Water homeostasis in desert-dwelling horses

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Sneddon ◽  
J. G. van der Walt ◽  
G. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Namib Desert ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Feral Horses ◽  
Total Plasma Protein

This study set out to investigate tolerance of the body water pool to short-term water deprivation in horses and, in particular, to assess whether feral horses from the Namib Desert showed tolerance to dehydration superior to Transvaal. Hydration status was compared in six feral horses from the Namib Desert and in six Boerperd farm horses under conditions of normal hydration and after 72 h of dehydration. Under normal hydration, the two groups did not differ significantly in water intake, plasma sodium and potassium concentrations, plasma osmolality, hematocrit, total plasma protein, body water content, or water turnover (ml.kg-0.82.day-1). The Namib horses were significantly smaller (P less than 0.0001) and turned over 5 liters less water per day than the Boerperd during normal hydration and 4 liters less during dehydration. Increases in plasma sodium concentration after 72 h of dehydration were greater (P less than 0.05) in the Namib horses. It was concluded that horses can easily tolerate water deprivation that results in a 12% reductions in body mass. The feral horses of the Namib desert were not significantly different per unit mass from domestic horses with regard to indexes of total body water content under conditions of normal hydration and after 72 h of dehydration. Their smaller size and, hence, lower water turnover might be mechanisms they use for survival in the Namib Desert.

scholarly journals TOTAL WATER AND CHLORIDE CONTENT OF DEHYDRATED RATS

1930 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 867-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. H. Drake ◽  
C. F. McKhann ◽  
J. L. Gamble
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pyloric Obstruction ◽  
Body Tissues

The circumstances present in upper intestinal obstruction which may be expected to reduce the water content of the body are fasting with water deprivation and a continued loss of secretions into the stomach. According to the data obtained from the above described experiments with rats, loss of body water during the first third of the survival period following pyloric obstruction is more than half accounted for by fasting with water deprivation. This body water is accompanied by a parallel loss of solids and may be regarded as a waste product of the consumption of body fat, glycogen, and protoplasm. Its loss does not disturb the per cent water content of the body tissues. The water lost into the stomach is responsible for an actual excess of water reduction over consumption of solids. Except in the case of the skin and blood, this excess loss of water is extremely small and produces a reduction of the per cent water content of tissues which is so slight as to permit the surmise that the water loss here derives entirely from the interstitial fluid of the tissues and that no dehydration of tissue cells occurs. The data are, however, not directly informative on this point. The total loss of body water during 12 hours following pyloric obstruction was found to be 12.6 per cent of the water content of a control animal. More than one-quarter (28.3 per cent) of the total body content of chloride ion was found to be lost and was entirely accounted for by the amount of chloride found in the gastric contents. Nearly half of the chloride loss derives from the skin. Data are presented which demonstrate that lower intestinal obstruction causes slight, if any, depletion of the water content of the body.

Water content and water turnover in beef cattle

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
PH Springell
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Poor Diet ◽  
The Mean

Twenty-four steers, comprising British (Hereford and Hereford x Shorthorn), Zebu (Africander), and Zebu cross (British x Brahman or Africander) breeds, were either maintained on pasture, or yarded and fed on diets of a low and a high nutritional value. Tritiated water was injected into the animals on five occasions at intervals of 3 months. The body water content and the water turnover rate were calculated, and some of the sources of variation defined. Observed differences in the water content are attributable to nutritional factors rather than to breed differences. The mean body water content ranged from 615 to 809 ml/kg fasting body weight, where the higher values were associated with a poor diet. The mean half-life of tritiated water was lower in summer (as low as 58 hr) than in winter (up to 128 hr) in grazing and well-fed yarded steers. On a poor diet, however, the half-life in yarded cattle remained high and almost constant throughout the year, dropping to below 100 hr on only a single occasion. Occasionally the half-life was breed dependent, but generally no significant differences between breeds could be found. While mean turnover rates of up to 7.1 ml kg-1 hr-1 were found in better-fed cattle in summer, the value in poorly fed animals was almost constant throughout the year at about 3.3 ml kg-1 hr-1. There was, however, a winter minimum in the well-fed yarded and grazing groups. The turnover rate was also influenced by breed only to a limited extent. The results are interpreted in the light of their possible significance in the adaptation to a tropical environment, and in relation to their value in predicting the body composition.

