Acid-base status of fish at different temperatures

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (4) ◽  
pp. R452-R459 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Ictalurus Punctatus ◽  
Ph Regulation ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Strong Ion Difference ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Practical Advantage ◽  
Co2 Partial Pressure ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Future Work

In the water-breathing fishes, rising temperatures are accompanied by progressive reduction in pH, reductions in bicarbonate concentration, and slight rises in CO2 partial pressure. The pH-temperature slope of both intra- and extracellular compartments varies considerably, from -0.009 to -0.033/degrees C, with a rather consistent pattern of red muscle greater than white muscle greater than heart. Three different approaches to acid-base analysis, the imidazole-alphastat model, the strong-ion difference analysis, and the delta-bicarbonate approach, were applied to a set of data from the fresh-water channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). A principal difficulty encountered in using all three approaches was that assumptions were required regarding the chemical behavior of the intracellular buffers, but the delta-bicarbonate approach has the practical advantage of emphasizing parameters that can be measured directly. Closed-system models are not generally applicable to fish, and the interest for future work lies in deciphering the significance of tissue-to-tissue variations in pH regulation and in elucidating the mechanisms of the strong-ion transfers.

White Muscle Intracellular Acid-Base and Lactate Status Following Exhaustive Exercise: A Comparison between Freshwater- and Sea Water- Adapted Rainbow Trout

1991 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
YONG TANG ◽  
ROBERT G. BOUTILIER
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ph Regulation ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Intracellular Acid

The intracellular acid-base status of white muscle of freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) -adapted rainbow trout was examined before and after exhaustive exercise. Exhaustive exercise resulted in a pronounced intracellular acidosis with a greater pH drop in SW (0.82 pH units) than in FW (0.66 pH units) trout; this was accompanied by a marked rise in intracellular lactate levels, with more pronounced increases occurring in SW (54.4 mmoll−1) than in FW (45.7 mmoll−1) trout. Despite the more severe acidosis, recovery was faster in the SW animals, as indicated by a more rapid clearance of metabolic H+ and lactate loads. Compartmental analysis of the distribution of metabolic H+ and lactate loads showed that the more rapid recovery of pH in SW trout could be due to (1) their greater facility for excreting H+ equivalents to the environmental water [e.g. 15.5 % (SW) vs 5.0 % (FW) of the initial H+ load was stored in external water at 250 min post-exercise] and, to a greater extent, (2) the more rapid removal of H+, facilitated via lactate metabolism in situ (white muscle) and/or the Cori cycle (e.g. heart, liver). The slower pH recovery in FW trout may also be due in part to greater production of an ‘unmeasured acid’ [maximum approx. 8.5 mmol kg−1 fish (FW) vs approx. 6 mmol kg−1 fish (SW) at 70–130 min post-exercise] during the recovery period. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that H+-consuming metabolism is quantitatively the most important mechanism for the correction of an endogenously originating acidosis, and that extracellular pH normalization gains priority over intracellular pH regulation during recovery of acid-base status following exhaustive exercise.

Changes in uterine fluid composition and acid-base status during shell formation in the chicken

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (4) ◽  
pp. R732-R737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Arad ◽  
U. Eylath ◽  
M. Ginsburg ◽  
H. Eyal-Giladi
Keyword(s):  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Co2 Partial Pressure ◽  
Uterine Fluid ◽  
Acid Base Status

The aim of this study was to characterize the dynamic changes in uterine fluid composition and acid-base status during shell calcification in the chicken. Uterine eggs at timed intervals were manually aborted and the accompanying fluid collected and analyzed for composition of osmolytes, enzymes, and acid-base parameters. Blood samples were analyzed for comparison. No considerable change in blood gases took place in relation to residence time of the calcifying egg in the uterus. A significant acidosis occurred at latter stages. Only minor changes were revealed in plasma osmotic and biochemical composition throughout egg calcification. In contrast, major changes were revealed in uterine fluid composition and acid-base status during calcification. The most prominent phenomenon was the sharp increase in CO2 partial pressure, from 82.2 Torr at 0 h to 132.8 Torr at 10 h. As bicarbonate concentration remained almost stable, fluid pH dropped from 7.412 to 7.250 within this stage. Uterine fluid sodium and chloride concentrations and osmolality dropped significantly in the course of calcification, whereas potassium concentration significantly increased. A sharp increase in glucose, calcium, and magnesium concentrations was measured in the early stages of calcification. These findings are discussed in relation to existing models for transport mechanisms of the uterine epithelial tissue. The comprehensive picture that emerges from the present study should enable future application in establishing a self-contained culturing system in vitro for studies of embryonic development.

