance of purslane biomass production (Portulaca oleracea) under different organic substrate concentrations

Peruvian Agricultural Research ◽

10.51431/par.v1i2.579 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Author(s):

J. Elias de Olvidera ◽

J. Barboza Pereira ◽

Ch. G. Da Silva ◽

A. Das Graças Teixeira ◽

L. Pin Dalvi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Organic Substrate ◽

Organic Manure ◽

Cattle Manure ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Organic Fertilization ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Substrate Concentrations

Objectives: To evaluate different concentrations based on cattle manure as an alternative in purslane production. Methodology: The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Center for Agricultural Sciences and Engineering of the Federal University of Espirito Santo in Alegre, ES/ Brazil. The experimental arrangement used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 6 replications. The treatments consisted of distinct dosages of the substrate based on cattle manure (0 mL; 125 mL; 250 mL; 500 mL and 1000 mL), which were applied in 5 L of soil, considered as an experimental unit. Root dry mass and aerial dry mass were evaluated. Results: Application of 500 mL of cattle manure provided a higher accumulation of shoot dry mass (25 g/plant). For root dry mass, there were no statistically significant differences. Conclusions: Under the conditions of the present work, it is concluded that the use of organic manure with cattle manure is viable.Keywords: Organic fertilization, fertilization levels, cattle manure; dry weight.

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Respon Pertumbuhan Stek Anggur (Vitis vinifera L.) terhadap Pemberian Beberapa Konsentrasi Ekstrak Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.)

Akta Agrosia ◽

10.31186/aa.19.1.20-27 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 20-27

Author(s):

Tri Utami ◽

Hermansyah Hermansyah ◽

Merakati Handajaningsih

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Optimum Concentration ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Extract Concentration ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

The City

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum concentration of shallot extract to the growth of grape cuttings grape cuttings. This study was conducted from September to December 2015 in the city of Bengkulu. This research used Completely Randomized Design with a single factor and five replications. Treatment concentrations of 0% (control), shallot extract concentration of 25%, 75% and 100%. The variables measured were the time to sprout, shoot height, the number of leaves, number of roots, fresh weight and dry weight of cuttings. The results showed that the concentration of shallot extract 100% concentration enhances the growth of grape cutting, time to sprout, and the concentration of extract 50% increase shoot height and number of leaves on grape cuttings.

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Uso da subirrigação para imposição de estresse hídrico em sistema semi-contínuo para medição de CO2

Ornamental Horticulture ◽

10.14295/aohl.v21i2.699 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 235 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi ◽

Marc W. Van Iersel ◽

Roberto Testezlaf

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Water Stress ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Co2 Exchange ◽

Carbon Gain ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Soil Moisture Sensors

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effects of distinct moisture contents to trigger subirrigation on salvia photosynthesis and plant growth, and to verify the feasibility of subirrigation use in water stress imposition research in this crop. We evaluated two substrate volumetric water contents (VWC) as treatments (0.2 and 0.4 m3 m-3) to trigger subirrigation, with 4 replications. Each replication was composed of 10 plants. An automated semi-continuous multi-chamber crop CO2-exchange system was used, with capacitance soil moisture sensors for continuous moisture monitoring. Manual subirrigation with nutrient solution was performed when VWC dropped below the thresholds. In both treatments, the values of net photosynthesis, daily carbon gain and carbon use efficiency reduced over time, from 2 to 1.1 μmol s-1 from 2.2 to 1 μmol d-1 from 0.7 to 0.45 mol mol-1, respectively, in both soil moisture treatments. Total shoot dry mass (p=0.0129), shoot height in the tip of the highest flower (p<0.0001) and total leaf area (p=0.0007) were statistically higher at 0.4 m3 m-3 treatment. The subirrigation system was not efficient to impose water stress, due to excessive variation on VWC values after each irrigation event in both treatments. Higher soil moisture promoted positive plant growth responses in salvia cultivated by subirrigation.

