Motility of the pyloric sphincter studied by the inductograph method in conscious dogs

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (5) ◽  
pp. G650-G657 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Ehrlein
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Pyloric Sphincter ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Luminal Flow ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gastric Contractions

The aim of the study is to evaluate the motility of the pyloric sphincter in conscious dogs by means of extraluminal transducers. For this purpose induction coils were chronically implanted in 12 dogs. After a meal the pylorus opened and closed in relation to the gastric waves. The mean changes in pyloric diameter were 5.4 +/- 1.0 mm. During phase I of the interdigestive state, the mean degree of pyloric opening was 39 +/- 18%. Gastric contractions occurring during phase II or phase III were accompanied with a marked increase in pyloric diameter; the degree of pyloric opening was 93 +/- 12%. Duodenal instillations of hydrochloric acid or oleic acid significantly diminished the pyloric diameter. Nutrients added to a viscous meal also diminished the pyloric opening significantly in comparison with an acaloric meal. Results suggest that the pyloric sphincter is involved in the control of gastric emptying. The inductograph is a useful technique to study pyloric activity without impediment of luminal flow in animals.

Intraluminal lipids modulate avian gastrointestinal motility

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (2) ◽  
pp. R445-R452 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Martinez ◽  
M. Jimenez ◽  
E. Gonalons ◽  
P. Vergara
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Gastrointestinal Motility ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Intestinal Transit Time ◽  
Speed Of Propagation ◽  
Spike Bursts

Infusion of lipids into the ileum delays gastric emptying and intestinal transit time in some species. The aim of this study was to characterize the actions of intraluminal lipid infusion on gastrointestinal electrical activity in chickens. Animals were prepared for electromyography with chronic electrodes in stomach, duodenum, and small intestine. Two catheters were chronically placed in the esophagus and ileum to infuse equimolar doses of either oleic acid (OA) or triolein (TO). Both OA and TO, esophageally infused, inhibited the frequency of the gastroduodenal cycle and increased the frequency of antiperistaltic spike bursts in the duodenum. Ileal infusion of OA, but not of TO, produced the same effects. Both esophageal and ileal OA infusion increased the duration of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) and decreased the speed of propagation of phase III. In conclusion, intraluminal infusion of lipids modulates gastrointestinal motility by decreasing the frequency of the gastric cycle, increasing duodenogastric refluxes, and elongating the MMC. These actions could delay gastric emptying and increase transit time, which suggests the presence of an "ileal brake" mechanism similar to that described in mammals.

Pyloric contribution to antroduodenal resistance to flow in the conscious dog

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (1) ◽  
pp. G72-G78 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Mearin ◽  
F. Azpiroz ◽  
J. R. Malagelada
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Conscious Dog ◽  
Motor Cycle ◽  
Interdigestive Motility ◽  
Specific Contribution

We have developed a pneumatic resistometer to monitor antroduodenal resistance to flow for prolonged periods of time in conscious dogs. To investigate the specific contribution of the pylorus to antroduodenal resistance we compared resistance during fasting in four control dogs and in four dogs with extramucosal pyloric myotomy (1.5 cm long). After pyloric myotomy, as in controls, resistance to flow changed cyclically, being lowest during phase I and highest during phase III of the interdigestive motor cycle. Pyloric myotomy decreased resistance during phase III. Atropine (0.1 mg X kg-1 X h-1) administered during motor quiescence (phase I) reduced resistance in the control group (P less than 0.05) but not in myotomized animals. Bethanechol(0.2 mg X kg-1 X h-1) significantly increased resistance in both groups (P less than 0.05). We conclude that antroduodenal resistance to flow is related to cyclic interdigestive motility. The pylorus is the predominant determinant of antroduodenal resistance during motor quiescence, but its contribution diminishes markedly during motor activity.

Role of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine in the regulation of gastric contractions by motilin in dogs

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (1) ◽  
pp. G20-G28 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Haga ◽  
A. Mizumoto ◽  
M. Satoh ◽  
E. Mochiki ◽  
F. Mizusawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Day Treatment ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Pretreatment Level ◽  
Gastric Contractions ◽  
Spontaneous Phase

It has been suggested that 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptors are involved in the control of phase III contractions in the stomach. We examined the effect of depletion of endogenous 5-HT by p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) on spontaneously and motilin-induced phase III contractions in conscious dogs, and the effect of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) in an isolated perfused dog stomach. Three-day treatment with pCPA significantly reduced plasma 5-HT concentration and 5-HT content in the stomach, and strongly suppressed the spontaneous and motilin-induced phase III contractions in the stomach. When spontaneous phase III contractions recovered in the stomach after a 3-day treatment, exogenous motilin induced typical phase III-like contractions, and the 5-HT content in the muscle layer was recovered to the normal pretreatment level. In the perfused stomach, 5,6-DHT decreased 5-HT content in the muscle layer alone and abolished motilin-induced contractions. In conclusion, endogenous 5-HT, probably in 5-HT neurons, plays an important role in the control of interdigestive phase III activity by motilin in the stomach.

