Changes in the Ginsenoside Content During Fermentation Using an Appliance for the Preparation of Red Ginseng

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (08) ◽  
pp. 1595-1606 ◽  
Author(s):  
So Jin Lee ◽  
Na Ha ◽  
Yunjeong Kim ◽  
Min-Gul Kim
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Process Time ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Microbial Strains ◽  
Ginsenoside Content ◽  
Time Point

The total amount of ginsenoside in fermented red ginseng (FRG) is increased by microbial fermentation. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether fermentation time and temperature affect the ginsenoside content during fermentation using an appliance for the preparation of red ginseng. The FRG and fermented red ginseng extracts (FRG-e) were prepared using an appliance for the preparation of red ginseng. The temperature was recorded and time points for sampling were scheduled at pre-fermentation (0[Formula: see text]h) and 18, 36, 48, 60 and 72[Formula: see text]h after the addition of the microbial strains. Samples of FRG and FRG-e were collected to identify changes in the ginsenoside contents at each time point during the fermentation process. The ginsenoside content was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The levels of ginsenoside Rh1, Rg3, and compound Y, which are known to have effective pharmacological properties, increased more than three-fold in the final products of FRG relative to samples prior to fermentation. Although the ginsenoside constituents of FRG-e decreased or increased and then decreased during fermentation, the total amount of ginsenoside in FRG-e was even higher than those in FRG; the total amounts of ginsenoside in FRG-e and FRG were 8282.8 and 738.0[Formula: see text]mg, respectively. This study examined the changes in composition of ginsenosides and suggests a method to manufacture high-content total ginsenosides according to the fermentation temperature and process time. Reducing the extraction time is expected to improve the decrease of ginsenosides in FRG-e as a function of the fermentation time.

scholarly journals Electronic Nose for Monitoring Odor Changes of Lactobacillus Species during Milk Fermentation and Rapid Selection of Probiotic Candidates

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1539
Author(s):  
Zoltan Kovacs ◽  
Zsanett Bodor ◽  
John-Lewis Zinia Zaukuu ◽  
Timea Kaszab ◽  
George Bazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Aroma Compounds ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
Classification Models ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Fermentation

Probiotic bacteria have been associated with a unique production of aroma compounds in fermented foods but rapid methods for discriminating between foods containing probiotic, moderately probiotic, or non-probiotic bacteria remain aloof. An electronic nose (e-nose) is a high-sensitivity instrument capable of non-invasive volatile measurements of foods. In our study, we applied the e-nose to differentiate probiotic, moderately probiotic, and non-probiotic Lactobacillus bacteria strains at different fermentation time points (0th, 4th, and 11th) of milk fermentation. The pH of the changing milk medium was monitored with their corresponding increase in microbial cell counts. An e-nose with two gas chromatographic columns was used to develop classification models for the different bacteria groups and time points and to monitor the formation of the aromatic compounds during the fermentation process. Results of the e-nose showed good classification accuracy of the different bacteria groups at the 0th (74.44% for column 1 and 82.78% for column 2), the 4th (89.44% for column 1 and 92.22% for column 2), and the 11th (81.67% for column 1 and 81.67% for column 2) hour of fermentation. The loading vectors of the classification models showed the importance of some specific aroma compounds formed during the fermentation. Results show that aroma monitoring of the fermentation process with the e-nose is a promising and reliable analytical method for the rapid classification of bacteria strains according to their probiotic activity and for the monitoring of aroma changes during the fermentation process.

scholarly journals Changes in the content of water-soluble vitamins in Actinidia chinensis during cold storage

2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 623-632
Author(s):  
Xian-Bo Zhu ◽  
Liang Pan ◽  
WU. Wei ◽  
Jia-Qing Pen ◽  
Yin-Wei Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Actinidia Chinensis ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Wild Fruit ◽  
And Control ◽  
Time Point

We assessed the effects of cold storage on nine water-soluble vitamins in 7 cultivars of Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) using high-performance liquid chromatography. Samples were collected at three time points during cold storage: one day, 30 days, and when edible. We found that vitamin C in most cultivars was raised with cold storage, but there was no consistent increased or decreased trend for other water-soluble vitamins across cultivars in storage. After one day of cold storage, vitamins B1 and B2 were the most prevalent vitamins in Control (wild) fruit, while vitamins B5 and B6 were most prevalent in the Hongyang and Qihong cultivars. However, B12 was the most prevalent vitamin in the Qihong cultivar after 30 days of cold storage. Vitamins B3, B7, B9, and C were detected at the edible time point in Huayou, Hongyang, Jinnong-2, and Control fruit. Vitamin contents varied significantly among cultivars of kiwifruit following different durations of cold storage. Out of the three durations tested, a period of 30 days in cold storage was the most suitable for the absorption of water-soluble vitamins by A. chinensis.

