Seismic Advances in Process Geomorphology

2022 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen L. Cook ◽  
Michael Dietze
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Bedload Transport ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Seismic Signals ◽  
Application Integration ◽  
Seismic Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Applications ◽  
Geomorphic Processes

One of the pillars of geomorphology is the study of geomorphic processes and their drivers, dynamics, and impacts. Like all activity that transfers energy to Earth's surface, a wide range of geomorphic process types create seismic waves that can be measured with standard seismic instruments. Seismic signals provide continuous high-resolution coverage with a spatial footprint that can vary from local to global, and in recent years, efforts to exploit these signals for information about surface processes have increased dramatically, coalescing into the emerging field of environmental seismology. The application of seismic methods has the potential to drive advances in our understanding of the occurrence, timing, and triggering of geomorphic events, the dynamics of geomorphic processes, fluvial bedload transport, and integrative geomorphic system monitoring. As new seismic applications move from development to proof of concept to routine application, integration between geomorphologists and seismologists is key for continued progress. ▪ Geomorphic activity on Earth's surface produces seismic signals that can be measured with standard seismic instruments. ▪ Seismic methods are driving advances in our understanding of the occurrence, triggering, and internal dynamics of a range of geomorphic processes. ▪ Dedicated seismic-based observatories offer the potential to comprehensively characterize geomorphic activity and its impacts across a landscape. ▪ Collaboration between seismologists and geomorphologists is fostering the development of new applications, models, and analysis techniques for geomorphic seismology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 50 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Basis of Navigation Across Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody A. Freas ◽  
Ken Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Error Reduction ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Additional Component ◽  
Oscillatory Systems ◽  
Neural Architecture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Cycling Behavior

Animals navigate a wide range of distances, from a few millimeters to globe-spanning journeys of thousands of kilometers. Despite this array of navigational challenges, similar principles underlie these behaviors across species. Here, we focus on the navigational strategies and supporting mechanisms in four well-known systems: the large-scale migratory behaviors of sea turtles and lepidopterans as well as navigation on a smaller scale by rats and solitarily foraging ants. In lepidopterans, rats, and ants we also discuss the current understanding of the neural architecture which supports navigation. The orientation and navigational behaviors of these animals are defined in terms of behavioral error-reduction strategies reliant on multiple goal-directed servomechanisms. We conclude by proposing to incorporate an additional component into this system: the observation that servomechanisms operate on oscillatory systems of cycling behavior. These oscillators and servomechanisms comprise the basis for directed orientation and navigational behaviors. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Engineering Advances in Spray Drying for Pharmaceuticals

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Baumann ◽  
Molly S. Adam ◽  
Joel D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Solid Dispersions ◽  
Amorphous Solid ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Dry Powders ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Spray drying is a versatile technology that has been applied widely in the chemical, food, and, most recently, pharmaceutical industries. This review focuses on engineering advances and the most significant applications of spray drying for pharmaceuticals. An in-depth view of the process and its use is provided for amorphous solid dispersions, a major, growing drug-delivery approach. Enhanced understanding of the relationship of spray-drying process parameters to final product quality attributes has made robust product development possible to address a wide range of pharmaceutical problem statements. Formulation and process optimization have leveraged the knowledge gained as the technology has matured, enabling improved process development from early feasibility screening through commercial applications. Spray drying's use for approved small-molecule oral products is highlighted, as are emerging applications specific to delivery of biologics and non-oral delivery of dry powders. Based on the changing landscape of the industry, significant future opportunities exist for pharmaceutical spray drying. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 12 is June 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Chemical Stability of Proteins in Foods: Oxidation and the Maillard Reaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesha M. Poojary ◽  
Marianne N. Lund
Keyword(s):  
Maillard Reaction ◽  
Protein Oxidation ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Protein Carbonyls ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Food Proteins ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Oxidation

Protein is a major nutrient present in foods along with carbohydrates and lipids. Food proteins undergo a wide range of modifications during food production, processing, and storage. In this review, we discuss two major reactions, oxidation and the Maillard reaction, involved in chemical modifications of food proteins. Protein oxidation in foods is initiated by metal-, enzyme-, or light-induced processes. Food protein oxidation results in the loss of thiol groups and the formation of protein carbonyls and specific oxidation products of cysteine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and methionine residues, such as disulfides, dityrosine, kynurenine, m-tyrosine, and methionine sulfoxide. The Maillard reaction involves the reaction of nucleophilic amino acid residues with reducing sugars, which yields numerous heterogeneous compounds such as α-dicarbonyls, furans, Strecker aldehydes, advanced glycation end-products, and melanoidins. Both protein oxidation and the Maillard reaction result in the loss of essential amino acids but may positively or negatively impact food structure and flavor. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Freshwater Scarcity

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Gleick ◽  
Heather Cooley
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Ecosystem Health ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Violent Conflicts

The availability and use of fresh water are critical for human health and for economic and ecosystem stability. But the growing mismatch between human demands and natural freshwater availability is contributing to water scarcity, affecting industrial and agricultural production and a wide range of social, economic, and political problems, including poverty, deterioration of ecosystem health, and violent conflicts. Understanding and addressing different forms of water scarcity are vital for moving toward more sustainable management and use of fresh water. We provide here a review of concepts and definitions of water scarcity, metrics and indicators used to evaluate scarcity together with strategies for addressing and reducing the adverse consequences of water scarcity, including the development of alternative sources of water, improvements in water-use efficiency, and changes in systems of water management and planning. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Volume 46 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Neural Network Potentials: A Concise Overview of Methods

