Immunology in the Era of Single-Cell Technologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 727-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Efremova ◽  
Roser Vento-Tormo ◽  
Jong-Eun Park ◽  
Sarah A. Teichmann ◽  
Kylie R. James
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Technologies ◽  
Genomics And Proteomics ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Many

Immune cells are characterized by diversity, specificity, plasticity, and adaptability—properties that enable them to contribute to homeostasis and respond specifically and dynamically to the many threats encountered by the body. Single-cell technologies, including the assessment of transcriptomics, genomics, and proteomics at the level of individual cells, are ideally suited to studying these properties of immune cells. In this review we discuss the benefits of adopting single-cell approaches in studying underappreciated qualities of immune cells and highlight examples where these technologies have been critical to advancing our understanding of the immune system in health and disease.

scholarly journals Osteoimmunology: Interactions of the Bone and Immune System

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Lorenzo ◽  
Mark Horowitz ◽  
Yongwon Choi
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function ◽  
Broad Overview

Abstract Bone and the immune system are both complex tissues that respectively regulate the skeleton and the body’s response to invading pathogens. It has now become clear that these organ systems often interact in their function. This is particularly true for the development of immune cells in the bone marrow and for the function of bone cells in health and disease. Because these two disciplines developed independently, investigators in each don’t always fully appreciate the significance that the other system has on the function of the tissue they are studying. This review is meant to provide a broad overview of the many ways that bone and immune cells interact so that a better understanding of the role that each plays in the development and function of the other can develop. It is hoped that an appreciation of the interactions of these two organ systems will lead to better therapeutics for diseases that affect either or both.

scholarly journals Single-cell transcriptomics to explore the immune system in health and disease

Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 358 (6359) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. T. Stubbington ◽  
Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen ◽  
Aviv Regev ◽  
Sarah A. Teichmann
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Massively Parallel ◽  
Antigen Receptors ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Multiple Cell

The immune system varies in cell types, states, and locations. The complex networks, interactions, and responses of immune cells produce diverse cellular ecosystems composed of multiple cell types, accompanied by genetic diversity in antigen receptors. Within this ecosystem, innate and adaptive immune cells maintain and protect tissue function, integrity, and homeostasis upon changes in functional demands and diverse insults. Characterizing this inherent complexity requires studies at single-cell resolution. Recent advances such as massively parallel single-cell RNA sequencing and sophisticated computational methods are catalyzing a revolution in our understanding of immunology. Here we provide an overview of the state of single-cell genomics methods and an outlook on the use of single-cell techniques to decipher the adaptive and innate components of immunity.

scholarly journals Microglia Diversity in Healthy and Diseased Brain: Insights from Single‐Cell Omics

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3027
Author(s):  
Natalia Ochocka ◽  
Bozena Kaminska
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current State ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Cell Technologies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Peripheral Cells

Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that have distinct ontogeny from other tissue macrophages and play a pivotal role in health and disease. Microglia rapidly react to the changes in their microenvironment. This plasticity is attributed to the ability of microglia to adapt a context-specific phenotype. Numerous gene expression profiling studies of immunosorted CNS immune cells did not permit a clear dissection of their phenotypes, particularly in diseases when peripheral cells of the immune system come to play. Only recent advances in single-cell technologies allowed studying microglia at high resolution and revealed a spectrum of discrete states both under homeostatic and pathological conditions. Single-cell technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and mass cytometry (Cytometry by Time-Of-Flight, CyTOF) enabled determining entire transcriptomes or the simultaneous quantification of >30 cellular parameters of thousands of individual cells. Single-cell omics studies demonstrated the unforeseen heterogeneity of microglia and immune infiltrates in brain pathologies: neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, depression, and brain tumors. We summarize the findings from those studies and the current state of knowledge of functional diversity of microglia under physiological and pathological conditions. A precise definition of microglia functions and phenotypes may be essential to design future immune-modulating therapies.

scholarly journals NCMP-05. DECODING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE TO LEPTOMENINGEAL METASTASIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii124-ii124
Author(s):  
Jan Remsik ◽  
Xinran Tong ◽  
Ugur Sener ◽  
Danille Isakov ◽  
Yudan Chi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Leptomeningeal Metastasis ◽  
System Response ◽  
Idle State ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Immune System Response ◽  
Therapeutic Protocols ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord

Abstract For decades, the central nervous system was considered to be an immune privileged organ with limited access to systemic immunity. However, the leptomeninges, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled anatomical structure that protects the brain and spinal cord, represent a relatively immune-rich environment. Despite the presence of immune cells, complications in the CSF, such as infectious meningitis and a neurological development of cancer known as leptomeningeal metastasis, are difficult to treat and are frequently fatal. We show that immune cells entering the CSF are held in an ‘idle’ state that limits their cytotoxic arsenal and antigen presentation machinery. To understand this underappreciated neuroanatomic niche, we used unique mouse models and rare patient samples to characterize its cellular composition and critical signaling events in health and disease at a single-cell resolution. Revealing the mediators of CSF immune response will allow us to re-evaluate current therapeutic protocols and employ rational combinations with immunotherapies, therefore turning the patient’s own immune system into an active weapon against pathogens and cancer.

Physical plasma and leukocytes – immune or reactive?

2018 ◽  
Vol 400 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander Bekeschus ◽  
Christian Seebauer ◽  
Kristian Wende ◽  
Anke Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Physical Plasma

AbstractLeukocytes are professionals in recognizing and removing pathogenic or unwanted material. They are present in virtually all tissues, and highly motile to enter or leave specific sites throughout the body. Less than a decade ago, physical plasmas entered the field of medicine to deliver their delicate mix of reactive species and other physical agents for mainly dermatological or oncological therapy. Plasma treatment thus affects leukocytes via direct or indirect means: immune cells are either present in tissues during treatment, or infiltrate or exfiltrate plasma-treated areas. The immune system is crucial for human health and resolution of many types of diseases. It is therefore vital to study the response of leukocytes after plasma treatmentin vitroandin vivo. This review gathers together the major themes in the plasma treatment of innate and adaptive immune cells, and puts these into the context of wound healing and oncology, the two major topics in plasma medicine.

scholarly journals Neuroimmune Interactions: From the Brain to the Immune System and Vice Versa

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 477-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Dantzer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Short Range ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Because of the compartmentalization of disciplines that shaped the academic landscape of biology and biomedical sciences in the past, physiological systems have long been studied in isolation from each other. This has particularly been the case for the immune system. As a consequence of its ties with pathology and microbiology, immunology as a discipline has largely grown independently of physiology. Accordingly, it has taken a long time for immunologists to accept the concept that the immune system is not self-regulated but functions in close association with the nervous system. These associations are present at different levels of organization. At the local level, there is clear evidence for the production and use of immune factors by the central nervous system and for the production and use of neuroendocrine mediators by the immune system. Short-range interactions between immune cells and peripheral nerve endings innervating immune organs allow the immune system to recruit local neuronal elements for fine tuning of the immune response. Reciprocally, immune cells and mediators play a regulatory role in the nervous system and participate in the elimination and plasticity of synapses during development as well as in synaptic plasticity at adulthood. At the whole organism level, long-range interactions between immune cells and the central nervous system allow the immune system to engage the rest of the body in the fight against infection from pathogenic microorganisms and permit the nervous system to regulate immune functioning. Alterations in communication pathways between the immune system and the nervous system can account for many pathological conditions that were initially attributed to strict organ dysfunction. This applies in particular to psychiatric disorders and several immune-mediated diseases. This review will show how our understanding of this balance between long-range and short-range interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system has evolved over time, since the first demonstrations of immune influences on brain functions. The necessary complementarity of these two modes of communication will then be discussed. Finally, a few examples will illustrate how dysfunction in these communication pathways results in what was formerly considered in psychiatry and immunology to be strict organ pathologies.

scholarly journals Вплив бровітакокциду сукупно з плодами розторопші плямистої на стан імунної системи індиків за еймеріозної інвазії

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (73) ◽  
pp. 163-168
Author(s):  
I. Khariv ◽  
B. Gutyj ◽  
V. Hunchak ◽  
N. Slobodyuk ◽  
A. Vynyarska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Milk Thistle ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Specific Phase