scholarly journals Cytotoxicity assessment of different doses of ozonated water on dental pulp cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdiye Küçük ◽  
Sibel Yıldırım ◽  
Serap Çetiner
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dental Pulp Cells ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pulp Cells ◽  
Time Point ◽  
Ozonated Water

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to assess the cytotoxicity of various concentrations of ozonated water (OW) on human primary dental pulp cells. Methods Human primary dental pulp cells were isolated from exfoliated primary canine teeth of an 11-year-old patient with good systemic and oral health. Afterwards, cells were divided into 6 experimental groups; four groups of OW in concentrations of 2 mg/L, 4 mg/L, 8 mg/L, and 16 mg/L, untreated control group, and cell culture without cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated after exposure for 5-min exposure using Mosmann’s Tetrazolium Toxicity (MTT) assay at 0 h and 48 h time points. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance and Post-hoc tests were performed using Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Results All experimental groups showed proliferation at 0 h time point. However, all groups also experienced a decrease in overtime at 48 h time point (p < 0.05). At both time points 2 mg/L OW showed the highest cell viability as well as proliferation. At 0 h time point, the increase in cell viability for all experimental groups was found statistically significant when compared to positive control group (p < 0.05). At 48 h time point, although 8 mg/L and 16 mg/L OW showed statistically significant reduction in compare to 0 h time point, 2 mg/L and 4 mg/L OW groups didn’t experience any statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Conclusion Considering our findings, due to ozonated water's induced a higher proliferation rate of dental pulp cells, indicating their biocompatibility and a possible adjuvant on irrigating agent in regenerative endodontic procedures.

scholarly journals Levels of physical activity in four domains and affective wellbeing before and during the Covid-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliane S. Engels ◽  
Michael Mutz ◽  
Yolanda Demetriou ◽  
Anne K. Reimers
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
German Population ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Sport And Exercise ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Background Latest studies indicated that the general mental health level is low during the pandemic. Probably, this deterioration of the mental health situation is partly due to declines in physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in and the association between affective wellbeing and levels of different domains of physical activity at three time points before and during the pandemic. Method We used a nationwide online panel with a trend data design encompassing a total sample of N = 3517, representing the German population (> 14 years). Four different activity domains (sport and exercise, light outdoor activity, housework/gardening, active travel) and affective wellbeing (positive and negative affect) were assessed at three time points before and during the Covid-19 pandemic (October 2019, March 2020, October 2020). Results Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) indicate differences regarding affective wellbeing over the three time points with the lowest values at the second time point. Levels of activity in the four domains differed significantly over time with the strongest decrease for sport and exercise from the first to the second time point. Partial correlations indicated that the relationships between sport and exercise and positive affect were most consistent over time. Conclusions Overall, our findings suggest that physical activity plays a particularly important role in the pandemic period as a protective factor against poor mental health. Especially sports and exercise seem to be supportive and should be encouraged, e.g. by providing additional support in finding adequate outdoor, home-based or digital substitutes.

scholarly journals Effect of Oat β-Glucan on the Rheological Characteristics and Microstructure of Set-Type Yogurt

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 4752
Author(s):  
Xiaoqing Qu ◽  
Yuliya Nazarenko ◽  
Wei Yang ◽  
Yuanyang Nie ◽  
Yongsheng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rheological Characteristics ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Spherical Aggregate ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
Solid Liquid

The oat β-glucan (OG) was added into set-type yogurt as a functional ingredient, in order to evaluate effects on the rheological characteristics and microstructure of set-type yogurt. When the OG concentration increased from 0 to 0.3%, the WHC gradually increased. At 0.3% OG, the set-type yogurt had the highest WHC of 94.67%. Additionally, the WHC continuously decreased, reaching the lowest WHC (about 80%) at 0.5% OG. When 0.3% OG was added, the highest score of sensory evaluation was about 85. The rheological result showed that the fermentation process went through the changes as follows: solid → liquid → solid → liquid. The addition of 0.3% OG decreased the fermentation time of set-type yogurt by about 16 min, making yogurt more inclined to be liquid. The acidity of set-type yogurt with OG was slightly higher. The result of microstructure showed that the addition of OG destroyed the three-dimensional network structure of yogurt, and some spherical aggregate particles could be clearly observed at 0.3% OG. Overall, this study provided a theoretical basis for the application of OG in set-type yogurt.