scholarly journals Haemato-biochemical profile and acid–base status of Croatian spotted goats of different ages

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zvonko Antunović ◽  
Ivica Marić ◽  
Željka Klir ◽  
Vatroslav Šerić ◽  
Boro Mioč ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Gravid Female ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Strong Ion Difference ◽  
Biochemical Profile ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Group I ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Acid Base Status

Abstract. The aim of the present research was to determine the haemato-biochemical profile and blood acid–base status of Croatian spotted goats in a traditional Mediterranean production system. The 60 non-gravid female Croatian spotted goats of different ages were included in the research. They were divided into four groups of 15 goats according to age: group I – ≤1 year old; group II – 2–3 years; group III – 3–6 years; and group IV – 7–10 years. Haematological parameters were determined in whole blood, biochemical parameters in serum and acid–base status in plasma by automatic analyser. Total leukocyte number (WBC), haemoglobin (HGB) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in the blood were the highest, while mean haemoglobin concentration in erythrocytes (MCHCs) was the lowest in yearlings compared to other groups. Concentrations of urea, Mg, Cl, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and lactate were the highest in yearlings. Concentrations of Ca, Na, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB) as well as the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were higher in older goats compared to yearlings, while the opposite was determined for the activities of creatine kinase (CK) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Values of pH, the strong ion difference (SID), anion gap (AG) and z values as well as the content of HCO3 and total pressure of carbon dioxide (ctCO2) were higher in older goats compared to yearlings. The results obtained may help in monitoring the health and nutritional status and improve the management of Croatian spotted goats. Based on the results of the present study, the effect of age needs to be included in the model when preparing the reference values for the haemato-biochemical profile and acid–base status of goats.

scholarly journals Base-excess chloride; the best approach to evaluate the effect of chloride on the acid-base status: A retrospective study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250274
Author(s):  
Bulent Gucyetmez ◽  
Filiz Tuzuner ◽  
Hakan Korkut Atalan ◽  
Uğur Sezerman ◽  
Kaan Gucyetmez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Linear Regression Model ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Strong Ion Difference ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Evaluation Approaches

To practically determine the effect of chloride (Cl) on the acid-base status, four approaches are currently used: accepted ranges of serum Cl values; Cl corrections; the serum Cl/Na ratio; and the serum Na-Cl difference. However, these approaches are governed by different concepts. Our aim is to investigate which approach to the evaluation of the effect of Cl is the best. In this retrospective cohort study, 2529 critically ill patients who were admitted to the tertiary care unit between 2011 and 2018 were retrospectively evaluated. The effects of Cl on the acid-base status according to each evaluative approach were validated by the standard base excess (SBE) and apparent strong ion difference (SIDa). To clearly demonstrate only the effects of Cl on the acid-base status, a subgroup that included patients with normal lactate, albumin and SIG values was created. To compare approaches, kappa and a linear regression model for all patients and Bland-Altman test for a subgroup were used. In both the entire cohort and the subgroup, correlations among BECl, SIDa and SBE were stronger than those for other approaches (r = 0.94 r = 0.98 and r = 0.96 respectively). Only BECl had acceptable limits of agreement with SBE in the subgroup (bias: 0.5 mmol L-1) In the linear regression model, only BECl in all the Cl evaluation approaches was significantly related to the SBE. For the evaluation of the effect of chloride on the acid-base status, BECl is a better approach than accepted ranges of serum Cl values, Cl corrections and the Cl/Na ratio.

scholarly journals Hypoproteinemia, strong-ion difference, and acid-base status in critically ill patients

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 1740-1748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Wilkes
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
Strong Ion Difference ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
The Relationship

The present study was a prospective, nonrandomized, observational examination of the relationship among hypoproteinemia and electrolyte and acid-base status in a critical care population of patients. A total of 219 arterial blood samples reviewed from 91 patients was analyzed for arterial blood gas, electrolytes, lactate, and total protein. Plasma strong-ion difference ([SID]) was calculated from [Na+] + [K+] − [Cl−] − [La−]. Total protein concentration was used to derive the total concentration of weak acid ([A]tot). [A]tot encompassed a range of 18.7 to 9.0 meq/l, whereas [SID] varied from 48.1 to 26.6 meq/l and was directly correlated with [A]tot. The decline in [SID] was primarily attributable to an increase in [Cl−]. A direct correlation was also noted between[Formula: see text] and [SID], but not between [Formula: see text] and [A]tot. The decrease in [SID] and [Formula: see text] was such that neither [H+] nor [[Formula: see text]] changed significantly with [A]tot.