Corrigendum - Water content and water turnover in beef cattle

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
PH Springell
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Poor Diet ◽  
The Mean

Twenty-four steers, comprising British (Hereford and Hereford x Shorthorn), Zebu (Africander), and Zebu cross (British x Brahman or Africander) breeds, were either maintained on pasture, or yarded and fed on diets of a low and a high nutritional value. Tritiated water was injected into the animals on five occasions at intervals of 3 months. The body water content and the water turnover rate were calculated, and some of the sources of variation defined. Observed differences in the water content are attributable to nutritional factors rather than to breed differences. The mean body water content ranged from 615 to 809 ml/kg fasting body weight, where the higher values were associated with a poor diet. The mean half-life of tritiated water was lower in summer (as low as 58 hr) than in winter (up to 128 hr) in grazing and well-fed yarded steers. On a poor diet, however, the half-life in yarded cattle remained high and almost constant throughout the year, dropping to below 100 hr on only a single occasion. Occasionally the half-life was breed dependent, but generally no significant differences between breeds could be found. While mean turnover rates of up to 7.1 ml kg-1 hr-1 were found in better-fed cattle in summer, the value in poorly fed animals was almost constant throughout the year at about 3.3 ml kg-1 hr-1. There was, however, a winter minimum in the well-fed yarded and grazing groups. The turnover rate was also influenced by breed only to a limited extent. The results are interpreted in the light of their possible significance in the adaptation to a tropical environment, and in relation to their value in predicting the body composition.

The estimation of milk intake and growth of beef calves in the field by using tritiated water

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 291 ◽  
Author(s):  
NG Yates ◽  
WV Macfarlane ◽  
R Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Significant Difference

The growth of Hereford, Friesian x Hereford, and Friesian x Shorthorn calves was studied under grazing conditions in the south-east of South Australia during the autumn period of minimal dry pasture. Measurements of body water content, water turnover, and body weight changes of calves were undertaken during an 8-week period after calving in February 1968. From these measurements, estimates were made of liveweight gain and the yield of body solids per unit of water turnover (milk intake). The subsequent development of the calves was also measured. The average birth weights of the three groups were not significantly different. The 8-week total of water intake (milk) was 405 � 14.3 1. in Shorthorn cross calves, 279 � 18.0 1. for Hereford cross, and 263 � 14.3 1. among the Herefords. Over the first 8 weeks body weight gain (g/24 hr) was highest in the Shorthorn cross calves and their body solids gain was 63 % greater than that of the Hereford cross calves but only 29 % greater than that of the Hereford calves. Water turnover (1.124 hr) of the Shorthorn cross calves was 45 % greater than that of the Hereford cross calves and 54% greater than that of the Hereford calves over the 8-week period. There was no significant difference between the three groups in body weight or solids gain per unit of milk intake (g/l), though the average conversion of milk to solids by Herefords was greater than that of the other breeds. The Shorthorn cows weighed less than the other groups after calving and their average relative and absolute loss of weight during lactation was greatest. The offspring of the Shorthorn cows had the highest water intake expressed as a function of the body weight0.75 of the cows. The water turnover of Shorthorn calves as a function of calf weight0.82 was also greater than that of the other calves. The correlations between body weight gain (g/24 hr) and water turnover (l./24 hr) and between body solids gain (g/24 hr) and water turnover (l./24 hr) were 0.815 (P < 0.001) and 0.632 (P < 0.01) respectively. The correlation between cow body weight loss and calf body weight gain was 0.481 (P < 0.05). A group of nine Friesian x Hereford calves studied for 11 weeks after calving in April 1969 on newly grown winter rainfall pasture 50 km north of Adelaide had both average water turnover (l./24 hr) and body weight gains (g/24 hr) substantially higher than those of any group in the previous year. The efficiency of conversion estimated as body solids gain and body weight gain per unit of water intake was, however, similar to those of the Hereford calves in 1968. The differences between the years are presumed to follow from differences in the amount of pasture available in the dry season, relative to pasture after the rains had come. Average body water content (TOH space) was 801 ml/kg body weight at the beginning of the measurements and gradually fell to 713 ml/kg at 11 weeks.