scholarly journals Propagation of Voltage Deviations in a Power System

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 949
Author(s):  
Tomasz Okon ◽  
Kazimierz Wilkosz
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Operational Experience ◽  
Remedial Measures ◽  
Time Points ◽  
General Candidate ◽  
Time Point

The paper deals with voltage profiles in a power system. The analysis of these profiles is important due to the requirement that the Root-Mean-Squared (RMS) values of nodal voltages should be within certain ranges, as well as to ensure desired power flows in a power system. In both cases, it is desirable to indicate points in a power system where it is reasonable to apply remedial measures to meet the requirements for RMS values of nodal voltages, or to effectively control the power flows in a power system. In general, candidate nodes for remediation are established based on operational experience or measurement data from a certain time point (sometimes from several time points). The paper presents a method that provides a basis for determining the aforementioned candidate nodes based on the behavior of a system over a certain period of time, which is an unquestionable advantage of this proposal. In order to achieve the abovementioned goal, the method provides for the analysis of propagation of voltage RMS value deviations in a power system. The analysis of correlational relationships between the RMS values of nodal voltages is used for this. After presentation of the theoretical background, the new original method is described in the paper. Then, case studies showing the utilization of that method are presented. At the end of the paper, features of the proposed method are enumerated.

scholarly journals 4518 Metabolomic Identifiers Predictive of Adverse Events due to Acetaminophen Administration

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (s1) ◽  
pp. 110-110
Author(s):  
Brandon Joseph Sonn ◽  
Kennon Heard ◽  
Andrew Monte
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Demographic Variable ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Toxic Response ◽  
Therapy Initiation ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Therapeutic Doses ◽  
Time Point

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Acetaminophen (Tylenol, APAP) toxicity has been well documented and well explored over the last 50 years. However, there has been no investigation into identification of specific metabolites that can predict which patients will have adverse reactions to therapeutic doses of APAP. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: 205 subjects recruited from the Denver, CO community received the highest recommended daily dosing of APAP, 4 grams, for 16 days. Subjects were grouped by 1) alanine aminotransferase (ALT) at any monitored time point above 60units/L (n = 20) vs 2) no increase in ALT at any time point (n = 185). Blood was collected at days 0, 4, 7, 16, and 31. Samples were run on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with 27 heavy-labeled standards for metabolites documented to be associated with APAP metabolism. Data will be analyzed to look for significant changes in metabolite and demographic variable expressions using t-tests, chi square and logistic regression, as appropriate. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: It is expected that there will be greater elevations of conjugated non-toxic APAP metabolites (APAP-glucuronide, APAP-sulfate) in subjects whose ALT did not elevate because of successful hepatoprotection. Conjugated APAP metabolites are expected to only be present in samples taken after APAP therapy initiation confirming exposure as compared to being predictive of toxic response. Increases in lactate and cysteine in pre-exposure samples would allow for prediction of APAP toxicity as they are expected to have increased expression in subjects whose ALT became elevated which is indicative of increased hepatic damage due to oxidative damage. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Identification of metabolites and/or demographic factors associated with toxic response to APAP prior to administration could advise APAP recommendations. Quantification of post-APAP administration metabolites would identify extent of successful hepatoprotective mechanisms.

scholarly journals Knee Muscle Strength Recovery in the Early Period After ACL Reconstruction

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (11_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967114S0014
Author(s):  
Gulcan Harput ◽  
Hasan Erkan Kılınc ◽  
Hamza Özer ◽  
Gül Baltacı ◽  
Carl G. Mattacola
Keyword(s):  
Acl Reconstruction ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Quadriceps Strength ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Hamstring Muscles ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Isometric Torque ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Time Point

