Adipokines and the cardiovascular system: mechanisms mediating health and disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 1029-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josette M. Northcott ◽  
Azadeh Yeganeh ◽  
Carla G. Taylor ◽  
Peter Zahradka ◽  
Jeffrey T. Wigle
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Cardiac Fibroblasts ◽  
Tissue Expansion ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Vessel Growth ◽  
Major Cell Type ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Cells

This review focuses on the role of adipokines in the maintenance of a healthy cardiovascular system, and the mechanisms by which these factors mediate the development of cardiovascular disease in obesity. Adipocytes are the major cell type comprising the adipose tissue. These cells secrete numerous factors, termed adipokines, into the blood, including adiponectin, leptin, resistin, chemerin, omentin, vaspin, and visfatin. Adipose tissue is a highly vascularised endocrine organ, and different adipose depots have distinct adipokine secretion profiles, which are altered with obesity. The ability of many adipokines to stimulate angiogenesis is crucial for adipose tissue expansion; however, excessive blood vessel growth is deleterious. As well, some adipokines induce inflammation, which promotes cardiovascular disease progression. We discuss how these 7 aforementioned adipokines act upon the various cardiovascular cell types (endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, cardiomyocytes, and cardiac fibroblasts), the direct effects of these actions, and their overall impact on the cardiovascular system. These were chosen, as these adipokines are secreted predominantly from adipocytes and have known effects on cardiovascular cells.

Mechanoactivation of Wnt/β-catenin pathways in health and disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M. Warboys
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Wnt Pathway ◽  
Mechanical Strain ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Lymphatic Endothelium ◽  
Canonical Pathways ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Sense And Respond

Mechanical forces play an important role in regulating tissue development and homeostasis in multiple cell types including bone, joint, epithelial and vascular cells, and are also implicated in the development of diseases, e.g. osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis. Defining the mechanisms by which cells sense and respond to mechanical forces therefore has important implications for our understanding of tissue function in health and disease and may lead to the identification of targets for therapeutic intervention. Mechanoactivation of the Wnt signalling pathway was first identified in osteoblasts with a key role for β-catenin demonstrated in loading-induced osteogenesis. Since then, mechanoregulation of the Wnt pathway has also been observed in stem cells, epithelium, chondrocytes and vascular and lymphatic endothelium. Wnt can signal through both canonical and non-canonical pathways, and evidence suggests that both can mediate responses to mechanical strain, stretch and shear stress. This review will discuss our current understanding of the activation of the Wnt pathway in response to mechanical forces.

scholarly journals Testosterone and Cardiovascular Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Tambo ◽  
Mohsin H.K. Roshan ◽  
Nikolai P. Pace
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Pathology ◽  
Emerging Risk ◽  
Health And Disease

Cardiovascular disease [CVD] is a leading cause of mortality accounting for a global incidence of over 31%. Atherosclerosis is the primary pathophysiology underpinning most types of CVD. Historically, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors were suggested to precipitate CVD. Recently, epidemiological studies have identified emerging risk factors including hypotestosteronaemia, which have been associated with CVD. Previously considered in the realms of reproductive biology, testosterone is now believed to play a critical role in the cardiovascular system in health and disease. The actions of testosterone as they relate to the cardiac vasculature and its implication in cardiovascular pathology is reviewed.

scholarly journals Adipose Tissue-Derived Factors: Impact on Health and Disease

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 762-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria E. Trujillo ◽  
Philipp E. Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Systemic Impact ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Adipose Organ ◽  
Almost All

The endocrine functions of the adipose organ are widely studied at this stage. The adipose organ, and in particular adipocytes, communicate with almost all other organs. Although some adipose tissue pads assume the functions as distinct “miniorgans,” adipocytes can also be present in smaller numbers interspersed with other cell types. Although fat pads have the potential to have a significant systemic impact, adipocytes may also affect neighboring tissues through paracrine interactions. These local or systemic effects are mediated through lipid and protein factors. The protein factors are commonly referred to as adipokines. Their expression and posttranslational modifications can undergo dramatic changes under different metabolic conditions. Due to the fact that none of the mutations that affect adipose tissue trigger embryonic lethality, the study of adipose tissue physiology lends itself to genetic analysis in mice. In fact, life in the complete absence of adipose tissue is possible in a laboratory setting, making even the most extreme adipose tissue phenotypes genetically amenable to be analyzed by disruption of specific genes or overexpression of others. Here, we briefly discuss some basic aspects of adipocyte physiology and the systemic impact of adipocyte-derived factors on energy homeostasis.

scholarly journals Roles of the Chemokine System in Development of Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Cardiovascular Disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longbiao Yao ◽  
Oana Herlea-Pana ◽  
Janet Heuser-Baker ◽  
Yitong Chen ◽  
Jana Barlic-Dicen
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Tissue Expansion ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Chemokine Production ◽  
Increase Risk

