Influence of early nutrition on growth and adipose tissue characteristics in male and female rats

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 1249-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Bassett ◽  
B. W. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
Early Nutrition ◽  
Tissue Characteristics

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effects of early nutrition on adipose tissue characteristics and growth by altering litter size. After birth, rats were redistributed into large (15-18 pups), control (10 pups), or small (4 pups) litters. During the postweaning phase of growth half of the small-litter animals were pair-fed to animals raised in large litters for 5 wk and then allowed to feed ad libitum until they were 80 days of age. The small-litter males gained weight at a more rapid rate than the other litter types, both before and after weaning, and attained a final body weight twofold greater than the other groups. The small-litter males had significantly higher (P less than 0.05) numbers of adipocytes per epididymal fat pad than the other litter groups with 60.4, 51.4, and 79.0% greater cell number per pad than control, large, and pair-fed animals, respectively. Limiting food intake to small-litter animals after weaning (pair-fed) inhibited this growth and prevented fat cell proliferation. Litter manipulation had significant effects on male rats, but the same treatment did not influence female rats. Litter size influenced fat cell characteristics but had little effect on the adipocytes' ability to take up or metabolize glucose. The major finding, in terms of insulin responsiveness, was the difference between the sexes. The uptake of tritiated 2-deoxyglucose by the fat cells of female litter groups was significantly higher than that of the males whether insulin was present or not, whereas the conversion of [1-14C]glucose to CO2 by the adipocytes of females was lower than that of the males.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Increased activities of mitochondrial enzymes in white adipose tissue in trained rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (3) ◽  
pp. E410-E414 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Stallknecht ◽  
J. Vinten ◽  
T. Ploug ◽  
H. Galbo
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzymes ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Respiratory Chain Enzyme

During earlier fat cell studies we noticed that homogenates of white fat cells became more brown with training, a fact that might reflect an increased content of mitochondria. This raised the question whether training (as is the case in muscle) increases the oxidative capacity in fat cells. Groups of 8-12 rats were swim trained for 10 wk or served as either sedentary, sham swim-trained, or cold-stressed controls. White adipose tissue was removed, and the activities of the respiratory chain enzyme cytochrome-c oxidase (CCO) and of the enzyme malate dehydrogenase (MDH), which participates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle as well as in the mitochondrial malate-aspartate and acetyl-group shuttles, were determined. The CCO and MDH activities expressed per milligram protein were increased in male rats 4.4- and 2.8-fold, respectively, in the swim-trained compared with the sham swim-trained rats (P less than 0.05). In female rats the CCO activity expressed per milligram protein was increased 4.5-fold in the trained compared with the sedentary control rats (P less than 0.01). Neither cold stress nor sham swim training increased CCO or MDH activities in white adipose tissue (P greater than 0.05). In conclusion, in rats, intensive endurance training induces an increase in mitochondrial enzyme activities in white adipose tissue as is seen in skeletal muscle.

Water content of rat adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes in relation to cell size

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (5) ◽  
pp. 1568-1572 ◽  
Author(s):  
M DiGirolamo ◽  
JL Owens
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Intracellular Water ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Adipose Mass

Epididymal adipose tissue composition and adipocyte water content were studied in male rats during growth and development of spontaneous obesity. The data show that a highly significant positive correlation exists between fat-cell volume and intracellular water space (IWS) (r=.967, P less than .001). Intracellular water, expressed as picoliters per fat cell, varied from 1.5-2 in small fat cells (mean vol, 30-50 pl) to 9-10 in large cells (800-1,000 pl). When expressed as percent of fat-cell volume, IWS varied from 5-7% in the small fat cells to 1-1.3% in the large ones. Total adipose tissue water continued to increase with increasing adipose mass. Similarly, total adipocyte water increased with enlarging cell size and tissue mass. The contribution of total adipocyte water (as contrasted to that of nonadipocyte water) to total tissue water, however, was found to be limited (less than 23%) and to decline progressively with adipose mass expansion.