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate quadriceps and hamstrings isometric strength at 4, 8 and 12 week time points following ACL Reconstruction (ACLR) and to document the strength changes of these muscles over time. The primary hypothesis was that there would be significant increases in quadriceps and hamstring muscle strengths between the 4th, 8th and 12th weeks following ACLR. The secondary hypothesis was that the quadriceps index would be higher than hamstring index at 12th week after ACLR. Methods: Thirty patients (Mean ± SD [age, 29.1±2.3yrs; weight, 77.3±13.2kg; height, 172.1±7.1cm; BMI, 21.2±3.5kg/m2, time to surgery: 7.1±7.2 months]) who underwent ACLR with Hamstring Tendon Autograft (HTG) were enrolled in this study. The isometric strength of quadriceps and hamstring muscles was measured on an isokinetic dynamometer at 60° knee flexion angle at 4th, 8th and 12th weeks after surgery. The recovery of quadriceps and hamstring muscles strength following rehabilitation was expressed as a Quadriceps Index (QI) and Hamstring Index (HI) and calculated with the following formula:[(maximum voluntary isometric torque of the involved limb / maximum voluntary isometric torque by uninvolved limb) × 100]. Torque output of the involved and uninvolved limbs and quadriceps and hamstring indexes were used for the statistical analysis. A repeated measures of ANOVA was used to determine the strength changes of quadriceps and hamstrings over time. Results: Quadriceps and Hamstrings strengths significantly increased over time for both involved (Quadriceps: F (2,46)=58.3, p<0.001, Hamstring: F (2,46)=35.7, p<0.001) and uninvolved limb (Quadriceps: F(2,46)=17.9, p<0.001, Hamstring: F(2,46)=56.9, p=0.001 ). Quadriceps strength was higher at 12th week when compared to the 8 and 4 week time points for the involved limb (p<0.001), and it was higher at 8th week when compared to 4 week time point for the involved limb (p<0.001). For the uninvolved limb, quadriceps strength was also higher at 12th week when compared to the 8 (p=0.02) and 4 week time point (p<0.001), and higher at 8 week when compared to the 4 week time point (p=0.02). Hamstring strength was higher at 12 week when compared to the 8 and 4 week time points (p<0.001) and it was higher at 8 week when compared to 4 week time point for the involved limb (p<0.001). For the uninvolved limb hamstring strength was also higher at 12 week when compared to 4 week time point (p=0.01). There was no significant difference between the 4 and 8 week time points (p>0.05) or between the 8 and 12 week time points (p=0.07). Quadriceps and hamstring indexes significantly changed from 4th weeks (QI:57.9, HI:54.4 ) to 8th weeks (QI:78.8, HI:69.9 ) and from 8th weeks to 12th weeks (QI:82, HI:75.7 ) (p<0.001); however, there was no difference between indexes at the 12-week time point (p=0.17). Conclusion: Isometric strength of quadriceps and hamstring muscles for the involved and uninvolved limb increased during the early period of ACLR. The results of this study could be a baseline for clinicians while prescribing a rehabilitation protocol for ACLR patients with HTG to better appreciate expected strength changes of the muscles in the early phase.

scholarly journals Virus isolation studies suggest short-term variations in abundance in natural cyanophage populations of the Indian Ocean

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha R.J. Clokie ◽  
Andrew D. Millard ◽  
Jaytry Y. Mehta ◽  
Nicholas H. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Distinct Subgroup ◽  
Time Points ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Long Timescales ◽  
Time Point

Cyanophage abundance has been shown to fluctuate over long timescales and with depth, but little is known about how it varies over short timescales. Previous short-term studies have relied on counting total virus numbers and therefore the phages which infect cyanobacteria cannot be distinguished from the total count.In this study, an isolation-based approach was used to determine cyanophage abundance from water samples collected over a depth profile for a 24 h period from the Indian Ocean. Samples were used to infect Synechococcus sp. WH7803 and the number of plaque forming units (pfu) at each time point and depth were counted. At 10 m phage numbers were similar for most time-points, but there was a distinct peak in abundance at 0100 hours. Phage numbers were lower at 25 m and 50 m and did not show such strong temporal variation. No phages were found below this depth. Therefore, we conclude that only the abundance of phages in surface waters showed a clear temporal pattern over a short timescale. Fifty phages from a range of depths and time points were isolated and purified. The molecular diversity of these phages was estimated using a section of the phage-encoded psbD gene and the results from a phylogenetic analysis do not suggest that phages from the deeper waters form a distinct subgroup.

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