Fixed feeding potentiates interdigestive gastric motor activity in rats: importance of eating habits for maintaining interdigestive MMC

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (3) ◽  
pp. G655-G659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajime Ariga ◽  
Kenji Imai ◽  
Cindy Chen ◽  
Christopher Mantyh ◽  
Theodore N. Pappas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Acyl Ghrelin ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Gastric Contractions

Endogenous ghrelin regulates the occurrence of interdigestive gastric phase III-like contractions in rats. However, the fasted motor pattern is not as regular and potent in humans and dogs. We hypothesize that eating habits play an important role in maintaining a regular interdigestive gastric contractions. We studied the effect of fixed-feeding regimen on interdigestive gastric contractions and plasma acyl ghrelin levels. The fixed-fed rats were trained to the assigned meal feeding regimen, once daily at 12:00 PM to 4:00 PM for 14 days. Free-fed rats were maintained with free access to food. As ghrelin regulates gastric emptying as well, solid gastric emptying was also studied in fixed-fed rats and free-fed rats. In free-fed rats, two of six rats did not show interdigestive gastric phase III-like contractions. In contrast, phase III-like contractions were observed in all rats 14 days after starting the fixed-feeding regimen. The maximal amplitude of phase III-like contractions significantly increased from 8.4 ± 0.6 to 16.3 ± 1.8 g ( n = 6, P < 0.05) 14 days after the start of the fixed feeding. Fasted and postprandial plasma ghrelin levels were significantly increased after 14 days of fixed feeding. Solid gastric emptying was significantly accelerated in fixed-fed rats (72.1 ± 4.2%) compared with that of free-fed rats (58.7 ± 2.7%, n = 6, P < 0.05). Our present findings suggest that fixed feeding increases plasma ghrelin levels, potent interdigestive contractions, and acceleration of gastric emptying.

scholarly journals HD-FFQ to Detect Nutrient Deficiencies and Toxicities for a Multiethnic Asian Dialysis Population

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Syafiq Md Ali ◽  
Zu-Wei Yeak ◽  
Ban-Hock Khor ◽  
Sharmela Sahathevan ◽  
Ayesha Sualeheen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Content Validation ◽  
Validity Index ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Food Items ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Mean

A rapid and reliable tool appropriate to quantifying macronutrient and micronutrient intakes in diets consumed by Malaysian hemodialysis (HD) patients is lacking. We aimed to develop and validate a novel HD-food frequency questionnaire (HD-FFQ) to assess habitual nutritional intakes of HD patients with diverse ethnic backgrounds. This study was conducted in three phases. In Phase I, a HD-FFQ comprising 118 food items was developed using 3-day diet recalls (3DDR) from 388 HD patients. Phase II was the face and content validation using the Scale-Content Validity Index (S-CVI). After successfully developing the FFQ, Phase III tested relative validation against a reference method, the 3DDR. Results from Phase III showed that the mean difference for absolute intakes of nutrients assessed by HD-FFQ and 3DDR were significant (p < 0.05). However, there was a significant correlation between the HD-FFQ and reference method ranging from 0.35–0.47 (p < 0.05). Cross-quartile classification showed that <10% of patients were grossly misclassified. In conclusion, the HD-FFQ has an acceptable relative validity in assessing and ranking the dietary intake of the HD patients in Malaysia.

Bewegungstherapie und körperliche Aktivität bei Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz

Praxis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 107 (17-18) ◽  
pp. 951-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Körperliche Aktivität ◽  
Phase Iii

Zusammenfassung. Herzinsuffizienz ist ein klinisches Syndrom mit unterschiedlichen Ätiologien und Phänotypen. Die überwachte Bewegungstherapie und individuelle körperliche Aktivität ist bei allen Formen eine Klasse-IA-Empfehlung in aktuellen Leitlinien. Eine Bewegungstherapie kann unmittelbar nach Stabilisierung einer akuten Herzinsuffizienz im Spital begonnen werden (Phase I). Sie kann nach Entlassung in einem stationären oder ambulanten Präventions- und Rehabilitationsprogramm fortgesetzt werden (Phase II). Typische Elemente sind Ausdauer-, Kraft- und Atemtraining. Die Kosten werden von der Krankenversicherung für drei bis sechs Monate übernommen. In erfahrenen Zentren können auch Patienten mit implantierten Defibrillatoren oder linksventrikulären Unterstützungssystemen trainieren. Wichtiges Ziel der Phase II ist neben muskulärer Rekonditionierung auch die Steigerung der Gesundheitskompetenz, um die Langzeit-Adhärenz bezüglich körperlicher Aktivität zu verbessern. In Phase III bieten Herzgruppen Unterstützung.

