scholarly journals Event-based simulation of quantum physics experiments

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (08) ◽  
pp. 1430003 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Michielsen ◽  
H. De Raedt
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Wave Theory ◽  
Neutron Interferometry ◽  
Single Neutron ◽  
Einstein Podolsky Rosen ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Physics Experiments

We review an event-based simulation approach which reproduces the statistical distributions of wave theory not by requiring the knowledge of the solution of the wave equation of the whole system but by generating detection events one-by-one according to an unknown distribution. We illustrate its applicability to various single photon and single neutron interferometry experiments and to two Bell-test experiments, a single-photon Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen experiment employing post-selection for photon pair identification and a single-neutron Bell test interferometry experiment with nearly 100% detection efficiency.

Computer Simulation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm Experiments

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (02) ◽  
pp. 1650010 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. De Raedt ◽  
K. Michielsen
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Computer Experiments ◽  
Statistical Distributions ◽  
Simulation Approach ◽  
Einstein Podolsky Rosen ◽  
The One ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Physics Experiments

We review an event-based simulation approach which reproduces the statistical distributions of quantum physics experiments by generating detection events one-by-one according to an unknown distribution and without solving a wave equation. Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm laboratory experiments are used as an example to illustrate the applicability of this approach. It is shown that computer experiments that employ the same post-selection procedure as the one used in laboratory experiments produce data that is in excellent agreement with quantum theory.

scholarly journals Silicon Photomultipliers: Technology Optimizations for Ultraviolet, Visible and Near-Infrared Range

Instruments ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Acerbi ◽  
Giovanni Paternoster ◽  
Massimo Capasso ◽  
Marco Marcante ◽  
Alberto Mazzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Infrared Range ◽  
Silicon Photomultipliers ◽  
Deep Trench ◽  
Near Ultraviolet ◽  
Physics Experiments

Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are single-photon sensitive solid-state detectors that are becoming popular for several applications, thanks to massive performance improvements over the last years. Starting as a replacement for the photomultiplier tube (PMT), they are now used in medical applications, big high-energy physics experiments, nuclear physics experiments, spectroscopy, biology and light detection and ranging (LIDAR) applications. Due to different requirements in terms of detection efficiency, noise, etc., several optimizations have been introduced by the manufacturers; for example, spectral sensitivity has been optimized for visible light, near ultraviolet, vacuum ultraviolet, and near infrared light. Each one of them require specific processes and structural optimization. We present in this paper recent improvements in SiPM performance, owing to a higher cell fill-factor, lower noise, improved silicon materials, and deep trench isolation. We describe issues related to the characterization of analog SiPM, particularly due to the different sources of correlated noise, which have to be distinguished from each other and from the primary pulses. We also describe particular analyses and optimizations conducted for specific applications like the readout of liquid noble gas scintillators, requiring these detectors to operate at cryogenic temperatures.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Fengyun-4A Lightning Mapping Imager (LMI) Performance during Multiple Convective Episodes over Beijing

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1746
Author(s):  
Zhixiong Chen ◽  
Xiushu Qie ◽  
Juanzhen Sun ◽  
Xian Xiao ◽  
Yuxin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Doppler Radar ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Detection Capability ◽  
Cloud Properties ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Total Lightning ◽  
Matching Criteria ◽  
Event Based

This study investigates the characteristics of space-borne Lightning Mapping Imager (LMI) lightning products and their relationships with cloud properties using ground-based total lightning observations from the Beijing Broadband Lightning Network (BLNET) and cloud information from S-band Doppler radar data. LMI showed generally consistent lightning spatial distributions with those of BLNET, and yielded a considerable lightning detection capability over regions with complex terrain. The ratios between the LMI events, groups and flashes were approximately 9:3:1, and the number of LMI-detected flashes was roughly one order of magnitude smaller than the number of BLNET-detected flashes. However, in different convective episodes, the LMI detection capability was likely to be affected by cloud properties, especially in strongly electrified convective episodes associated with frequent lightning discharging and thick cloud depth. As a result, LMI tended to detect lightning flashes located in weaker and shallower cloud portions associated with fewer cloud shielding effects. With reference to the BLNET total lightning data as the ground truth of observation (both intra-cloud lightning and cloud-to-ground lightning flashes), the LMI event-based detection efficiency (DE) was estimated to reach 28% under rational spatiotemporal matching criteria (1.5 s and 65 km) over Beijing. In terms of LMI flash-based DE, it was much reduced compared with event-based DE. The LMI flash-based ranged between 1.5% and 3.5% with 1.5 s and 35–65 km matching scales. For 330 ms and 35 km, the spatiotemporal matching criteria used to evaluate Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM), the LMI flash-based DE was smaller (<1%).