Regulation of Water and Some Ions in Gammarids (Amphipoda)

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-355
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

1. The water content, and the concentrations of sodium potassium and chloride in the blood and body water were determined in Gammarus pulex acclimatized to external salinities ranging from 0.06 mM/l NaCl up to 50 % sea water. 2. The mean body water content remained constant at 79.0-80.3 % body wet weight. The total body sodium and chloride concentrations were lowered in 0.06 mM/l NaCl and increased markedly at salinities above 10% sea water. The normal ratio of body sodium/chloride was 1.45-1.70, decreasing to 1.0 at 50% sea water. 3. The total body potassium concentration remained constant at 47.5-55.2 mM/kg body H2O. The rate of potassium loss across the body surface was relatively fast. Potassium balance was maintained at an external potassium concentration of 0.005 mM/l by starved animals, and at 0.005 mM/l by fed animals. 4. The proportion of body water in the blood space was calculated from the concentrations of potassium and chloride in the blood and in the body water. The blood space contained 38-42% body H2O in animals from fresh water. The blood space decreased to 31 % body H2O in animals from 0.06 mM/l NaCl. The sodium space was equivalent to about 70 % body H2O. 5. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were estimated and the results were compared with previous analyses made on the tissues of G. pulex and other crustaceans. It was concluded that in G. pulex from fresh water the distribution of potassium and chloride ions between the extracellular blood space and the intracellular space approximately conforms to a Donnan equilibrium. 30-40% of the body sodium is apparently located in the intracellular space.

Variation in the chemical composition of adipose tissue of three species of ursids

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 1512-1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc R.L Cattet ◽  
Paul D Watts ◽  
Jeong S Sim
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
Lipid Contents ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between the water content and lipid content of adipose tissue was compared between 25 polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and 25 black bears (Ursus americanus) to determine if it was affected by species differences in the fatty-acid composition of adipose tissue. The adipose tissue of polar bears had a lower water content and a higher proportion of long-chain fatty acids than did the adipose tissue of black bears, when compared at equal lipid content. The relationship between the body water and lipid contents was also compared among 11 polar bears, 18 black bears, and 6 brown bears (Ursus arctos) to determine if this relationship could be affected by species differences in the relationship between the water and lipid contents of adipose tissue. The body-water content in marine (polar) bears was less than that in terrestrial (black and brown) bears, and the differences in body-water content between the two groups became more apparent as the body-lipid content increased. These results suggest that the fatty-acid composition of adipose tissue can affect the body-water content, especially in fat bears. These findings have implications for the use of isotope-dilution models to predict body composition in bears.

scholarly journals Contribution of Dietary Composition on Water Turnover Rates in Active and Sedentary Men

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 2124
Author(s):  
Alice E. Disher ◽  
Kelly L. Stewart ◽  
Aaron J. E. Bach ◽  
Ian B. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Dietary Composition ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Fibre Intake

Body water turnover is a marker of hydration status for measuring total fluid gains and losses over a 24-h period. It can be particularly useful in predicting (and hence, managing) fluid loss in individuals to prevent potential physical, physiological and cognitive declines associated with hypohydration. There is currently limited research investigating the interrelationship of fluid balance, dietary intake and activity level when considering body water turnover. Therefore, this study investigates whether dietary composition and energy expenditure influences body water turnover. In our methodology, thirty-eight males (19 sedentary and 19 physically active) had their total body water and water turnover measured via the isotopic tracer deuterium oxide. Simultaneous tracking of dietary intake (food and fluid) is carried out via dietary recall, and energy expenditure is estimated via accelerometery. Our results show that active participants display a higher energy expenditure, water intake, carbohydrate intake and fibre intake; however, there is no difference in sodium or alcohol intake between the two groups. Relative water turnover in the active group is significantly greater than the sedentary group (Mean Difference (MD) [95% CI] = 17.55 g·kg−1·day−1 [10.90, 24.19]; p = < 0.001; g[95% CI] = 1.70 [0.98, 2.48]). A penalised linear regression provides evidence that the fibre intake (p = 0.033), water intake (p = 0.008), and activity level (p = 0.063) predict participants’ relative body water turnover (R2= 0.585). In conclusion, water turnover is faster in individuals undertaking regular exercise than in their sedentary counterparts, and is, in part, explained by the intake of water from fluid and high-moisture content foods. The nutrient analysis of the participant diets indicates that increased dietary fibre intake is also positively associated with water turnover rates. The water loss between groups also contributes to the differences observed in water turnover; this is partly related to differences in sweat output during increased energy expenditure from physical activity.