Improving Coded Data Entry by an Electronic Patient Record System

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (02) ◽  
pp. 108-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Puerner ◽  
H. Soltanian ◽  
J. H. Hohnloser
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Electronic Patient Record ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Discharge Summary ◽  
Patient Record ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Electronic Patient Record System ◽  
Record System ◽  
Data Encoding ◽  
Discharge Summaries

AbstractData are presented on the use of a browsing and encoding utility to improve coded data entry for an electronic patient record system. Traditional and computerized discharge summaries were compared: during three phases of coding ICD-9 diagnoses phase I, no coding; phase II, manual coding, and phase III, computerized semiautomatic coding. Our data indicate that (1) only 50% of all diagnoses in a discharge summary are encoded manually; (2) using a computerized browsing and encoding utility this percentage may increase by 64%; (3) when forced to encode manually, users may “shift” as much as 84% of relevant diagnoses from the appropriate coding section to other sections thereby “bypassing” the need to encode, this was reduced by up to 41 % with the computerized approach, and (4) computerized encoding can improve completeness of data encoding, from 46 to 100%. We conclude that the use of a computerized browsing and encoding tool can increase data quality and the percentage of documented data. Mechanisms bypassing the need to code can be avoided.

Inhibition kinetics for propionate degradation using propionate-enriched mixed cultures

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 443-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Hyun ◽  
J. C. Young ◽  
I. S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Inhibition Kinetics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Propionate Degradation ◽  
Acetate Utilization ◽  
Velocity Coefficient

To study propionate inhibition kinetics, seed cultures for the experiment were obtained from a propionate-enriched steady-state anaerobic Master Culture Reactor (MCR) operated under a semi-continuous mode for over six months. The MCR received a loading of 1.0 g propionate COD/l-day and was maintained at a temperature of 35±1°C. Tests using serum bottle reactors consisted of four phases. Phase I tests were conducted for measurement of anaerobic gas production as a screening step for a wide range of propionate concentrations. Phase II was a repeat of phase I but with more frequent sampling and detailed analysis of components in the liquid sample using gas chromatography. In phase III, different concentrations of acetate were added along with 1.0 g propionate COD/l to observe acetate inhibition of propionate degradation. Finally in phase IV, different concentrations of propionate were added along with 100 and 200 mg acetate/l to confirm the effect of mutual inhibition. Biokinetic and inhibition coefficients were obtained using models of Monod, Haldane, and Han and Levenspiel through the use of non-linear curve fitting technique. Results showed that the values of kp, maximum propionate utilization rate, and Ksp, half-velocity coefficient for propionate conversion, were 0.257 mg HPr/mg VSS-hr and 200 mg HPr/l, respectively. The values of kA, maximum acetate utilization rate, and KsA, half-velocity coefficient for acetate conversion, were 0.216 mg HAc/mg VSS-hr and 58 mg HAc/l, respectively. The results of phase III and IV tests indicated there was non-competitive inhibition when the acetate concentration in the reactor exceeded 200 mg/l.

scholarly journals Comparison of metabolic changes after neoadjuvant endocrine and chemotherapy in ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho Hyun Ryu ◽  
Sei Hyun Ahn ◽  
Seon Ok Kim ◽  
Jeong Eun Kim ◽  
Ji sun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Neoadjuvant Endocrine Therapy ◽  
The Mean

AbstractSurvival of breast cancer patients has improved, and treatment-related changes regarding metabolic profile deterioration after neoadjuvant systemic treatment (NST) become important issues in cancer survivors. We sought to compare metabolic profile changes and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) between patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) and neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) 3 years after the treatment. In a prospective, randomized, phase III trial which compared 24 weeks of NCT with adriamycin and cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel and NET with goserelin and tamoxifen (NEST), 123 patients in the Asan Medical Center were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate metabolic changes, such as body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TC), fasting glucose, and the NLR. The mean age of patients was 42 years. The changes in BMI, serum glucose, and TC during NST and after 3 years were significantly different between NCT and NET. The proportion of overweight + obese group and the mean BMI were significantly increased during NCT (26.6% to 37.5%, 22.84 kg/m2 to 23.87 kg/m2, p < 0.05), and these attributes found to have normalized at the 3-year follow-up. In the NET group, BMI changes were not observed (p > 0.05, all). There were no differences in changes over time among in the Hypertension group during NCT and NET (p = 0.96). The mean value of serum TC and fasting glucose significantly increased (< 0.05, both) during NCT and decreased 3 years after NCT (p < 0.05); however, no significant changes were observed in the NET group. The NLR was increased from 1.83 to 3.18 after NCT (p < 0.05) and decreased from 1.98 to 1.43 (p < 0.05) after NET. Compared with minimal metabolic effect of NET, NCT worsens metabolic profiles, which were recovered over 3 years. The NLR was increased after NCT but decreased after NET.

