Hypothermia in the Rat, Hamster, Ground Squirrel and Pigeon Following Chlorpromazine

1958 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Hoffman ◽  
M. X. Zarrow
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Dose Level ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Dose Levels

Body temperature changes induced by two dose levels of chlorpromazine HCl were compared in the rat, hamster, ground squirrel and pigeon. In addition, the effect of cold exposure was determined in the hamster. All three mammalian species showed a rapid decline in temperature by the first 2 hours following the injection of 10 mg/kg body weight of chlorpromazine, after which a gradual return toward normal was evident. However, a further decrease in body temperature occurred at the higher dose level of chlorpromazine (100 mg/kg body weight) and the degree of hypothermia varied with the species. The hamster appeared to be the most resistant to this compound while the ground squirrel was the least resistant. The female of the three mammalian species was less susceptible than the male. The combination of cold exposure and chlorpromazine in the hamster produced a decline in body temperature that was greater than that produced by either stressor alone. Again a sex difference was noted. The pigeon failed to respond to the drug in any degree comparable to that seen in the mammals. This was thought to be due to the lack of effect on respiration, an important thermoregulatory mechanism in the bird.

Testicular and spermatotoxic effect of nitrate in mice

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Pant ◽  
SP Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Dose Level ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Dose Levels

A study was conducted with nitrate to assess the testicular and spermatotoxic effects in mice at doses to which human beings are exposed as well as at higher dose levels in the drinking water. Potassium nitrate was administered to mice at dose levels 90, 200, 500, 700 and 900 ppm for 35 days. There was no difference in the uptake of water in control and treated animals. The amount of nitrate intake// mouse///day calculated on the basis of water intake in the different groups ranged from 22.5 to 27, 50 to 60, 125 to 150, 175 to 210 and 225 to 270 mg///kg body weight. No changes were evident in the body weight, testicular, epididymal and accessory organ weight at all the dose levels tested, although a decline in sperm count and sperm motility along with an increase in abnormal sperm was noticed at 900 ppm. The activity of marker testicular enzymes, mainly 17-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17-β HSD) and figlutamyl transpeptidase (fi-GT), associated with specific cell types were altered. Histopathological changes including atrophy and disturbed spermatogenesis were observed only at the 900-ppm dose level. In conclusion, we can say that the testicular and spermatotoxic effects are observed only at the highest dose level, which is not likely to be encountered in the drinking water.

Study of the Teratogenic Potential of Fd&C Red no. 40 When Given in Drinking Water

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 937-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F.X. Collins ◽  
Thomas N. Black ◽  
John J. Welsh ◽  
Lois H. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Dose Level ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Teratogenic Potential ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dose Levels ◽  
Related Increase

FD&C Red No. 40 in the drinking water at a level of 0, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.7% was available ad libitum to female Osborne-Mendel rats throughout gestation. The treated females consumed 273.6, 545.7, and 939.3 mg FD&C Red No. 40 per kg body weight per day, respectively, for the three dose levels. The animals were sacrificed on gestation day 20. No fetal terata were seen. There were no dose-related changes in maternal findings, number offetuses, fetal viability, or external or visceral variations. Skeletal development appeared similar to that of the control animals with the exception of the incidence of fetuses with reduced ossification of the hyoid, which was increased significantly at the 0.7% dose level. A dose-related increase occurred in the number of litters containing fetuses with at least two skeletal variations, but the numbers of litters with fetuses with at least one and at least three variations were not different from control values.

THE EFFECT OF STRESS AND ADRENALECTOMY ON THE RESPONSE TO DICUMAROL IN RATS

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
G. J. Mogenson ◽  
L. M. Fisher ◽  
L. B. Jaques
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Dose Level ◽  
Ether Anesthesia ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Tail Vein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dose Levels ◽  
Adrenalectomized Rats

The prothrombin time was followed in a large number of rats receiving daily doses of dicumarol. Prothrombin times, using the Schwager–Jaques method, were determined on blood samples obtained from the tail vein. It was found that rats, like rabbits, showed a wide variation in their response to dicumarol at dose levels of 10 and 20 mg./kg. body weight per day but, unlike rabbits, they seemed to develop a tolerance to the drug. This began after a peak prothrombin time was reached and occurred later in rats having a higher prothrombin time, or receiving the higher dose of the drug. Stress, in the form of electroshock or sound-induced seizures, increased the variability of the prothrombin time and significantly increased the mean values with 20 mg./kg. dicumarol. These changes persisted in some rats for at least 48 hours. They were prevented by ether anesthesia. Adrenalectomized rats fed dicumarol showed a marked increase in prothrombin time, did not develop tolerance to the drug after a few days, and died of hemorrhage. An analysis of blood samples obtained by cardiac puncture from adrenalectomized, sham-operated, and normal rats fed dicumarol at a dose level of 10 mg./kg. body weight for 5 days showed that values for the Quick one-stage prothrombin times of the adrenalectomized group were elevated significantly above those of the sham-operated and normal groups. No significant differences, however, were noted in the values for the two-stage tests for prothrombin, hematocrit, or plasma dicumarol levels of these animals.