Neonatal IL-4 exposure decreases adipogenesis of male rats into adulthood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy Ying ◽  
Thea N. Golden ◽  
Lan Cheng ◽  
Jeff Ishibashi ◽  
Patrick Seale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Adipogenic Differentiation ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue

The cytokine interleukin 4 (IL-4) can increase beige adipogenesis in adult rodents. However, neonatal animals use a distinct adipocyte precursor compartment for adipogenesis compared to adults. In this study, we address whether IL-4 can induce persistent effects on adipose tissue when administered subcutaneously in the interscapular region during the neonatal period in Sprague Dawley rats. We injected IL-4 into neonatal male rats during postnatal days 1-6, followed by analysis of adipose tissue and adipocyte precursors at 2 weeks and 10 weeks of age. Adipocyte precursors were cultured and subjected to differentiation in vitro. We found that a short and transient IL-4 exposure in neonates upregulated uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) mRNA expression and decreased fat cell size in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT). Adipocyte precursors from mature rats that had been treated with IL-4 as neonates displayed a decrease in adiponectin (Adipoq) but no change in Ucp1 expression, as compared to controls. Thus, neonatal IL-4 induces acute beige adipogenesis and decreases adipogenic differentiation capacity long term. Overall, these findings indicate that the neonatal period is critical for adipocyte development and may influence the later onset of obesity.

Deposition of fat in the body of the rat during rehabilitation after early undernutrition

1978 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Harris ◽  
Elsie M. Widdowson
Keyword(s):  
Complete Recovery ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Stock Diet ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Unlimited Access ◽  
Males And Females

1. Male and female rats aged 3 weeks were divided into two groups. One group of each sex was allowed unlimited access to the stock diet, the other group was given the stock diet in restricted amounts for 10 weeks so that the males gained only 19 g and the females 21 g in comparison with 176 g and 116 g for the well-nourished males and females respectively. The undernourished animals were then rehabilitated by being allowed the stock diet ad lib.2. Five animals of each sex were killed at various stages of the experiment, their bodies analysed for fat and nitrogen, and the size and number of fat cells determined in specific fat depots.3. The undernourished rats failed to make a complete recovery and were significantly smaller than the controls of the same sex at 172 d of age when the experiment terminated.4. The previously undernourished rats deposited significantly more fat in their bodies during rehabilitation than the control animals in the same number of days and over the same gain in body-weight.5. There were no significant differences in the number of cells containing fat at the abdominal fat site between the undernourished and rehabilitated animals and the controls at any stage, nor were there any significant differences in apparent fat cell numbers between the control and rehabilitated animals at any of the other sites studied when the experiment ended at 172 d.

Fever in rats during normal and dehydrated conditions

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 2060-2066 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Morimoto ◽  
T. Ono ◽  
T. Watanabe ◽  
N. Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Endogenous Pyrogen ◽  
Febrile Response ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Biphasic Pattern

The effect of endogenous pyrogen (EP, from rabbit) and endotoxin (Salmonella typhosa) on rectal temperature (Tre) was investigated in normal and dehydrated rats of both sexes. Intraperitoneal injection of either EP or endotoxin did not affect body temperature. In addition, no changes in Tre were observed when endotoxin was injected intravenously in normally hydrated male rats, but significant falls in Tre occurred in normal female rats. However, intravenous injection of EP produced fever in both sexes, but females generally showed smaller responses. A second intravenous injection of endotoxin, given 3 days after the first injection, always produced fever in normally hydrated rats. The pattern of this febrile response was monophasic. In contrast to the response in normal rats, intravenous endotoxin produced significant fevers with a biphasic pattern in dehydrated rats of either sex, but the febrile responses of male rats were greater than those of female rats. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between febrile responses to intravenous EP exhibited by normal and dehydrated animals. These results show that rats of both sexes possess physiological mechanisms capable of producing a fever following intravenous injections of EP.