2022 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emir Kocer ◽  
Tsz Wai Ko ◽  
Jörg Behler
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Atomic Structure ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Concise Overview ◽  
Wide Range

In the past two decades, machine learning potentials (MLPs) have reached a level of maturity that now enables applications to large-scale atomistic simulations of a wide range of systems in chemistry, physics, and materials science. Different machine learning algorithms have been used with great success in the construction of these MLPs. In this review, we discuss an important group of MLPs relying on artificial neural networks to establish a mapping from the atomic structure to the potential energy. In spite of this common feature, there are important conceptual differences among MLPs, which concern the dimensionality of the systems, the inclusion of long-range electrostatic interactions, global phenomena like nonlocal charge transfer, and the type of descriptor used to represent the atomic structure, which can be either predefined or learnable. A concise overview is given along with a discussion of the open challenges in the field. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Score-Driven Time Series Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Circular Data ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Time Series Models ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Time Series Modeling ◽  
Dynamic Correlation ◽  
Switching Regimes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Application Volume

The construction of score-driven filters for nonlinear time series models is described, and they are shown to apply over a wide range of disciplines. Their theoretical and practical advantages over other methods are highlighted. Topics covered include robust time series modeling, conditional heteroscedasticity, count data, dynamic correlation and association, censoring, circular data, and switching regimes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application, Volume 9 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

A Retrospective on Fundamental Cause Theory: State of the Literature and Goals for the Future

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean A.P. Clouston ◽  
Bruce G. Link
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Flexible Resources ◽  
Fundamental Cause ◽  
Fundamental Cause Theory ◽  
Protective Strategies ◽  
New Applications

Fundamental cause theory (FCT) was originally proposed to explain how socioeconomic inequalities in health emerged and persisted over time. The concept was that higher socioeconomic status helped some people to avoid risks and adopt protective strategies using flexible resources: knowledge, money, power, prestige, and beneficial social connections. As a sociological theory, FCT addressed this issue by calling on social stratification, stigma, and racism as they affected medical treatments and health outcomes. The last comprehensive review was completed a decade ago. Since then, FCT has been tested, and new applications have extended central features. The current review consolidates key foci in the literature in order to guide future research in the field. Notable themes emerged around types of resources and their usage, approaches used to test the theory, and novel extensions. We conclude that after 25 years of use, there remain crucial questions to be addressed. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 47 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The tracrRNA in CRISPR Biology and Technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunyu Liao ◽  
Chase L. Beisel
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Guide Rnas ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Guide Sequence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Applications

CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems in bacteria and archaea utilize short CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) to guide sequence-specific recognition and clearance of foreign genetic material. Multiple crRNAs are stored together in a compact format called a CRISPR array that is transcribed and processed into the individual crRNAs. While the exact processing mechanisms vary widely, some CRISPR-Cas systems, including those encoding the Cas9 nuclease, rely on a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA). The tracrRNA was discovered in 2011 and was quickly co-opted to create single-guide RNAs as core components of CRISPR-Cas9 technologies. Since then, further studies have uncovered processes extending beyond the traditional role of tracrRNA in crRNA biogenesis, revealed Cas nucleases besides Cas9 that are dependent on tracrRNAs, and established new applications based on tracrRNA engineering. In this review, we describe the biology of the tracrRNA and how its ongoing characterization has garnered new insights into prokaryotic immune defense and enabled key technological advances. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Dynamics of Atrial Fibrillation Mechanisms and Comorbidities

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Heijman ◽  
Dominik Linz ◽  
Ulrich Schotten
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Atrial Remodeling ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Wide Range

Atrial fibrillation (AF) contributes to morbidity and mortality of millions of individuals. Its molecular, cellular, neurohumoral, and hemodynamic pathophysiological mechanisms are complex, and there is increasing awareness that a wide range of comorbidities can contribute to AF-promoting atrial remodeling. Moreover, recent research has highlighted that AF risk is not constant and that the temporal variation in concomitant conditions contributes to the complexity of AF dynamics. In this review, we provide an overview of fundamental AF mechanisms related to established and emerging comorbidities or risk factors and their role in the AF-promoting effects. We focus on the accumulating evidence for the relevance of temporally dynamic changes in these risk factors and the consequence for AF initiation and maintenance. Finally, we highlight the important implications for future research and clinical practice resulting from the dynamic interaction between AF risk factors and mechanisms. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 83 is February 10, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Recent Progress in the Physics of Axions and Axion-Like Particles

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiwoon Choi ◽  
Sang Hui Im ◽  
Chang Sub Shin
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Formal Theory ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Axion Field ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pseudoscalar Particle ◽  
Field Excursion

The axion is a light pseudoscalar particle postulated to solve issues with the Standard Model, including the strong CP problem and the origin of dark matter. In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in the physics of axions in several directions. An unusual type of axion-like particle termed the relaxion was proposed as a new solution to the weak scale hierarchy problem. There are also new ideas for laboratory, astrophysical, or cosmological searches for axions; such searches can probe a wide range of model parameters that were previously inaccessible. On the formal theory side, the weak gravity conjecture indicates a tension between quantum gravity and a trans-Planckian axion field excursion. Many of these developments involve axions with hierarchical couplings. In this article, we review recent progress in axion physics, with particular attention paid to hierarchies between axion couplings. We emphasize that the parameter regions of hierarchical axion couplings are the most accessible experimentally. Moreover, such regions are often where important theoretical questions in the field are addressed, and they can result from simple model-building mechanisms. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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