scholarly journals AB0332 IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AND IMMONOMODULATING AGENTS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CLINICAL TRIALS AND THEIR CURRENT DEVELOPMENT STAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1464.1-1465
Author(s):  
J. Blaess ◽  
J. Walther ◽  
J. E. Gottenberg ◽  
J. Sibilia ◽  
L. Arnaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Jak Inhibitors ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Immunomodulating Drugs

Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most frequent chronic inflammatory diseases with an incidence of 0.5% to 1%. Therapeutic arsenal of RA has continuously expanded in recent years with the recent therapeutic progress with the arrival of conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs), biological (bDMARDs) and targeted synthetic (tsDMARDs), JAK inhibitors. However, there are still some unmet needs for patients who do not achieve remission and who continue to worsen despite treatments. Of note, only approximately 40% of patients are ACR70 responders, in most randomized controlled trials. For these patients, finding new therapeutic avenues is challenging.Objectives:The objective of our study was to analyze the whole pipeline of immunosuppressive and immunomodulating drugs evaluated in RA and describe their mechanisms of action and stage of clinical development.Methods:We conducted a systematic review of all drug therapies in clinical development in RA in 17 databases of international clinical trials. Inclusion criterion: study from one of the databases using the keywords “Rheumatoid arthritis” (search date: June 1, 2019). Exclusion criteria: non-drug trials, trials not related to RA or duplicates. We also excluded dietary regimen or supplementations, cellular therapies, NSAIDs, glucorticoids or their derivatives and non-immunosuppressive or non-immunomodulating drugs. For each csDMARD, bDMARD and tsDMARD, we considered the study at the most advanced stage. For bDMARDs, we did not take into account biosimilars.Results:The research identified 4652 trials, of which 242 for 243 molecules met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The developed molecules belong to csDMARDs (n=21), bDMARDs (n=117), tsDMARDs (n=105).Among the 21 csDMARDs molecules: 8 (38%) has been withdrawn, 4 (19%) are already labelled in RA (hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide, methotrexate and sulfasalazine) and 9 (43%) are in development: 1 (11%) is in phase I/II, 5 (56%) in phase II, 3 (33%) in phase IV.Among the 117 bDMARDs molecules: 69 (59%) has been withdrawn, 9 (8%) are labeled in RA (abatacept, adalimumab, anakinra, certolizumab, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, rituximab, sarilumab, tocilizumab) and 39 (33%) are in development: 9 (23%) in phase I, 3 (8%) in phase I/II, 21 (54%) in phase II, 5 (12%) are in phase III, 1 (3%) in phase IV. bDMARDs currently under development target B cells (n=4), T cells (n=2), T/B cells costimulation (n=2),TNF alpha (n=2), Interleukine 1 or his receptor (n=3), Interleukine 6 or his receptor (n=7), Interleukine 17 (n=4), Interleukine 23 (n=1), GM-CSF (n=1), other cytokines or chemokines (n=5), integrins or adhesion proteins (n=3), interferon receptor (n=1) and various other targets (n=4).Among the 105 tsDMARDs molecules: 64 (61%) has been withdrawn, 6 (6%) JAK inhibitors, have just been or will probably soon be labelled (baricitinib, filgotinib, peficitinib, tofacitinib and upadacitinib), 35 (33%) are in development: 8 (24%) in phase I, 26 (74%) in phase II, 1 (3%) in phase III and. tsDMARDs currently under development target tyrosine kinase (n=12), janus kinase (JAK) (n=3), sphingosine phostate (n=3), PI3K pathway (n=1), phosphodiesterase-4 (n=3) B cells signaling pathways (n=3) and various other targets (n=10).Conclusion:A total of 242 therapeutic trials involving 243 molecules have been or are being evaluated in RA. This development does not always lead to new treatments since 141 (58%) have already been withdrawn. Hopefully, some of the currently evaluated drugs will contribute to improve the therapeutic management of RA patients, requiring a greater personalization of therapeutic strategies, both in the choice of molecules and their place in therapeutic sequences.Disclosure of Interests:Julien Blaess: None declared, Julia Walther: None declared, Jacques-Eric Gottenberg Grant/research support from: BMS, Pfizer, Consultant of: BMS, Sanofi-Genzyme, UCB, Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Eli Lilly and Co., Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, UCB, Jean Sibilia: None declared, Laurent Arnaud: None declared, Renaud FELTEN: None declared

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