The immune system provides resistance of the organism against bacterial and viral infections in the body of the poultry. In the intestinal mucosa of eymeria it was secrete metabolic products, that are toxic to various systems and tissues of turkeys. Eymeria, parasitizing in the gut, inhibit specific phase of immunity presented by antibodies (humoral type), reduce the activity of sensitized cells (cell type), slow down nonspecific phase of immunity, represented by various immune cells. The rapid and complete recovery of functional state of the immune system in turkeys, affected by eymeriozic invasion it was found if brovitatoxide was given if the aggregate of the fruits of milk thistle. Fruits contain group of flavius lignans named «Sylimaryn», acting immune stimulatory for the development of secondary immuno deficiencies state of body.

scholarly journals Immunity – a Significant Pathogenic Factor as Well as an Integral Part of the Psychoneuroendocrine-Immune Regulations

2018 ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
F. Vožeh
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Short Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pathogenic Factor ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Health And Disease

Immunity plays an important role in the reactivity of the organism and, in this context, is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Basically, there is no system or organ in the body, whose dysfunction is not related to immunity consequences. In addition, there are also multisystem diseases simultaneously involving multiple body systems. They are not always caused by weak immunity, but also often by modified immune reactions known as overshooting. The essence of all these diseases is a change in the reactivity of the organism where immunity plays an important role. The immunity as such is then part of the systems of neuroendocrine-immune regulation, which have common mediators and receptors. The establishment of psychoneuroimmunology, a relatively new discipline in neuroscience, contributed to a detailed understanding of these mechanisms between central and peripheral nervous system, the endocrine system and the immune system. This research enabled the uncovering of the nature of stress-diseases and impact of other regulatory disturbances on the function of various body organs and systems of the organism as a whole. The aim of this short review is to show complex interconnections of these relationships to better understand the human health and disease.

scholarly journals Computational simulation including interpretation of the importance of the immune system in tumor growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1S) ◽  
pp. 663-670
Author(s):  
Nidhi S Vaishnaw, Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Propagation Rate ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Cd8 Cells ◽  
The Many

The secret to tumor growth and survival is proliferation. Therefore, to plan and formulate a required therapy process, the study of the propagation rate is very important. The objective of the immune system is to protect against disease or other potentially harmful foreign bodies, a set of processes and mechanisms within the body. In regulating the growth of a tumor, different cells of our immune system perform their assigned function. Natural Killer cells, Dendritic cells, and CD8+ cells are among the many cells. In our scientific literature, in the presence of numerous family components of the human immune system, we have developed a mathematical model to evaluate the dynamics involved in tumor formation. We separated the population of tumor cells into proliferating and inactive subsets and felt that the cells of the immune system had little effect on the dormant cells. This partition of the universal tumor set into the subsets as mentioned has never been made in any of the previous research works. Also, to the best of authors’ knowledge, the compartment combination considered for the present work adds novelty to the article.

scholarly journals Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals micro-evolution of the stickleback immune system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren E Fuess ◽  
Daniel I Bolnick
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Ecological Processes

Pathogenic infection is an important driver of many ecological processes. Furthermore, variability in immune function is an important driver of differential infection outcomes. New evidence would suggest that immune variation extends to broad cellular structure of immune systems. However, variability at such broad levels is traditionally difficult to detect in non-model systems. Here we leverage single cell transcriptomic approaches to document signatures of microevolution of immune system structure in a natural system, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We sampled nine adult fish from three populations with variability in resistance to a cestode parasite, Schistocephalus solidus, to create the first comprehensive immune cell atlas for G. aculeatus. Eight major immune cell types, corresponding to major vertebrate immune cells, were identified. We were also able to document significant variation in both abundance and expression profiles of the individual immune cell types, among the three populations of fish. This variability may contribute to observed variability in parasite susceptibility. Finally, we demonstrate that identified cell type markers can be used to reinterpret traditional transcriptomic data. Combined our study demonstrates the power of single cell sequencing to not only document evolutionary phenomena (i.e. microevolution of immune cells), but also increase the power of traditional transcriptomic datasets.

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