Abstract P171: Comparison Of Modulation Of Renal Arterial Tone By Perivascular Adipose Tissue Between Two Animal Models Of Metabolic Syndrome

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satomi Kagota ◽  
Kana Maruyama-Fumoto ◽  
Kana Morikawa ◽  
Kazumasa Shinozuka
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Organ Bath ◽  
Perivascular Adipose Tissue ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
Arterial Tone

Sex differences have recently been noticed in the regulation of arterial tone by perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). In SHRSP.Z- Lepr fa /IzmDmcr (SHRSP.ZF) rats, an animal model of metabolic syndrome (MetS), we demonstrated that mesenteric and renal PVAT in female rats consistently have an enhancing effect on vasodilation at 23 weeks, an age by which the effect of PVAT is impaired in the male rats. This could explain the sex differences in the prevalence of cardiovascular complications in patients with MetS. Therefore, we determined whether the sex difference in PVAT response also occurs in another animal model of MetS, SHR/NDmcr-cp (SHR-cp) rats.Renal arteries were isolated from male and female 23-week-old SHR-cp rats, and ring preparations with and without PVAT were made. After a stable contraction was obtained by phenylephrine administration, vasodilation in response to acetylcholine was examined using organ bath methods.Vasodilation in arteries without PVAT from female rats was smaller than that in arteries without PVAT from male rats, and presence of PVAT in arteries from female rats increased vasodilation to the same level as that observed in arteries without PVAT from male rats. Furthermore, renal PVAT in male rats was shown to have an enhancing effect on vasodilation.The present study did not identify sex differences in renal PVAT-mediated modulation in SHR-cp rats because the enhancing effects of PVAT did not disappear in male SHR-cp rats, in contrast to that observed in male SHRSP.ZF rats at the same age. The difference in PVAT response in male rats between two MetS models may be due to differences in the severity of MetS symptoms, especially blood pressure, between the models.

scholarly journals Prediction of carcass fat from body measurements made on live rats differing in age, sex and strain

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary W. Marshall ◽  
Barbara P. Smith ◽  
Arvid W. Munson ◽  
Richard P. Lahmanhn
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Abdominal Girth ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Skeletal Mass

1. Individual body fat and body measurements such as lengths, girths and selected skinfold thicknesses were determined in our laboratory strain (BHE), a highly inbred strain (IN) of BHE rats and in a strain of Wistar rats. Measurements were made on unconscious rats in less than 5 min per rat just before autopsy; body fat content was determined in individual rats of both sexes at 50, 100 and 300 days of age.2. Among the strains, mean total body fat was highest in BHE rats at each age; IN rats of similar average body size were leanest. Statistically significant differences in body fat among the strains were due primarily to differences among the male rats at 300 days. Total protein and skeletal mass increased with increases in age and body size, as did body fat in rats after maturity. IN rats had the largest fat-free weights. Although significant age differences in body fat and body measurements occurred, they were in part dependent upon changes in body- weight, sex and strain of the animals. Female rats had more fat per unit body-weight than males at each age studied. Females, though fatter than males, had smaller skinfold thicknesses, indi- cating that female fat increases are primarily in visceral fat.3. Large variation in fat among individuals within strains of the same body-weight and age suggests a genetic influence in fat potential in rats not associated with age or body-weight.4. Results from multiple regression analyses showed differences among adjusted means and partial regression coefficients due to strain and sex of the animals. Although final body-weight was the predictor common to all equations, body length, abdominal girth and subscapular skinfold were common to all but one set of equations. Chest girth, tibia length, triceps and abdominal skinfolds decreased in frequency of appearance in that order. Some of the measurements were more effective predictors at one age than at another. It was clearly necessary to take into account body dimensions other than weight to obtain an optimal prediction of body fat.5. Differences in characteristics of the rats support the concept of genetic influences in fat deposition in individuals and indicate the complex nature of these influences.