scholarly journals Hydration status, BMI and troponin as factors of an impaired exercise tolerance in women over 40 with arterial hypertension

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M Bielecka-Dabrowa ◽  
K Gryglewska ◽  
A Sakowicz ◽  
K Janikowski ◽  
M Maciejewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Cardiac Troponin ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Mitral Annulus Velocity

Abstract Purpose The aim was to identify factors influencing maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and early identification of hypertensive women at risk of heart failure (HF). Methods The 185 consecutive females with controlled hypertension were divided according VO2max quartiles. The patients underwent echocardiography, non-invasive body mass analysis, spiroergometry and hemodynamic parameters. Regression analyses determined predictors of the lowest VO2max (quartile 1: VO2max &lt;17 ml/kg/min). Results Females with the worst oxygen consumption had significantly higher level of high sensitive cardiac Troponin T (hs-cTnT) [p=0.001], higher values of the left atrial (LA) volume, late diastolic mitral annulus velocity (A'), ratio of peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow to peak velocity of early diastolic mitral annular motion (E/E') [p=0.0003, p=0.02, p=0.04; respectively] and lower E' [p=0.001] compared to controls. Women with the worst exercise capacity had higher body mass index (BMI) and fat content (kg and %) [p&lt;0.0001], higher fat free mass (FFM) (kg) [p&lt;0.0001], higher total body water content (TBW) [p=0.0002] as well as extracellular body water content (ECW) [p&lt;0.0001] and intracellular body water content (ICW) [p=0.005], ECW/TBW x 100% [p&lt;0.0001] and metabolic age [p&lt;0.0001] compared to counterparts. In a multiple logistic regression model independently associated with VO2max were: ECW/TBW x 100% (OR 4.45, 95% CI: 1.77–11.21; p=0.002) Figure 1, BMI (OR 7.11, 95% CI: 2.01–25.11; p=0.002) Figure 2 and hs-cTnT level (OR 2.69, 95% CI: 1.23–5.91; p=0.013). Conclusions High-sensitivity cardiac troponin may serve as early biomarker of heart failure in hypertensive women. Hydration status should be considered in overall hypertensive women care. There is an importance of body mass compartments analysis in early identification of hypertensive females at risk of heart failure. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): The Project is financed by the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange under the Foreign Promotion Programme. Figure 1 Figure 2

BODY WATER OF NEWBORN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIV (II) ◽  
pp. 261-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mogens Osler
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intracellular Water ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Diabetic Mothers

ABSTRACT The total body water as well as the distribution of water in the extracellular and intracellular compartments was determined in 23 infants born to diabetic mothers (diab. infants) and 15 infants born to normal mothers (normal infants). The total body water was determined by the dilution method using heavy water, and the extracellular water by the dilution method using thiosulphate. Intracellular water was calculated as total water less extracellular water. The analytical methods are described. Diab. infants proved to have a mean total body water of 2.48 litres or 70.2 per cent of the body weight, a mean extracellular water content of 1.41 litre or 38.5 per cent of the body weight, and a mean intracellular water content of 1.16 litre or 31.8 per cent of the body weight. Normal infants had a mean total body water of 2.58 litres or 78.2 per cent of the body weight, a mean extracellular water content of 1.53 litre or 44.9 per cent of the body weight, and a mean intracellular water content of 1.12 litre or 33.5 per cent of the body weight. The reduction in total and extracellular water in the diab. infants is statistically significant, whereas that of intracellular water is more doubtful. The reduction in total body water means that diab. infants are obese. A marked decrease in total as well as extracellular water without a substantial decrease in intracellular water cannot be due to obesity alone, since fat is assumed to contain more extracellular than intracellular water. Increased deposition of glycogen, which binds water in the cells and constitutes an intermediate product in the transformation of glucose to fat, can explain, when also considering the obesity, the reduction in total and extracellular water without a simultaneous decrease of intracellular water. Considering the influence of insulin, corticosteroids and growth hormone on the body composition, the author concludes that the changes found in the body composition of newborn infants of diabetic mothers (obesity + presumably increased glycogen) may be assumed to be due to maternal hyperglycaemia with consequent foetal hyperglycaemia + hyperinsulinism, but not to an action of maternal growth hormone. In other words, the result supports the so-called hyperglycaemia hypothesis as the cause of the increased weight and changed body composition of the newborn infants of diabetic women.

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