Design, Fabrication, and Verification of Blue-Extended Single-Photon Avalanche Diode with Low Dark Count Rate and High Photon Detection Efficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-551
Author(s):  
Mei-Ling Zeng ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Xiang-Liang Jin ◽  
Yan Peng ◽  
Jun Luo
Keyword(s):  
Bias Voltage ◽  
Spectral Range ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Dark Count ◽  
Photon Detection ◽  
Avalanche Diode ◽  
Dark Count Rate ◽  
Photon Detection Efficiency

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) can detect extremely weak optical signals and are mostly used in single-photon imaging, quantum communication, medical detection, and other fields. In this paper, a low dark count rate (DCR) single-photon avalanche diode device is designed based on the 180 nm standard BCD process. The device has a good response in the 450~750 nm spectral range. The active area of the device adopts a P+/N-Well structure with a diameter of 20 µm. The low-doped N-Well increases the thickness of the depletion region and can effectively improve the detection sensitivity; the P-Well acts as a guard ring to prevent premature breakdown of the PN junction edge; the isolation effect of the deep N-Well reduces the noise coupling of the substrate. Use the TCAD simulation tool to verify the SPAD’s basic principles. The experimental test results show that the avalanche breakdown voltage of the device is 11.7 V. The dark count rate is only 123 Hz when the over-bias voltage is 1 V, and the peak photon detection efficiency (PDE) reaches 37.5% at the wavelength of 500 nm under the 0.5 V over-bias voltage. PDE exceeds 30% in the range of 460~640 nm spectral range, which has a good response in the blue band. The SPAD device provides certain design ideas for the research of fluorescence detectors.

scholarly journals Tunable single-photon diode by chiral quantum physics

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Bin Yan ◽  
Wei-Yuan Ni ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Feng-Yang Zhang ◽  
Heng Fan
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Single Photon

scholarly journals Mathematical analogies in physics. Thin-layer wave theory

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Carcione ◽  
Vivian Grünhut ◽  
Ana Osella
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Constitutive Relations ◽  
Normal Incidence ◽  
Wave Theory ◽  
Transverse Magnetic ◽  
Momentum Conservation ◽  
Tunnel Effect ◽  
Basic Equations

<p>Field theory applies to elastodynamics, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, gravitation and other similar fields of physics, where the basic equations describing the phenomenon are based on constitutive relations and balance equations. For instance, in elastodynamics, these are the stress-strain relations and the equations of momentum conservation (Euler-Newton law). In these cases, the same mathematical theory can be used, by establishing appropriate mathematical equivalences (or analogies) between material properties and field variables. For instance, the wave equation and the related mathematical developments can be used to describe anelastic and electromagnetic wave propagation, and are extensively used in quantum mechanics. In this work, we obtain the mathematical analogy for the reflection/refraction (transmission) problem of a thin layer embedded between dissimilar media, considering the presence of anisotropy and attenuation/viscosity in the viscoelastic case, conductivity in the electromagnetic case and a potential barrier in quantum physics (the tunnel effect). The analogy is mainly illustrated with geophysical examples of propagation of S (shear), P (compressional), TM (transverse-magnetic) and TE (transverse-electric) waves. The tunnel effect is obtained as a special case of viscoelastic waves at normal incidence.</p>

High photon detection efficiency single photon avalanche diode in 0.18 μm standard CMOS process

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (17) ◽  
pp. 1750193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Xiaoyuan Bao ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Ting Chen ◽  
Guanyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breakdown Voltage ◽  
Bias Voltage ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Cmos Process ◽  
Guard Ring ◽  
Reverse Bias Voltage ◽  
Photon Detection ◽  
Standard Cmos Process ◽  
Photon Detection Efficiency

This paper proposed a single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) designed with 0.18 [Formula: see text] standard CMOS process. One of the major challenges in CMOS SPADs is how to raise the low photon detection efficiency (PDE). In this paper, the device structure and process parameters of the CMOS SPAD are optimized so as to improve PDE properties which have been investigated in detail. The CMOS SPADs are designed in p+/n-well/deep n-well (DNW) structure with the p-sub and the p-well guard ring (GR). The simulation results show that with the p-well GR, the quantum efficiency (QE) is about 80% with the breakdown voltage of 12.7 V, the unit responsivity is as high as 0.38 A/W and the PDE of 51% and 53% is obtained when the excess bias is at 1 V and 2 V, respectively. The dark count rate (DCR) is 6.2 kHz when bias voltage is 14 V. With the p-sub GR, the breakdown voltage is 13 V, the unit responsivity is up to 0.26 A/W, the QE is 58%, the PDE is 33% and 37% at excess bias of 1 V and 2 V, respectively. The DCR is 3.4 kHz at reverse bias voltage of 14 V.

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