The Brain Matrix and Multifocal Brain Damage following a Single Injection of Ketamine in Young Adult Rats: Conspicuous Changes in Old Age

2002 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 897-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Persinger ◽  
L. S. St-Pierre
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Spontaneous Seizures ◽  
Seizure Model ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Brain

Male rats were seized with lithium and pilocarpine and then injected within 30 min. with either acepromazine or ketamine. These rats as well as age-matched normal rats were observed daily for one year. The rats which had received the ketamine after the seizures were significantly heavier than either the normal rats or the other group of seized rats. The bulk of this increased weight was due to the marked increase in white, extremely dense adipose tissue. Compared to the acepromazine-treated rats, the ketamine-treated rats did not exhibit spontaneous seizures and exhibited cerebral widths comparable to normal rats. These results suggest that the multifocal, graded neuronal loss associated with this seizure model may allow other “configurations” to emerge that can support normal behaviors as well as new characteristics.

Effects of β-agonist, L-644,969, on adipose depots in growing female rats

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zhang ◽  
D. G. Grieve
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Igf I

Growing female Sprague Dawley rats (n = 33) were used to determine the effects of β-agonist, L-644,969, on adipose depots, mammary growth and plasma ST and IGF-I levels. Fat-cell diameter in SF and PF, and mammary DNA content were studied. Rats were allocated to three groups to receive 0,4 or 8 mg kg−1 L-644,969 in powdered diet for 35 d. Compared with control, total mammary gland weight, as a proportion of final body weight, was reduced 14.6 (P < 0.05) and 35.6% (P < 0.01), PF was reduced 30 and 49.6% (both P < 0.01) by 4 and 8 mg kg−1, respectively. The SF was reduced 22.3% (P < 0.05) by β-agonist at 8 mg kg−1 only. In all fat depots, the reductions increased with increasing dose of β-agonist. Carcass fat percentage was reduced by 28.5 and 41.7% (both P < 0.01) in rats fed β-agonist at 4 and 8 ppm, respectively. Fat-cell diameter in both SF and PF was reduced (P < 0.05) (except at 4 ppm level in SF), and mammary DNA content was increased (P < 0.01) in both treatment groups. There was a trend to increased ST concentration but to lower IGF-I concentration as β-agonist levels in diet increased (P > 0.1). The results indicate that β-agonist is effective in reducing body fat deposition and fat-cell size and stimulating mammary gland growth, which may play a role in the control of mammogenesis in growing rats. Key words: Rats, β-agonist, mammary gland, adipose tissue

scholarly journals Neoplastic and Non-neoplastic Changes in F-344 Rats Treated with Naveglitazar, a γ-Dominant PPAR α/γ Agonist

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 741-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald G. Long ◽  
Vincent L. Reynolds ◽  
L. Wayne Dochterman ◽  
Thomas E. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Bladder Neoplasms ◽  
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Associated Lesions ◽  
Histologic Types

The carcinogenic potential of naveglitazar, a γ-dominant peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α/γ dual agonist, was evaluated in a two-year study in F344 rats (0, 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg, males; 0, 0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg, females). Increased mortality in male rats of the high-dose group was related to cardiac-associated lesions, neoplasms, and undetermined causes. Degeneration and hypertrophy of the myocardium occurred with dose-responsive increased incidence and severity. Neoplasms with increased incidence included sarcomas in male rats and urinary bladder neoplasms in female rats. Most sarcomas in male rats occurred in the adipose tissue of the subcutis and were diagnosed as fibrosarcomas, with fewer liposarcomas and other histologic types. Non-neoplastic changes in adipose tissue included expansion of adipose tissue in multiple sites, alterations in cytoplasmic vesicular pattern in brown and white fat, increases in stroma and mesenchymal cells, and fibrosis. The severity of chronic progressive nephropathy was decreased in a dose-responsive manner in males, and hyperplasia and neoplasia of the mammary gland were decreased in incidence in females. The adverse effects of cardiotoxicity and increased incidence of neoplasms occurred with dose-responsive incidence and/or severity, and a no-effect level for these effects was not achieved in this study.

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