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Plant growth response of subirrigated salvia 'Vista Red' to increasing water levels at two substrates

Horticultura Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-053620160000200009 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 202-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rhuanito S Ferrarezi ◽

Marc W van Iersel ◽

Roberto Testezlaf

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Water Levels ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Disease Spread ◽

Peat Moss ◽

Data Logger ◽

Sphagnum Peat ◽

Sphagnum Peat Moss

ABSTRACT: Subirrigation applies water and nutrients to the bottom of pots without wetting leaves, improving water use and reducing disease spread compared to overhead irrigation systems. However, water levels applied within the benches are often higher than required to promote capillary action, applying more water than needed and wasting pumping energy. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different water levels on plant growth of subirrigated salvia (Salvia splendens) 'Vista Red' in two substrates. Five water levels (0.75, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 cm) and two substrates {pine bark: sphagnum peat moss and peat: perlite (both 75%: 25% v/v)} were tested, with four replications. Substrate moisture was monitored by capacitance-type sensors connected to a multiplexer and data logger. Volumetric water content (VWC) was higher in peat: perlite (0.34 to 0.75 m3/m3) than pine bark: sphagnum peat moss (0.21 to 0.60 m3/m3) at all water levels. Higher water levels increased VWC in both substrates. The leaf chlorophyll index was 4% lower at the 6.0 cm compared to the other treatments in peat: perlite (p<0.0001). Stomatal conductance decreased overtime; but increased with the increase in water levels in peat: perlite (p<0.0001). Different water levels had no effect on leaf area, net photosynthesis, number of branches and leaves, and shoot dry weight (p>0.05), an indication that the different water levels do not affect the plant growth. However, shoot plant height increased 13% in pine bark: sphagnum peat moss (p=0.0096) and 17% in peat: perlite (p=0.0335) as water levels increased. Water levels of 1.5 cm and higher can be recommended for pine bark: sphagnum peat moss or peat: perlite in subirrigation, applying water according to plant needs, optimizing plant growth and reducing the nutrient solution pumping costs compared to systems that apply higher water levels.

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Changes in Physical Properties of Various Coir Dust and Perlite Mixes and Their Capacitance Sensor Volumetric Water Content Calibrations

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci11362-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 162-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Yong Ha Rhie ◽

Jongyun Kim

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Water Content ◽

Volumetric Water Content ◽

Sensor Output ◽

Data Logger ◽

Horticultural Crops ◽

Soil Moisture Sensors ◽

Coir Dust ◽

Substrate Moisture ◽

Logarithmic Relationship

Recently developed capacitance soil moisture sensors are suitable for measuring volumetric water content (VWC, v/v) of soilless substrates in real time, useful for substrate moisture based–automated irrigation systems of horticultural crops. For capacitance sensors, a substrate-specific calibration is required for accurate VWC measurements, but sensor manufacturers typically provide only a general calibration for potting soil. However, the general calibration for potting soil is not indicative of the variety of soilless substrates. We investigated and compared the physical properties of various coir dust and perlite mix ratios (1:0, 8:2, 6:4, 4:6, 2:8, 0:1, v/v), and conducted individual substrate-specific VWC calibrations in the range from 0.1 m3·m−3 to near container capacity. Sensor outputs [in mV and analog-to-digital converter (ADC)] of various VWC levels of the specific substrates were collected with four EC-5 and GS3 sensors (Decagon Devices Inc., Pullman, WA) connected to a data logger with 2.5-V and 12-V excitation, respectively. Substrates with greater relative perlite contents had larger particles, and both the water-holding capacity and electrical conductivity (EC) were lower than the substrate mixes with more coir dust. All tested substrate mixes had linear relationship between EC-5 sensor output and VWC with high R2 (>0.93) except in the case of 100% perlite, and their slopes were significantly different across the substrate mixes (P = 0.03). However, most of the substrate mixes had similar calibrations with estimated VWC differences within 0.06 m3·m−3. The GS3 sensor had the best fit with a logarithmic relationship between sensor output (in ADC) and VWC, and the slopes among the substrate mixes were not significantly different (P = 0.13). Furthermore, the soilless substrate calibration provided by the company differed from the substrate-specific calibration, resulting in considerable error (up to 0.18 m3·m−3 difference), during the measurement of the actual VWCs. Therefore, sensor- and substrate-specific calibration is required for accurate VWC measurements with capacitance sensors.

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