Urinary responses to cold temperature during water immersion

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (5) ◽  
pp. R560-R566 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Knight ◽  
S. M. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Temperature ◽  
Ambient Water ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Diuretic Response

If cold temperature combines with ambient water pressure to stimulate the Henry-Gauer reflex in humans, then free water clearance (CH2O) should be greater during immersion in cold water (29.8 degrees C) than during exposure to cold air (14.8 degrees C) or immersion in thermoneutral water (35 degrees C). Urinary responses to these environments were compared with control measurements made during 6 h of sitting in thermoneutral air (27.6 degrees C). CH2O was not significantly greater in cold water than in the other environments. Rather, the diuretic response was characterized by an increased osmolar clearance (P less than 0.05). Cold temperature and water pressure additively raised urinary output during cold water immersion, with ambient water pressure accounting for two-thirds of the urinary water loss. An elevated rate of sodium excretion (P less than 0.05) began significantly earlier in cold water than in thermoneutral water. This effect of low temperature might have resulted from cold-induced vasoconstriction, since cold temperatures was observed to reduce the foot volume. Sodium excretion was inversely proportional to vital capacity, indicating a responsiveness of the kidney to expansion of the central blood volume. In addition to the effects of water pressure and cold temperature, urinary function was also sensitive to time. The rate of potassium excretion was significantly elevated at min 199 of exposure to all environments. Failure of CH2O to increase above control values indicated that the human diuretic response to cold water immersion is atypical for the Henry-Gauer reflex.

scholarly journals The comparison of cold-water immersion and cold air therapy on maximal cycling performance and recovery markers following strength exercises

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kane J. Hayter ◽  
Kenji Doma ◽  
Moritz Schumann ◽  
Glen B. Deakin
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Temperature ◽  
Cold Air ◽  
Strength Exercises

This study examined the effects of cold-water immersion (CWI) and cold air therapy (CAT) on maximal cycling performance (i.e. anaerobic power) and markers of muscle damage following a strength training session. Twenty endurance-trained but strength-untrained male (n = 10) and female (n = 10) participants were randomised into either: CWI (15 min in 14 °C water to iliac crest) or CAT (15 min in 14 °C air) immediately following strength training (i.e. 3 sets of leg press, leg extensions and leg curls at 6 repetition maximum, respectively). Creatine kinase, muscle soreness and fatigue, isometric knee extensor and flexor torque and cycling anaerobic power were measured prior to, immediately after and at 24 (T24), 48 (T48) and 72 (T72) h post-strength exercises. No significant differences were found between treatments for any of the measured variables (p > 0.05). However, trends suggested recovery was greater in CWI than CAT for cycling anaerobic power at T24 (10% ± 2%, ES = 0.90), T48 (8% ± 2%, ES = 0.64) and T72 (8% ± 7%, ES = 0.76). The findings suggest the combination of hydrostatic pressure and cold temperature may be favourable for recovery from strength training rather than cold temperature alone.

Patient Involvement in Treatment Decision Making Can Help or Hinder Placebo Analgesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Geers ◽  
Jason P. Rose ◽  
Stephanie L. Fowler ◽  
Jill A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Patient Involvement ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Placebo Analgesia ◽  
Treatment Decision Making ◽  
Immersion Experience

Experiments have found that choosing between placebo analgesics can reduce pain more than being assigned a placebo analgesic. Because earlier research has shown prior experience moderates choice effects in other contexts, we tested whether prior experience with a pain stimulus moderates this placebo-choice association. Before a cold water pain task, participants were either told that an inert cream would reduce their pain or they were not told this information. Additionally, participants chose between one of two inert creams for the task or they were not given choice. Importantly, we also measured prior experience with cold water immersion. Individuals with prior cold water immersion experience tended to display greater placebo analgesia when given choice, whereas participants without this experience tended to display greater placebo analgesia without choice. Prior stimulus experience appears to moderate the effect of choice on placebo analgesia.

Thermoregulatory responses to cold water at different times of day

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Castellani ◽  
Andrew J. Young ◽  
James E. Kain ◽  
Michael N. Sawka
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Mean Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Body Temperature Change ◽  
The Mean

This study examined how time of day affects thermoregulation during cold-water immersion (CWI). It was hypothesized that the shivering and vasoconstrictor responses to CWI would differ at 0700 vs. 1500 because of lower initial core temperatures (Tcore) at 0700. Nine men were immersed (20°C, 2 h) at 0700 and 1500 on 2 days. No differences ( P > 0.05) between times were observed for metabolic heat production (M˙, 150 W ⋅ m−2), heat flow (250 W ⋅ m−2), mean skin temperature (T sk, 21°C), and the mean body temperature-change in M˙(ΔM˙) relationship. Rectal temperature (Tre) was higher ( P < 0.05) before (Δ = 0.4°C) and throughout CWI during 1500. The change in Tre was greater ( P < 0.05) at 1500 (−1.4°C) vs. 0700 (−1.2°C), likely because of the higher Tre-T skgradient (0.3°C) at 1500. These data indicate that shivering and vasoconstriction are not affected by time of day. These observations raise the possibility that CWI may increase the risk of hypothermia in the early morning because of a lower initial Tcore.

scholarly journals Recovery strategies implemented by sport support staff of elite rugby players in South Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.V. Van Wyk ◽  
M.I. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Support Staff ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Recovery Strategies ◽  
Rugby Players