The escalating epidemic of obesity has increased the incidence of obesity-induced complications to historically high levels. Adipose tissue is a dynamic energy depot, which stores energy and mobilizes it during nutrient deficiency. Excess nutrient intake resulting in adipose tissue expansion triggers lipid release and aberrant adipokine, cytokine and chemokine production, and signaling that ultimately lead to adipose tissue inflammation, a hallmark of obesity. This low-grade chronic inflammation is thought to link obesity to insulin resistance and the associated comorbidities of metabolic syndrome such as dyslipidemia and hypertension, which increase risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we focus on and discuss members of the chemokine system for which there is clear evidence of participation in the development of obesity and obesity-induced pathologies.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Programming of Adipose Tissue in the Progeny of Obese Dams

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 428-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Lecoutre ◽  
Kelvin H.M. Kwok ◽  
Paul Petrus ◽  
Mélanie Lambert ◽  
Christophe Breton
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Tissue Expansion ◽  
Developmental Programming ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Epigenetic Programming ◽  
Important Player ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue Remodeling

According to the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept, maternal obesity and the resulting accelerated growth in neonates predispose offspring to obesity and associated metabolic diseases that may persist across generations. In this context, the adipose tissue has emerged as an important player due to its involvement in metabolic health, and its high potential for plasticity and adaptation to environmental cues. Recent years have seen a growing interest in how maternal obesity induces long-lasting adipose tissue remodeling in offspring and how these modifications could be transmitted to subsequent generations in an inter- or transgenerational manner. In particular, epigenetic mechanisms are thought to be key players in the developmental programming of adipose tissue, which may partially mediate parts of the transgenerational inheritance of obesity. This review presents data supporting the role of maternal obesity in the developmental programming of adipose tissue through epigenetic mechanisms. Inter- and transgenerational effects on adipose tissue expansion are also discussed in this review.

scholarly journals Bioengineering Systems for Modulating Notch Signaling in Cardiovascular Development, Disease, and Regeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Angello Huerta Gomez ◽  
Sanika Joshi ◽  
Yong Yang ◽  
Johnathan D. Tune ◽  
Ming-Tao Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Notch Signaling ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Advanced Characterization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cardiovascular Development ◽  
Intercellular Signaling ◽  
Cell Specification ◽  
Human Cardiovascular System ◽  
Cardiovascular Cells

The Notch intercellular signaling pathways play significant roles in cardiovascular development, disease, and regeneration through modulating cardiovascular cell specification, proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis. The dysregulation of Notch signaling leads to malfunction and maldevelopment of the cardiovascular system. Currently, most findings on Notch signaling rely on animal models and a few clinical studies, which significantly bottleneck the understanding of Notch signaling-associated human cardiovascular development and disease. Recent advances in the bioengineering systems and human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiovascular cells pave the way to decipher the role of Notch signaling in cardiovascular-related cells (endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells), and intercellular crosstalk in the physiological, pathological, and regenerative context of the complex human cardiovascular system. In this review, we first summarize the significant roles of Notch signaling in individual cardiac cell types. We then cover the bioengineering systems of microfluidics, hydrogel, spheroid, and 3D bioprinting, which are currently being used for modeling and studying Notch signaling in the cardiovascular system. At last, we provide insights into ancillary supports of bioengineering systems, varied types of cardiovascular cells, and advanced characterization approaches in further refining Notch signaling in cardiovascular development, disease, and regeneration.

Heat shock proteins in obesity: links to cardiovascular disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Habich ◽  
Henrike Sell
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Tissue Expansion ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Adipose Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Shock Proteins

AbstractAdipose tissue expansion is associated with adipocyte dysfunction and increased inflammatory processes. In the obese state, adipose tissue is characterized by an impaired intracellular stress defense system and dysbalanced heat shock response. Several members of the heat shock protein (HSP) family have been identified as novel adipokines released upon cellular stress, which might be a molecular link from adipose tissue inflammation to the cardiovascular system. Therefore, this review aims at summarizing and discussing our recent knowledge on HSPs in relation to obesity and their potential links to cardiovascular disease. Of particular importance/interest are two members of the HSP family, HSP60 and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), which have been well described as adipokines, and studied in the context of obesity and cardiovascular disease. HSP60 is regarded as a novel molecular link between adipose tissue inflammation and obesity-associated insulin resistance. The role of HO-1 induction in the obese state is well-documented, but a causal relationship between increased HO-1 levels and obesity-associated metabolic diseases is still controversial. Both HSP60 and HO-1 are also forthcoming targets for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, and the current knowledge will also be discussed in this review.

scholarly journals Adipose Tissue-Endothelial Cell Interactions in Obesity-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manna Li ◽  
Ming Qian ◽  
Kathy Kyler ◽  
Jian Xu
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Vascular Injury ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Excess Adiposity

Obesity has a strong impact on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, which raises enthusiasm to understand how excess adiposity causes vascular injury. Adipose tissue is an essential regulator of cardiovascular system through its endocrine and paracrine bioactive products. Obesity induces endothelial dysfunction, which often precedes and leads to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Connecting adipose tissue-endothelial cell interplay to endothelial dysfunction may help us to better understand obesity-induced cardiovascular disease. This Mini Review discussed (1) the general interactions and obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction, (2) potential targets, and (3) the outstanding questions for future research.

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