Continuum and Molecular Dynamics Studies of the Hydrodynamics of Colloids Straddling a Fluid Interface

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Maldarelli ◽  
Nicole T. Donovan ◽  
Subramaniam Chembai Ganesh ◽  
Subhabrata Das ◽  
Joel Koplik
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Characteristic Size ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Fluid Interfaces ◽  
Particle Interactions ◽  
Fluid Interface ◽  
Interfacial Energies ◽  
Multiple Particle

Colloid-sized particles (10 nm–10 μm in characteristic size) adsorb onto fluid interfaces, where they minimize their interfacial energy by straddling the surface, immersing themselves partly in each phase bounding the interface. The energy minimum achieved by relocation to the surface can be orders of magnitude greater than the thermal energy, effectively trapping the particles into monolayers, allowing them freedom only to translate and rotate along the surface. Particles adsorbed at interfaces are models for the understanding of the dynamics and assembly of particles in two dimensions and have broad technological applications, importantly in foam and emulsion science and in the bottom-up fabrication of new materials based on their monolayer assemblies. In this review, the hydrodynamics of the colloid motion along the surface is examined from both continuum and molecular dynamics frameworks. The interfacial energies of adsorbed particles is discussed first, followed by the hydrodynamics, starting with isolated particles followed by pairwise and multiple particle interactions. The effect of particle shape is emphasized, and the role played by the immersion depth and the surface rheology is discussed; experiments illustrating the applicability of the hydrodynamic studies are also examined. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 54 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Learning to Model G-Quadruplexes: Current Methods and Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iker Ortiz de Luzuriaga ◽  
Xabier Lopez ◽  
Adrià Gil3
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Molecular Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Square Planar ◽  
Explicit Simulation ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

G-quadruplexes have raised considerable interest during the past years for the development of therapies against cancer. These noncanonical structures of DNA may be found in telomeres and/or oncogene promoters, and it has been observed that the stabilization of such G-quadruplexes may disturb tumor cell growth. Nevertheless, the mechanisms leading to folding and stabilization of these G-quadruplexes are still not well established, and they are the focus of much current work in this field. In seminal works, stabilization was observed to be produced by cations. However, subsequent studies showed that different kinds of small molecules, from planar and nonplanar organic molecules to square-planar and octahedral metal complexes, may also lead to the stabilization of G-quadruplexes. Thus, the comprehension and rationalization of the interaction of these small molecules with G-quadruplexes are also important topics of current interest in medical applications. To shed light on the questions arising from the literature on the formation of G-quadruplexes, their stabilization, and their interaction with small molecules, synergies between experimental studies and computational works are needed. In this review, we mainly focus on in silico approaches and provide a broad compilation of different leading studies carried out to date by different computational methods. We divide these methods into two main categories: ( a) classical methods, which allow for long-timescale molecular dynamics simulations and the corresponding analysis of dynamical information, and ( b) quantum methods (semiempirical, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics, and density functional theory methods), which allow for the explicit simulation of the electronic structure of the system but, in general, are not capable of being used in long-timescale molecular dynamics simulations and, therefore, give a more static picture of the relevant processes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 50 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Living Sociology: On Being in the World One Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Burawoy
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Case Method ◽  
Extended Case Method ◽  
The One ◽  
Scientific Research Program

Living sociology refers to the life of sociology, seen as a field of competing scientific research programs. The dynamism of each program requires, on the one hand, engaging internal contradictions and external anomalies and, on the other hand, extended dialogue among the programs themselves. Living sociology also refers to the life of sociologists as they participate in the society they study. My understanding of these two dimensions of reflexive science—the scientific and the hermeneutic—developed through the interaction of teaching and research. I trace the way I learned the extended case method in Zambia and reformulated it through collaborations with students at Berkeley, arriving at the idea of the scientific research program. I show how I tried to contribute to the Marxist research program by wrestling with anomalies that sprung from my experiences working in factories in the United States, Hungary, and Russia. Finally, I describe how teaching social theory led me to Marxist conversations with structural functionalism and with the work of Pierre Bourdieu as well as prefiguring an extended conversation between W.E.B. Du Bois and the sociological canon. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 47 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Soft particles at a fluid interface

