FRETTING WEAR BEHAVIOR OF TIN PLATED CONTACTS: INFLUENCE ON CONTACT RESISTANCE

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (05) ◽  
pp. 635-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
YOUNG WOO PARK ◽  
T. S. N. SANKARA NARAYANAN ◽  
KANG YONG LEE
Keyword(s):  
Contact Resistance ◽  
Contact Zone ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Fretting Wear ◽  
Wear Depth ◽  
Fretting Corrosion ◽  
Tin Coating ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electrically Conducting ◽  
The Common

The fretting wear behavior of tin plated copper alloy contacts and its influence on the contact resistance are addressed in this paper. Based on the change in the area of contact zone as well as the wear depth as a function of fretting cycles, a model was proposed to explain the observed low and stable contact resistance. The extent of wear of tin coating and the formation of wear debris as a function of fretting cycles were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy dispersive X-ray line scanning (EDX), X-ray mapping, and EDX spot analysis were employed to characterize the nature of changes that occur at the contact zone. The study reveals that the fretted area increases linearly up to 8000 cycles due to the continuous removal of the tin coating and attains saturation when the fretting path length reaches a maximum. The observed low and stable contact resistance observed up to 8000 cycles is due to the common area of contact which provides an electrically conducting area. Surface analysis by SEM, EDX, and X-ray elemental mapping elucidate the nature of changes that occurred at the contact zone. Based on the change in contact resistance as a function of fretting cycles, the fretting wear and fretting corrosion dominant regimes are proposed. The interdependence of extent of wear and oxidation increases the complexity of the fretting corrosion behavior of tin plated contacts.

Fretting Corrosion Wear Behaviors of Steel Wires in Hoisting Ropes in Alkaline Condition

2011 ◽  
Vol 99-100 ◽  
pp. 1014-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Tao Liu ◽  
De Kun Zhang ◽  
Shou Fan Cao ◽  
Yan Shen ◽  
Xing Hui Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Wear Debris ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
Electrochemical Corrosion ◽  
Fretting Wear ◽  
Alkaline Condition ◽  
Wear Depth ◽  
Corrosion Wear ◽  
Fretting Corrosion ◽  
Steel Wires

In this paper, the fretting corrosion wear behaviors of steel wires were researched when the wires were lubricated with alkaline solution. Then, the wear mechanism was analyzed. Results showed that the friction coefficients of wires lubricated with alkaline solution were little influenced by the loads, while greatly affected by the electrochemical corrosion existing on the surfaces of the friction pairs. The shape of most of the fretting wear debris was tuberous or near spherical which owns smooth edges. This kind of wear debris was beneficial to reduce the fretting wear of steel wires. The depth of wear scar, used to evaluate the fretting corrosion wear of the steel wires, was increased with the increase of load. In addition, the wear depth of the wire lubricated with alkaline solution was not only less than which obtained in dry friction condition, but also less than which lubricated with deionized water and acid solution. Analysis showed that the corrosion solution played an important part in the fretting corrosion wear. And the effect of corrosion solution to the wear was stronger than which to the corrosion of steel wire materials.

Study on fretting wear behavior of laser treated coatings by X-ray imaging

Wear ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 218 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongqing Fu ◽  
Andrew W. Batchelor ◽  
Nee Lam Loh
Keyword(s):  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Fretting Wear ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging

scholarly journals Optimization of Electroless Ni-P-W Coatings for Minimum Friction and Wear Using Grey-Taguchi Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supriyo Roy ◽  
Prasanta Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Wear Depth ◽  
Tribological Behaviour ◽  
Structural Morphology ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Roller Configuration ◽  
Electroless Ni

The present experimental investigation deals with the deposition of electroless Ni-P-W coating on mild steel substrate and optimization of tribological parameters for better tribological behaviour like minimization of wear depth and coefficient of friction. Three tribological test parameters, namely, load, speed, and time, are optimized for minimum friction and wear of the coating. Friction and wear tests are carried out in a multitribotester using block on roller configuration under dry conditions. Taguchi based grey relational analysis is employed for optimization of this multiple response problem using L27 orthogonal array. Analysis of variance shows that load, speed, time, and interaction between load and speed have significant influence on controlling the friction and wear behavior of Ni-P-W coating. It is observed that wear mechanism is mild adhesive in nature. The structural morphology, composition, and phase structure of the coating are studied with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), respectively.