THE EFFECT OF STRESS AND ADRENALECTOMY ON THE RESPONSE TO DICUMAROL IN RATS

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Mogenson ◽  
L. M. Fisher ◽  
L. B. Jaques
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Dose Level ◽  
Ether Anesthesia ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Tail Vein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dose Levels ◽  
Adrenalectomized Rats

The prothrombin time was followed in a large number of rats receiving daily doses of dicumarol. Prothrombin times, using the Schwager–Jaques method, were determined on blood samples obtained from the tail vein. It was found that rats, like rabbits, showed a wide variation in their response to dicumarol at dose levels of 10 and 20 mg./kg. body weight per day but, unlike rabbits, they seemed to develop a tolerance to the drug. This began after a peak prothrombin time was reached and occurred later in rats having a higher prothrombin time, or receiving the higher dose of the drug. Stress, in the form of electroshock or sound-induced seizures, increased the variability of the prothrombin time and significantly increased the mean values with 20 mg./kg. dicumarol. These changes persisted in some rats for at least 48 hours. They were prevented by ether anesthesia. Adrenalectomized rats fed dicumarol showed a marked increase in prothrombin time, did not develop tolerance to the drug after a few days, and died of hemorrhage. An analysis of blood samples obtained by cardiac puncture from adrenalectomized, sham-operated, and normal rats fed dicumarol at a dose level of 10 mg./kg. body weight for 5 days showed that values for the Quick one-stage prothrombin times of the adrenalectomized group were elevated significantly above those of the sham-operated and normal groups. No significant differences, however, were noted in the values for the two-stage tests for prothrombin, hematocrit, or plasma dicumarol levels of these animals.

EFFECT OF METHYLPHENIDATE ON SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY, FOOD INTAKE, AND COLD TOLERANCE OF PROPYLTHIOURACIL-TREATED RATS

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin J. Fregly ◽  
Bruce A. Black
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Dose Levels

Dietary administration of methylphenidate to rats increases locomotor activity (tilt cage method) roughly in proportion to the logarithm of the dose ingested. The results suggest that a dose of 62 mg methylphenidate/kg body wt. per day increases activity level by 50%. At higher dose levels, a tolerance appears to develop and is characterized by high initial levels of activity (days 1 to 3) followed by reduction of activity to a new stable level (days 4 to 6). Methylphenidate increases activity level and decreases food intake and body weight of both hypothyroid (propylthiouracil-treated) and control rats subjected to ambient temperatures of 10, 15, 20, and 28 °C. It fails to increase the tolerance of hypothyroid rats either to chronic (10 and 15 °C) or to acute (5 °C) cold exposure.

The telemetric monitoring of heart rate, locomotor activity, and body temperature in mice and voles (Microtus arvalis) during ambient temperature changes

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ishii ◽  
M. Kuwahara ◽  
H. Tsubone ◽  
S. Sugano
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Small Rodents ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Behavioural Responses

We have studied the physiological and behavioural responses in small rodents to ambient alterations. For this purpose, voles and mice were exposed to relatively low (12°C) and high (35°C) ambient temperatures, and heart rate (HR), locomotor activity (LA) and body temperature (BT) were recorded using telemetry system. The control HR (at 24°C) of voles was lower than that of mice. The 'heat exposure' decreased HR to 85.0±3.3% in voles, and to 78.0±3.2% in mice compared with the mean HR of the same time in the control day. The 'cold exposure' increased the HR to 131.9±8.8% in voles, and 119±10.9% in mice. The decreasing rate of HR in heat exposure was smaller in voles than mice, and in cold exposure the increased rate was larger in voles than mice. Cold exposure decreased BT in both species; 96.1±0.5% in voles and 93.7±1.0% in mice. The LA was not changed significantly by heat exposure in either species, but was partially increased by cold exposure. These results demonstrate that telemetry was helpful for qualitative and quantitative behavioural studies in small rodents, and confirmed that the physiological and behavioural responses to ambient temperature changes differed between these animals.

Observations on neonatal changes of body temperature in Blackface lambs

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Elevated Level ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Birth Body Weight

Studies of rectal temperature changes in Blackface lambs from birth to 24 hr indicated a very limited effect within an ambient temperature range of 28 to 66°F. The rectal temperature of twins at birth was lower than that of singles, but the difference disappeared by 3 hr after birth. Body weight was correlated with rectal temperature at birth only in twins. In both twins and singles there was an elevated level of rectal temperature after birth which was presumably associated with a postnatal rise in metabolic rate similar to that which occurs in other species. It is concluded from the results that heat regulation is completely developed within a short interval of birth.Changes in body weight at intervals up to 48 hr were small, and body weight was significantly different from that at birth only at 48 hr in single lambs.

Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Analyses of Dental Tissues from a Hibernator

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 178-179
Author(s):  
M. L. Zimny ◽  
A. C. Haller
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dental Tissues ◽  
Bone Minerals ◽  
Apical Tooth ◽  
Scanning Electron

During hibernation the ground squirrel is immobile, body temperature reduced and metabolism depressed. Hibernation has been shown to affect dental tissues varying degrees, although not much work has been done in this area. In limited studies, it has been shown that hibernation results in (1) mobilization of bone minerals; (2) deficient dentinogenesis and degeneration of alveolar bone; (3) presence of calculus and tears in the cementum; and (4) aggrevation of caries and pulpal and apical tooth abscesses. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of hibernation on dental tissues employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and related x-ray analyses.

Core body temperature changes after sauna exposition in healthy subjects

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Pawlak ◽  
Paweł Zalewski ◽  
Jacek J. Klawe ◽  
Monika Zawadka ◽  
Anna Bitner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Core Body

ADAPTATION OF WHITE MICE (MUS MUSCULUS) TO REPEATED COOLING

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Ogilvie
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Progressive Decrease

The effects, on the body temperature of white mice, of repeated short exposures to cold were investigated using two methods of restraint. Animals held in a flattened posture became hypothermic at room temperature, cooled more than five times as fast at −10 °C as mice that could adopt a heat-conserving posture, and continued to cool for some time after they were removed from the cold. With repeated tests, cooling at room temperature decreased, and an improvement in re warming ability was observed. In addition, with lightly restrained mice, the fall in rectal temperature during cold exposure showed a progressive decrease, a phenomenon not observed with severely restrained animals.

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