Objective: The main aim of this study was to determine strategies used toaccelerate recovery of elite rugby players after training and matches, asused by medical support staff of rugby teams in South A frica. A  secondaryaim was to focus on specifics of implementing ice/cold water immersion asrecovery strategy. Design: A  Questionnaire-based cross sectional descriptive survey was used.Setting and Participants: Most (n=58) of the medical support staff ofrugby teams (doctors, physiotherapists, biokineticists and fitness trainers)who attended the inaugural Rugby Medical A ssociation conference linked to the South A frican Sports MedicineA ssociation Conference in Pretoria (14-16th November, 2007) participated in the study. Results: Recovery strategies were utilized mostly after matches. Stretching and ice/cold water immersion were utilized the most (83%). More biokineticists and fitness trainers advocated the usage of stretching than their counter-parts (medical doctors and physiotherapists). Ice/Cold water immersion and A ctive Recovery were the top two ratedstrategies. A  summary of the details around implementation of ice/cold water therapy is shown (mean) as utilized bythe subjects: (i) The time to immersion after matches was 12±9 min; (ii) The total duration of one immersion sessionwas 6±6 min; (iii) 3 immersion sessions per average training week was utilized by subjects; (iv) The average water temperature was 10±3 ºC.; (v) Ice cubes were used most frequently to cool water for immersion sessions, and(vi) plastic drums were mostly used as the container for water. Conclusion: In this survey the representative group of support staff provided insight to which strategies are utilizedin South A frican elite rugby teams to accelerate recovery of players after training and/or matches.

scholarly journals Cold-water immersion following sprint interval training does not alter endurance signaling pathways or training adaptations in human skeletal muscle

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (4) ◽  
pp. R372-R384 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Broatch ◽  
Aaron Petersen ◽  
David J. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
P53 Protein ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Sprint Interval Training ◽  
Single Session

We investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms by which postexercise cold-water immersion (CWI) may alter key markers of mitochondrial biogenesis following both a single session and 6 wk of sprint interval training (SIT). Nineteen men performed a single SIT session, followed by one of two 15-min recovery conditions: cold-water immersion (10°C) or a passive room temperature control (23°C). Sixteen of these participants also completed 6 wk of SIT, each session followed immediately by their designated recovery condition. Four muscle biopsies were obtained in total, three during the single SIT session (preexercise, postrecovery, and 3 h postrecovery) and one 48 h after the last SIT session. After a single SIT session, phosphorylated (p-)AMPK, p-p38 MAPK, p-p53, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α ( PGC-1α) mRNA were all increased ( P < 0.05). Postexercise CWI had no effect on these responses. Consistent with the lack of a response after a single session, regular postexercise CWI had no effect on PGC-1α or p53 protein content. Six weeks of SIT increased peak aerobic power, maximal oxygen consumption, maximal uncoupled respiration (complexes I and II), and 2-km time trial performance ( P < 0.05). However, regular CWI had no effect on changes in these markers, consistent with the lack of response in the markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. Although these observations suggest that CWI is not detrimental to endurance adaptations following 6 wk of SIT, they question whether postexercise CWI is an effective strategy to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and improvements in endurance performance.

scholarly journals Safety and efficacy of cold‐water immersion in the treatment of older patients with heat stroke: a case series

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chikao Ito ◽  
Isao Takahashi ◽  
Miyuki Kasuya ◽  
Kyoji Oe ◽  
Masahito Uchino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Patients ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Heat Stroke ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Safety And Efficacy

scholarly journals Effects of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Oxygenation During Repeated Bouts of Fatiguing Exercise

Medicine ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. e2455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon S. Yeung ◽  
Kin Hung Ting ◽  
Maurice Hon ◽  
Natalie Y. Fung ◽  
Manfi M. Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Muscle Oxygenation ◽  
Fatiguing Exercise

scholarly journals Effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on hemodynamics and recovery of muscle strength following resistance exercise

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (4) ◽  
pp. R389-R398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Llion A. Roberts ◽  
Makii Muthalib ◽  
Jamie Stanley ◽  
Glen Lichtwark ◽  
Kazunori Nosaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
Muscle Temperature ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Recovery Strategies ◽  
Postexercise Recovery ◽  
Voluntary Contractions

Cold water immersion (CWI) and active recovery (ACT) are frequently used as postexercise recovery strategies. However, the physiological effects of CWI and ACT after resistance exercise are not well characterized. We examined the effects of CWI and ACT on cardiac output (Q̇), muscle oxygenation (SmO2), blood volume (tHb), muscle temperature (Tmuscle), and isometric strength after resistance exercise. On separate days, 10 men performed resistance exercise, followed by 10 min CWI at 10°C or 10 min ACT (low-intensity cycling). Q̇ (7.9 ± 2.7 l) and Tmuscle (2.2 ± 0.8°C) increased, whereas SmO2 (−21.5 ± 8.8%) and tHb (−10.1 ± 7.7 μM) decreased after exercise ( P < 0.05). During CWI, Q̇ (−1.1 ± 0.7 l) and Tmuscle (−6.6 ± 5.3°C) decreased, while tHb (121 ± 77 μM) increased ( P < 0.05). In the hour after CWI, Q̇ and Tmuscle remained low, while tHb also decreased ( P < 0.05). By contrast, during ACT, Q̇ (3.9 ± 2.3 l), Tmuscle (2.2 ± 0.5°C), SmO2 (17.1 ± 5.7%), and tHb (91 ± 66 μM) all increased ( P < 0.05). In the hour after ACT, Tmuscle, and tHb remained high ( P < 0.05). Peak isometric strength during 10-s maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs) did not change significantly after CWI, whereas it decreased after ACT (−30 to −45 Nm; P < 0.05). Muscle deoxygenation time during MVCs increased after ACT ( P < 0.05), but not after CWI. Muscle reoxygenation time after MVCs tended to increase after CWI ( P = 0.052). These findings suggest first that hemodynamics and muscle temperature after resistance exercise are dependent on ambient temperature and metabolic demands with skeletal muscle, and second, that recovery of strength after resistance exercise is independent of changes in hemodynamics and muscle temperature.

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