Tribology of Electroless Ni-P Coating Under Lubricated Condition

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadeb Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Santanu Duari ◽  
Tapan Kr. Barman ◽  
Prasanta Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Wear Depth ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Contour Plots ◽  
Electroless Ni

Friction and wear behavior of electroless Ni-P coating under lubricated condition is studied on a block – on – roller type tribo – tester by varying applied normal load, sliding speed of the roller and sliding time. Electroless Ni-P coating is deposited on AISI 1040 steel substrates. Surface morphology, phase transformation, composition and analysis of wear mechanism are done using scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction techniques and energy dispersive X-ray analysis respectively. Based on Taguchi experimental data, a multiple regression model is fitted to relate the coefficient of friction and wear depth with the tribo – testing parameters. Three dimensional surface and contour plots are generated to analyze the trends in variation of the response variables with the interaction of the process parameters (load, speed and time). Significant improvement in wear depth and COF of electroless Ni-P coating is observed under lubrication. Optimization of wear depth and coefficient of friction is conducted using genetic algorithm.

Fretting Wear Behavior of ZR-ALLOY in Na2SO4 Solution

2011 ◽  
Vol 239-242 ◽  
pp. 1633-1636
Author(s):  
Ji Wu Li ◽  
Jian Ying Shen
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Pulse Method ◽  
Fretting Wear ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Fretting Corrosion ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Zr Alloy

Fuel rods in nuclear power plants, made of Zr-alloy is immersed in pure water, and surging of this coolant causes fretting for the rods and spacer. In this paper fretting wear and fretting corrosion test of the Zr-alloy against Al2O3 placed respectively in air, pure water and Na2SO4 solution is carried out. The lost volume is measured with 3D Measuring instruments and the relationship between the fresh surface fretting wear produces and lost surface is evaluated with the potential pulse method. The result shows that the fresh surfacing area is smaller than abrasion mark area, and bigger than actual contact area. The wear extent of Zr-alloy against Al2O3 in Na2SO4 solution is ten times higher than that in air and pure water, but the coefficient of friction is smaller. The wear extent of Zr- alloy against Al2O3 in pure water is equal to the numeric value of the Zr-alloy against Al2O3 in Na2SO4 solution given the -2000mv potential. When Zr-alloy is in corrosion environment, the wear extent increases in proportion to the increase of the potential, and the fretting wear and fretting corrosion result from mainly electrochemical action.

scholarly journals Effects of Temperature on the Fretting Wear Behavior of 2.25Cr-1Mo Tubes against Gr5C12 Rods

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3388
Author(s):  
Xu-Dong Chen ◽  
Li-Wen Wang ◽  
Ling-Yun Yang ◽  
Rui Tang ◽  
Zhen-Bing Cai
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Fretting Wear ◽  
Wear Volume ◽  
Wear Depth ◽  
Material Transfer ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

In the heat exchangers of sodium-cooled fast reactors, sodium flow can cause the tubes to vibrate, resulting in fretting wear damage due to the contact between the tubes (2.25Cr-1Mo steel) and their support plate (Gr5C12 alloy). In this work, the effects of temperature on the fretting wear behavior of a 2.25Cr-1Mo heat transfer tube on a Gr5C12 alloy rod were studied. The results showed that the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear volume increased first and then decreased with the increase in temperature. Moreover, 2.25Cr-1Mo showed great wear performance at high temperatures than at room temperature and 80 °C, because of the antifriction nature of the oxidative layer and the high hardness of the tribological transformed structure layer. As the temperature increased, material transfer and plastic deformation became increasingly obvious, but average wear depth decreased. This provides data support for the practical engineering application of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel at elevated temperatures. Wear mechanisms were found to depend modestly on temperature and largely on normal load. As temperature increases, the wear mechanism gradually changes from abrasive wear to adhesive wear.