scholarly journals Chloride content of solutions used for regional citrate anticoagulation might be responsible for blunting correction of metabolic acidosis during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Jacobs ◽  
Patrick M. Honore ◽  
Marc Diltoer ◽  
Herbert D. Spapen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Regional Citrate Anticoagulation ◽  
Strong Ion Difference ◽  
Strong Ion Gap ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Citrate Anticoagulation ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Regional Anticoagulation

Abstract Background Citrate, the currently preferred anticoagulant for continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH), may influence acid-base equilibrium. Methods The effect of 2 different citrate solutions on acid-base status was assessed according to the Stewart-Figge approach in two consecutive cohorts of critically ill adult patients. The first group received Prismocitrate 10/2 (PC10/2; 10 mmol citrate/L). The next group was treated with Prismocitrate 18/0 (PC18; 18 mmol citrate/L). Both groups received bicarbonate-buffered fluids in post-dilution. Results At similar citrate flow, the metabolic acidosis present at baseline in both groups was significantly attenuated in PC18 patients but persisted in PC10/2 patients after 24 h of treatment (median pH 7,42 vs 7,28; p = 0.0001). Acidosis in the PC10/2 group was associated with a decreased strong ion difference and an increased strong ion gap (respectively 43 vs. 51 mmol/L and 17 vs. 12 mmol/L, PC10/2 vs. PC18; both p = 0.001). Chloride flow was higher in PC10/2 than in PC18 subjects (25.9 vs 14.3 mmol/L blood; p < 0.05). Conclusion Correction of acidosis was blunted in patients who received 10 mmol citrate/L as regional anticoagulation during CVVH. This could be explained by differences in chloride flow between the applied citrate solutions inducing hyperchloremic acidosis.

scholarly journals The acid-base status of prenatal pups of the dogfish, Squalus acanthias, in the uterine environment

1986 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Kormanik ◽  
D. H. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Squalus Acanthias ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Co2 Partial Pressure ◽  
Uterine Fluid ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Uterine Environment

The acid-base status of late-term Squalus acanthias L. pups in the uterine seawater environment was examined. Blood values for pH, total CO2, partial pressure of CO2, urea and sodium concentrations in late-term pups were not significantly different from those of the mothers. Haematocrit was slightly lower, while total plasma lipid and ammonia concentrations were several times higher. The uterine environment in which these pups reside and maintain normal acid-base status is nevertheless quite remarkable. In the later months of gestation, up to six pups (approx. 60 g each) reside in each horn of the uterus, in about 100 ml of seawater, in which they ventilate. While the major ion concentrations of the uterine fluid resemble normal seawater, the pH may be as low as 5.9, and the ammonia concentration as high as 22 mmol l-1. This system provides a unique opportunity to study acid-base balance, respiration and nitrogenous waste excretion in developing elasmobranchs under quite unusual conditions.

scholarly journals Anaerobic Metabolism and Changes in Acid—Base Status: Quantitative Interrelationships and PH Regulation in the Marine Worm Sipunculus Nudus

1987 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-105
Author(s):  
HANS-OTTO PÖRTNER
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Ph Regulation ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Parameters ◽  
Sipunculus Nudus ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Proton Generation

The quantitative influence of anaerobic metabolism on acid—base status and on acid-base regulation is investigated in Sipunculus nudus L. Proton generation by metabolism is calculated from theoretical predictions. The quantitative comparison of metabolic protons with non-respiratory protons found in the acid—base status is performed assuming a simplified model of the total animal. Taking the protonequivalent ion exchange between animals and ambient water into account, changes in the anaerobic acid—base status can be explained exclusively by proton generation in metabolism. It is concluded that the classical concept of acid—base physiology is adequate and that the consideration of strong ions is not required for a quantitative treatment of the acid—base status. The hypothesis that a quantitative correlation exists between metabolic and acid—base events is tested by comparing changes in acid—base status and in metabolism in animals exhibiting different metabolic rates. For this purpose, a method is developed for the calculation of intracellular pH from metabolite concentrations and extracellular acid—base parameters. Proton exchange between intra-and extracellular compartments, which is found to depend upon the total amount of accumulated non-respiratory protons, demonstrates that pHi is regulated even during anaerobiosis. The defended pH, value, however, is lower during anaerobiosis than during subsequent recovery. Note: Address for reprint requests