Soft Matter ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1062-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Mehrabian ◽  
Jens Harting ◽  
Jacco H. Snoeijer
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Molecular Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Fluid Interfaces ◽  
Liquid Droplets ◽  
Fluid Interface ◽  
Rigid Particles ◽  
Soft Particles ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Elastic Particles

Soft particles can be used as an alternative to rigid particles, to stabilise fluid interfaces in the oil, food, and cosmetic industries. Using molecular dynamics simulations and continuum calculations, it is shown that the shape of soft elastic particles at a fluid interface is not only affected by their Young's modulus, but also strongly depends on their wettability, analogous to liquid droplets.

Endogenous Retroviruses Drive Resistance and Promotion of Exogenous Retroviral Homologs

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliott S. Chiu ◽  
Sue VandeWoude
Keyword(s):  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Self Tolerance ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Insight Into

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) serve as markers of ancient viral infections and provide invaluable insight into host and viral evolution. ERVs have been exapted to assist in performing basic biological functions, including placentation, immune modulation, and oncogenesis. A subset of ERVs share high nucleotide similarity to circulating horizontally transmitted exogenous retrovirus (XRV) progenitors. In these cases, ERV–XRV interactions have been documented and include ( a) recombination to result in ERV–XRV chimeras, ( b) ERV induction of immune self-tolerance to XRV antigens, ( c) ERV antigen interference with XRV receptor binding, and ( d) interactions resulting in both enhancement and restriction of XRV infections. Whereas the mechanisms governing recombination and immune self-tolerance have been partially determined, enhancement and restriction of XRV infection are virus specific and only partially understood. This review summarizes interactions between six unique ERV–XRV pairs, highlighting important ERV biological functions and potential evolutionary histories in vertebrate hosts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 9 is February 16, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Advancing Socioeconomic Rights Through Interdisciplinary Factfinding: Opportunities and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Knuckey ◽  
Joshua D. Fisher ◽  
Amanda M. Klasing ◽  
Tess Russo ◽  
Margaret L. Satterthwaite
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Socioeconomic Rights ◽  
Human Rights Movement

The human rights movement is increasingly using interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, mixed-methods, and quantitative factfinding. There has been too little analysis of these shifts. This article examines some of the opportunities and challenges of these methods, focusing on the investigation of socioeconomic human rights. By potentially expanding the amount and types of evidence available, factfinding's accuracy and persuasiveness can be strengthened, bolstering rights claims. However, such methods can also present significant challenges and may pose risks in individual cases and to the human rights movement generally. Interdisciplinary methods can be costly in human, financial, and technical resources; are sometimes challenging to implement; may divert limited resources from other work; can reify inequalities; may produce “expertise” that disempowers rightsholders; and could raise investigation standards to an infeasible or counterproductive level. This article includes lessons learned and questions to guide researchers and human rights advocates considering mixed-methods human rights factfinding. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Law and Social Science, Volume 17 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Conversation and Culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simeon Floyd
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Speech Communities

Conversation analysis is a method for the systematic study of interaction in terms of a sequential turn-taking system. Research in conversation analysis has traditionally focused on speakers of English, and it is still unclear to what extent the system observed in that research applies to conversation more generally around the world. However, as this method is now being applied to conversation in a broader range of languages, it is increasingly possible to address questions about the nature of interactional diversity across different speech communities. The approach of pragmatic typology first applies sequential analysis to conversation from different speech communities and then compares interactional patterns in ways analogous to how traditional linguistic typology compares morphosyntax. This article discusses contemporary literature in pragmatic typology, including single-language studies and multilanguage comparisons reflecting both qualitative and quantitative methods. This research finds that microanalysis of face-to-face interaction can identify both universal trends and culture-specific interactional tendencies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 50 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Mechanical Patterning in Animal Morphogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonit Maroudas-Sacks ◽  
Kinneret Keren
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Biological Pattern Formation ◽  
Effective Theories ◽  
Biochemical Signals

