Distribution of catecholamines in the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 1254-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A Smith ◽  
Janette Nason ◽  
Roger P Croll
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Placopecten Magellanicus ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Sea Scallop ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Catecholamines have previously been implicated in several important physiological processes in molluscs, including reproduction, respiration, and feeding. Much of the previous research has relied upon high-performance liquid chromatography to identify and quantify the various catecholamines and pharmacological experiments to investigate their actions. In the present report, we expand upon these studies by using histochemical techniques to investigate the distribution of catecholamine-containing cells and fibres in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues of the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus. Strong catecholaminergic staining was present in the somata and neuropil of all major central ganglia. Catecholamines were also abundantly stained in peripheral neurones and (or) fibres in several other tissues, including the labial palps, lips, intestine, gill filaments, foot, mantle, tentacles, and gonadal integument. It is concluded that catecholamines are widespread in the tissues of the scallop and could have potential neurotransmission roles in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues of this species.

scholarly journals Adiponectin Controls Nutrient Availability in Hypothalamic Astrocytes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1587
Author(s):  
Nuri Song ◽  
Da Yeon Jeong ◽  
Thai Hien Tu ◽  
Byong Seo Park ◽  
Hye Rim Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Adiponectin, an adipose tissue-derived hormone, plays integral roles in lipid and glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues, such as the skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver. Moreover, it has also been shown to have an impact on metabolic processes in the central nervous system. Astrocytes comprise the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system and actively participate in metabolic processes between blood vessels and neurons. However, the ability of adiponectin to control nutrient metabolism in astrocytes has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of adiponectin on multiple metabolic processes in hypothalamic astrocytes. Adiponectin enhanced glucose uptake, glycolytic processes and fatty acid oxidation in cultured primary hypothalamic astrocytes. In line with these findings, we also found that adiponectin treatment effectively enhanced synthesis and release of monocarboxylates. Overall, these data suggested that adiponectin triggers catabolic processes in astrocytes, thereby enhancing nutrient availability in the hypothalamus.

scholarly journals Distribution of the prion protein in sheep terminally affected with BSE following experimental oral transmission

2001 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 2319-2326 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Foster ◽  
D. W. Parnham ◽  
N. Hunter ◽  
M. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Direct Contrast ◽  
The Central Nervous System

This study has examined the distribution of PrPSc in sheep by immunocytochemistry of tissues recovered from terminally affected animals following their experimental infection by the oral route with BSE. Despite a wide range of incubation period lengths, affected sheep showed a similar distribution of high levels of PrPSc throughout the central nervous system. PrPSc was also found in the lymphoid system, including parts of the digestive tract, and some components of the peripheral nervous system. These abundant PrPSc deposits in sheep in regions outside the central nervous system are in direct contrast with cattle infected with BSE, which show barely detectable levels of PrPSc in peripheral tissues. A number of genetically susceptible, challenged animals appear to have survived.

FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the crayfish nervous system

1991 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 519-538
Author(s):  
A. J. Mercier ◽  
I. Orchard ◽  
V. TeBrugge
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synthetic Peptide ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Procambarus Clarkii ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Neuronal Somata ◽  
Extraction And Separation ◽  
Rp Hplc ◽  
The Central Nervous System

FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity (FLI) was detected in the nervous system of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii using an antiserum that recognizes extended RFamide peptides. Immunocytochemistry revealed FLI in neuronal somata, axons and varicose processes within the central nervous system. In the periphery, plexuses of immunoreactive varicosities were present in the pericardial organs (POs), in thoracic roots and on the hindgut. The hindgut plexus arose from 3–5 axons leaving the sixth abdominal ganglion (A6) via the intestinal nerve. The presence of FLI in these locations was confirmed by radioimmunoassay. In contrast, no FLI was detected in motor axons innervating exoskeletal muscles of the abdomen. The POs contained by far the largest amount of FLI of all tissues examined. The immunoreactive material was partially characterized by extraction and separation on two consecutive reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) columns. The largest amount of immunoreactivity on the second column co-eluted with a synthetic peptide, SDRNFLRFamide (F2), previously identified as one of two or more FMRFamide-related peptides contained in lobster POs. The immunoreactive fractions and peptide F2 elicited similar effects on isolated crayfish hearts; all increased the rate and amplitude of spontaneous cardiac contractions. As with the immunoreactivity, the highest level of bioactivity was contained in the fraction that co-eluted with F2. The results suggest that FMRFamide-related peptides act as neurohormones in crayfish and are likely to play roles in controlling circulation and defecation.

scholarly journals Foreign body responses in mouse central nervous system mimic natural wound responses and alter biomaterial functions

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M. OʼShea ◽  
Alexander L. Wollenberg ◽  
Jae H. Kim ◽  
Yan Ao ◽  
Timothy J. Deming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Foreign Body ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Molecular Delivery ◽  
Wound Responses ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractBiomaterials hold promise for therapeutic applications in the central nervous system (CNS). Little is known about molecular factors that determine CNS foreign body responses (FBRs) in vivo, or about how such responses influence biomaterial function. Here, we probed these factors in mice using a platform of injectable hydrogels readily modified to present interfaces with different physiochemical properties to host cells. We found that biomaterial FBRs mimic specialized multicellular CNS wound responses not present in peripheral tissues, which serve to isolate damaged neural tissue and restore barrier functions. We show that the nature and intensity of CNS FBRs are determined by definable properties that significantly influence hydrogel functions, including resorption and molecular delivery when injected into healthy brain or stroke injuries. Cationic interfaces elicit stromal cell infiltration, peripherally derived inflammation, neural damage and amyloid production. Nonionic and anionic formulations show minimal levels of these responses, which contributes to superior bioactive molecular delivery. Our results identify specific molecular mechanisms that drive FBRs in the CNS and have important implications for developing effective biomaterials for CNS applications.