TEM Studies and Contact Resistance of Au/Ni/Ti/Ta/n-GaN Ohmic Contacts

2003 ◽  
Vol 764 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.N. Zakharov ◽  
Z. Liliental-Weber ◽  
A. Motayed ◽  
S.N. Mohammad
Keyword(s):  
Contact Resistance ◽  
Ohmic Contacts ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electron Energy Loss Spectrometry ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Contact Surfaces ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
Magnitude Difference

AbstractOhmic Ta/Ti/Ni/Au contacts to n-GaN have been studied using high resolution electron microscopy (HREM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) and electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS). Two different samples were used: A - annealed at 7500C withcontact resistance 5×10-6 Ω cm2 and B-annealed at 7750C with contact resistance 6×10-5 Ω cm2. Both samples revealed extensive in- and out-diffusion between deposited layers with some consumption ofGaNlayerand formation of TixTa1-xN50 (0<x<25) at the GaN interface. Almost an order of magnitude difference in contact resistances can be attributed to structure and chemical bonding of Ti-O layers formed on the contact surfaces.

scholarly journals Estimation of Wear Resistance for Multilayer Coatings Obtained by Nitrogenchroming

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1153
Author(s):  
Ivan Pavlenko ◽  
Jozef Zajac ◽  
Nadiia Kharchenko ◽  
Ján Duplák ◽  
Vitalii Ivanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Wear Intensity ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Multilayer Coatings ◽  
Wear Depth ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Machine Parts

This article deals with improving the wear resistance of multilayer coatings as a fundamental problem in metal surface treatment, strengthening elements of cutting tools, and ensuring the reliability of machine parts. It aims to evaluate the wear depth for multilayer coatings by the mass loss distribution in layers. The article’s primary purpose is to develop a mathematical method for assessing the value of wear for multilayer steel-based coatings. The study material is a multilayer coating applied to steel DIN C80W1. The research was performed using up-to-date laboratory equipment. Nitrogenchroming has been realized under overpressure in two successive stages: nitriding for 36 h at temperature 540 °C and chromizing during 4 h at temperature 1050 °C. The complex analysis included several options: X-ray phase analysis, local micro-X-ray spectral analysis, durometric analysis, and determination of wear resistance. These analyses showed that after nitrogenchroming, the three-layer protective coating from Cr23C6, Cr7C3, and Cr2N was formed on the steel surface. Spectral analysis indicated that the maximum amount of chromium 92.2% is in the first layer from Cr23C6. The maximum amount of carbon 8.9% characterizes the layer from Cr7C3. Nitrogen is concentrated mainly in the Cr2N layer, and its maximum amount is 9.4%. Additionally, it was determined that the minimum wear is typical for steel DIN C80W1 after nitrogenchroming. The weight loss of steel samples by 25 mg was obtained. This value differs by 3.6% from the results evaluated analytically using the developed mathematical model of wear of multilayer coatings after complex metallization of steel DIN C80W1. As a result, the impact of the loading mode on the wear intensity of steel was established. As the loading time increases, the friction coefficient of the coated samples decreases. Among the studied samples, plates from steel DIN C80W1 have the lowest friction coefficient after nitrogenchroming. Additionally, a linear dependence of the mass losses on the wearing time was obtained for carbide and nitride coatings. Finally, an increase in loading time leads to an increase in the wear intensity of steels after nitrogenchroming. The achieved scientific results are applicable in developing methods of chemical-thermal treatment, improving the wear resistance of multilayer coatings, and strengthening highly loaded machine parts and cutting tools.

scholarly journals Fretting Wear Behavior of Three Kinds of Rubbers under Sphere-On-Flat Contact

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2153
Author(s):  
Tengfei Zhang ◽  
Jie Su ◽  
Yuanjie Shu ◽  
Fei Shen ◽  
Liaoliang Ke
Keyword(s):  
Normal Force ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Displacement Amplitude ◽  
Fretting Wear ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Force Frequency ◽  
Sealing Performance ◽  
Rubber Surface ◽  
Sealing Materials ◽  
Flat Contact

Rubbers are widely used in various fields as the important sealing materials, such as window seal, door seal, valve, pump seal, etc. The fretting wear behavior of rubbers has an important effect on their sealing performance. This paper presents an experimental study on the fretting wear behavior of rubbers against the steel ball under air conditions (room temperature at 20 ± 2 °C and humidity at 40%). Three kinds of rubbers, including EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer), FPM (fluororubber), and NBR (nitrile–butadiene rubber), are considered in experiments. The sphere-on-flat contact pattern is used as the contact model. The influences of the displacement amplitude, normal force, frequency, and rubber hardness on the fretting wear behavior are discussed in detail. White light profiler and scanning electron microscope (SEM) are used to analyze the wear mechanism of the rubber surface. The fretting wear performances of three rubbers are compared by considering the effect of the displacement amplitude, normal force, frequency, and rubber hardness. The results show that NBR has the most stable friction coefficient and the best wear resistance among the three rubbers.

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