Morphogenesis is one of the most remarkable examples of biological pattern formation. Despite substantial progress in the field, we still do not understand the organizational principles responsible for the robust convergence of the morphogenesis process across scales to form viable organisms under variable conditions. Achieving large-scale coordination requires feedback between mechanical and biochemical processes, spanning all levels of organization and relating the emerging patterns with the mechanisms driving their formation. In this review, we highlight the role of mechanics in the patterning process, emphasizing the active and synergistic manner in which mechanical processes participate in developmental patterning rather than merely following a program set by biochemical signals. We discuss the value of applying a coarse-grained approach toward understanding this complex interplay, which considers the large-scale dynamics and feedback as well as complementing the reductionist approach focused on molecular detail. A central challenge in this approach is identifying relevant coarse-grained variables and developing effective theories that can serve as a basis for an integrated framework for understanding this remarkable pattern-formation process. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Contemporary Management of Thyroid Nodules

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Kobaly ◽  
Caroline S. Kim ◽  
Susan J. Mandel
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Cervical Lymphadenopathy ◽  
Standard Technique ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Risk Of Malignancy ◽  
Indeterminate Cytology

Thyroid nodules are common in the general population, with higher prevalence in women and with advancing age. Approximately 5% of thyroid nodules are malignant; the majority of this subset represents papillary thyroid cancer. Ultrasonography is the standard technique to assess the underlying thyroid parenchyma, characterize the features of thyroid nodules, and evaluate for abnormal cervical lymphadenopathy. Various risk stratification systems exist to categorize the risk of malignancy based on the ultrasound appearance of a thyroid nodule. Nodules are selected for fine-needle aspiration biopsy on the basis of ultrasound features, size, and high-risk clinical history. Cytology results are classified by the Bethesda system into six categories ranging from benign to malignant. When cytology is indeterminate, molecular testing can further risk-stratify patients for observation or surgery. Surveillance is indicated for nodules with benign cytology, indeterminate cytology with reassuring molecular testing, or non-biopsied nodules without a benign sonographic appearance. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazunori Omote ◽  
Frederik H. Verbrugge ◽  
Barry A. Borlaug
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Preserved Ejection Fraction ◽  
Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽  
Patients With Heart Failure ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

Approximately half of all patients with heart failure (HF) have a preserved ejection fraction, and the prevalence is growing rapidly given the aging population in many countries and the rising prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Functional capacity and quality of life are severely impaired in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and morbidity and mortality are high. In striking contrast to HF with reduced ejection fraction, there are few effective treatments currently identified for HFpEF, and these are limited to decongestion by diuretics, promotion of a healthy active lifestyle, and management of comorbidities. Improved phenotyping of subgroups within the overall HFpEF population might enhance individualization of treatment. This review focuses on the current understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying HFpEF and treatment strategies for this complex syndrome. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

COVID-19 and Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Awadhesh Kumar Singh ◽  
Kamlesh Khunti
Keyword(s):  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Oral Antidiabetic Agents ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Conclusive Data ◽  
New Onset

The prevalence of diabetes in people with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has varied worldwide. Most of the available evidence suggests a significant increase in severity and mortality of COVID-19 in people with either type 1 (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in association with poor glycemic control. While new-onset hyperglycemia and new-onset diabetes (both T1DM and T2DM) have been increasingly recognized in the context of COVID-19 and have been associated with worse outcome, no conclusive evidence yet suggests direct tropism of SARS-CoV-2 on the β cells of pancreatic islets. While all approved oral antidiabetic agents appear to be safe in people with T2DM having COVID-19, no conclusive data are yet available to indicate a mortality benefit with any class of these drugs, in the absence of large randomized controlled trials. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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