scholarly journals n-3 PUFA and obesity: from peripheral tissues to the central nervous system

2018 ◽  
Vol 119 (11) ◽  
pp. 1312-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Haas de Mello ◽  
Marcela Fornari Uberti ◽  
Bianca Xavier de Farias ◽  
Nathalia Alberti Ribas de Souza ◽  
Gislaine Tezza Rezin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

AbstractThe current paradigms of prevention and treatment are unable to curb obesity rates, which indicates the need to explore alternative therapeutic approaches. Obesity leads to several damages to the body and is an important risk factor for a number of other chronic diseases. Furthermore, despite the first alterations in obesity being observed and reported in peripheral tissues, studies indicate that obesity can also cause brain damage. Obesity leads to a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, and the therapeutic manipulation of inflammation can be explored. In this context, the use of n-3 PUFA (especially in the form of fish oil, rich in EPA and DHA) may be an interesting strategy, as this substance is known by its anti-inflammatory effect and numerous benefits to the body, such as reduction of TAG, cardiac arrhythmias, blood pressure and platelet aggregation, and has shown potential to help treat obesity. Thereby, the aim of this narrative review was to summarise the literature related to n-3 PUFA use in obesity treatment. First, the review provides a brief description of the obesity pathophysiology, including alterations that occur in peripheral tissues and at the central nervous system. In the sequence, we describe what are n-3 PUFA, their sources and their general effects. Finally, we explore the main topic linking obesity and n-3 PUFA. Animal and human studies were included and alterations on the whole organism were described (peripheral tissues and brain).

scholarly journals Cerebrospinal fluid ceftazidime kinetics in patients with external ventriculostomies.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 763-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Nau ◽  
H W Prange ◽  
M Kinzig ◽  
A Frank ◽  
A Dressel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Occlusive Hydrocephalus ◽  
A Minor

Ceftazidime has proven to be effective for the treatment of bacterial meningitis caused by multiresistant gram-negative bacteria. Since nosocomial central nervous system infections are often accompanied by only a minor dysfunction of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, patients with noninflammatory occlusive hydrocephalus who had undergone external ventriculostomy were studied (n = 8). Serum and CSF were drawn repeatedly after the administration of the first dose of ceftazidime (3 g over 30 min intravenously), and concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography by using UV detection. The concentrations of ceftazidime in CSF were maximal at 1 to 13 h (median, 5.5 h) after the end of the infusion and ranged from 0.73 to 2.80 mg/liter (median, 1.56 mg/liter). The elimination half-lives were 3.13 to 18.1 h (median, 10.7 h) in CSF compared with 2.02 to 5.24 h (median, 3.74 h) in serum. The ratios of the areas under the concentration-time curves in CSF and serum (AUCCSF/AUCS) ranged from 0.027 to 0.123 (median, 0.054). After the administration of a single dose of 3 g, the maximum concentrations of ceftazidime in CSF were approximately four times higher than those after the administration of 2-g intravenous doses of cefotaxime (median, 0.44 mg/liter) and ceftriaxone (median, 0.43 mg/liter) (R. Nau, H. W. Prange, P. Muth, G. Mahr, S. Menck, H. Kolenda, and F. Sörgel, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37:1518-1524, 1993). The median AUCCSF/AUCS ratio of ceftazidime was slightly below that of cefotaxime (0.12), but it was 1 order of magnitude above the median AUCCSF/AUCS of ceftriaxone (0.007) (Nau et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37:1518-1524, 1993). The concentrations of ceftazidime observed in CSF were above the MICs for most Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. However, they are probably not high enough to be rapidly bactericidal. For this reason, the daily dose should be increased to 12 g in cases of P. aeruginosa infections of the central nervous system when the blood-CSF barrier is minimally impaired.

scholarly journals Drugs modulating the L-arginine:NO:cGMP pathway – current use in therapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Polakowska ◽  
Jolanta Orzelska-Gorka ◽  
Sylwia Talarek
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Pharmacological Profiles

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is a relatively novel messenger that plays a significant role in a wide range of physiological processes. Currently, it is known that, both, lack and excess of NO can cause diseases, thus a lot of substances have been discovered and utilized which can change the concentration of this molecule within the organism. The aim of the present work is to provide an overview of currently used agents modulating the L-arginine:NO:cGMP pathway, as well as to summarize current understanding of their pharmacological profiles. Nowadays, most of these agents are employed particularly in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Further studies can hold promise for enhancing the therapeutic equipment for a variety of other impairments, such as osteoporosis, and also in treatments of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Pathological lesions in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues of ddY mice with street rabies virus (1088 strain)

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 970-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazunori KIMITSUKI ◽  
Kentaro YAMADA ◽  
Nozomi SHIWA ◽  
Satoshi INOUE ◽  
Akira NISHIZONO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Pathological Lesions ◽  
The Central Nervous System
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