Physicochemical analysis of acid–base status during recovery from high-intensity exercise in Standardbred racehorses

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Waller ◽  
Michael I Lindinger
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Strong Ion Difference ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Standardbred Racehorses

AbstractThe present study used the physicochemical approach to characterize the changes in acid–base status that occur in Standardbred racehorses during recovery from high-intensity exercise. Jugular venous blood was sampled from nine Standardbreds in racing condition, at rest and for 2 h following a high-intensity training workout. Plasma [H+] increased from 39.1±1.0 neq l−1 at rest to 44.8±2.7 neq l−1 at 1 min of recovery. A decreased strong ion difference ([SID]) was the primary contributor to the increased [H+] immediately at the end of exercise, while increased plasma weak ion concentration ([Atot]) was a minor contributor to the acidosis. A decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) at 1 min of recovery had a slight alkalinizing effect. The decreased [SID] at 1 min of recovery was a result of a 15.1±3.1 meq l−1 increase in [lactate−], as [Na+] and [K+] were also increased by 6.5±0.7 and 1.14±0.06 meq l−1, respectively, at 1 min of recovery. It is concluded that high-intensity exercise and recovery is associated with significant changes in acid–base balance, and that full recovery of many parameters that determine acid–base status requires 60–120 min.

scholarly journals Buffer Therapy in Acute Metabolic Acidosis: Effects on Acid-Base Status and Glomerular Permeability

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Schnapauff ◽  
David Piros ◽  
Anna Rippe ◽  
Peter Bentzer ◽  
Naomi Clyne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Strong Ion Difference ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Glomerular Permeability ◽  
Filtration Barrier ◽  
Bicarbonate Therapy ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Acute Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Cellular Components

ABSTRACTBackground:Correction of acute metabolic acidosis using sodium bicarbonate is effective, but has been hypothesized to exacerbate intra-cellular acidosis causing cellular dysfunction. The effects of acidemia and bicarbonate therapy on the cellular components of the glomerular filtration barrier, crucial for the integrity of the renal filter, are as yet unknown. Controversy persists regarding the most appropriate method to assess acid-base status: the “Stewart approach” or the “Siggaard-Andersen approach” using the standard base excess (SBE).Methods:Here we performed physiological studies in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats during severe metabolic acidosis (HCl iv 6 mmol kg-1) and following bicarbonate (2.5 mmol kg-1) administration. We assessed glomerular permeability using sieving coefficients of polydisperse fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-Ficoll 70/400. Acid-base status was evaluated using SBE, standard bicarbonate, total CO2, the Stewart-Fencl strong ion difference (ΔSID = Na – Cl – 38) and a theoretical model of plasma and erythrocyte strong ion difference.Results:Our data show that neither acidosis nor its correction with NaHCO3altered glomerular permeability. We identified ΔSID as a strong estimator of plasma base excess (as assessed using the Van Slyke equation).In silicomodeling indicates that changes in the strong ion difference in erythrocytes would explain their buffering effect by means of a shift of anions from the extracellular fluid.Conclusion:These data demonstrate a remarkable tolerance of the glomerular filter to severe acute acidosis and bicarbonate therapy. Our results also cast light on the buffer mechanism in erythrocytes and the ability of different acid-base parameters to evaluate the extent of an acid-base disorder.IMPORTANCE STATEMENTMetabolic acidosis is a frequent complication of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients and is associated with a high risk of mortality. Correction of acidosis using sodium bicarbonate is simple and effective, but could possibly induce intracellular acidosis causing cellular dysfunction. The effects of acidemia and subsequent bicarbonate treatment on the cellular components of the glomerular filtration barrier, crucial for the integrity of the renal filter, are unknown. We show that neither severe acidemia nor bicarbonate therapy appear to have negative effects on glomerular permeability. Our analysis also highlights the buffering effects of erythrocytes, which appear to be mediated by a shift of strong anions into the red cells, increasing the strong ion difference in the extracellular fluid.

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