scholarly journals Influence of voluntary exercise on hypothalamic norepinephrine

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 962-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin W. Lambert ◽  
Ingibjorg H. Jonsdottir
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Voluntary Exercise ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Nervous Function ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

We combined hypothalamic tissue and plasma determinations of norepinephrine, dihydroxyphenylalanine, and dihydroxyphenylglycol with measurements of abdominal fat in voluntary running rats to examine the relationship among exercise training, hypothalamic and sympathetic nervous function, and body fat stores. The hypothalamic concentrations of norepinephrine, dihydroxyphenylalanine, and dihydroxyphenylglycol were reduced after exercise training ( P < 0.01), with the amount of norepinephrine being strongly associated with the plasma norepinephrine ( r = 0.58, P < 0.05) and dihydroxyphenylglycol ( r = 0.65, P = 0.01) concentrations. Exercise training resulted in a diminution in abdominal fat mass ( P < 0.01). A strong relationship existed between fat mass and hypothalamic norepinephrine content ( r = 0.83, P < 0.001). The presence of a positive relationship between the arterial and hypothalamic norepinephrine levels provides presumptive evidence of an association between noradrenergic neuronal activity of the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous function. The observation that abdominal fat mass is linked with norepinephrine in the hypothalamus raises the possibility that alterations in body fat stores provide an afferent signal linking hypothalamic function and the activity of the sympathetic nervous system.

Resistive training increases fat-free mass and maintains RMR despite weight loss in postmenopausal women

1995 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 818-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Ryan ◽  
R. E. Pratley ◽  
D. Elahi ◽  
A. P. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Resistive Training

Percent body fat increases with age and is often accompanied by a loss in muscle mass, strength, and energy expenditure. The effects of 16 wk of resistive training (RT) alone or with weight loss (RTWL) on strength (isokinetic dynamometer), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), resting metabolic rate (RMR) (indirect calorimetry), and sympathetic nervous system activity (catecholamines) were examined in 15 postmenopausal women (50–69 yr). RT resulted in significant improvements in upper and lower body strength in both groups (P < 0.01). The nonobese women in the RT group (n = 8) did not change their body weight or fat mass with training. In the obese RTWL group (n = 7), body weight, fat mass, and percent body fat were significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Fat-free mass and RMR significantly increased with training in both groups combined (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in resting arterialized plasma norepinephrine or epinephrine levels in either group with training. RT increases strength with and without weight loss. Furthermore, RT and RTWL increase fat-free mass and RMR and decrease percent fat in postmenopausal women. Thus, RT may be a valuable component of an integrated weight management program in postmenopausal women.

scholarly journals Effect of Exercise Training on Fat Loss—Energetic Perspectives and the Role of Improved Adipose Tissue Function and Body Fat Distribution

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristoffer Jensen Kolnes ◽  
Maria Houborg Petersen ◽  
Teodor Lien-Iversen ◽  
Kurt Højlund ◽  
Jørgen Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Abdominal Fat

In obesity, excessive abdominal fat, especially the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), increases the risk of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Excessive abdominal fat is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, leading to systemic low-grade inflammation, fat overflow, ectopic lipid deposition, and reduced insulin sensitivity. Physical activity is recommended for primary prevention and treatment of obesity, T2DM, and related disorders. Achieving a stable reduction in body weight with exercise training alone has not shown promising effects on a population level. Because fat has a high energy content, a large amount of exercise training is required to achieve weight loss. However, even when there is no weight loss, exercise training is an effective method of improving body composition (increased muscle mass and reduced fat) as well as increasing insulin sensitivity and cardiorespiratory fitness. Compared with traditional low-to-moderate-intensity continuous endurance training, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) are more time-efficient as exercise regimens and produce comparable results in reducing total fat mass, as well as improving cardiorespiratory fitness and insulin sensitivity. During high-intensity exercise, carbohydrates are the main source of energy, whereas, with low-intensity exercise, fat becomes the predominant energy source. These observations imply that HIIT and SIT can reduce fat mass during bouts of exercise despite being associated with lower levels of fat oxidation. In this review, we explore the effects of different types of exercise training on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during physical activity, and discuss the potential effects of exercise training on adipose tissue function and body fat distribution.

Chronic administration of therapeutic levels of clenbuterol acts as a repartitioning agent

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 2064-2070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Kearns ◽  
Kenneth H. McKeever ◽  
Karyn Malinowski ◽  
Maggie B. Struck ◽  
Takashi Abe
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Chronic Clenbuterol ◽  
Therapeutic Doses ◽  
And Control

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of therapeutic levels of clenbuterol, with and without exercise training, on body composition. Twenty-three unfit Standardbred mares were divided into four experimental groups: clenbuterol (2.4 μg/kg body wt twice daily) plus exercise (ClenEx; 20 min at 50% maximal oxygen consumption 3days/wk; n = 6), clenbuterol only (Clen; n = 6), exercise only (Ex; n = 5), and control (Con; n = 6). Rump fat thickness was measured at 2-wk intervals by using B-mode ultrasound, and percent body fat (%fat) was calculated by using previously published methods. For Ex, body fat decreased ( P < 0.05) at week 4 (−9.3%), %fat at week 6 (−6.9%), and fat-free mass (FFM) increased ( P < 0.05) at week 8 (+3.2%). On the other hand, Clen had significant changes in %fat (−15.4%), fat mass (−14.7%), and FFM (+4.3%) at week 2. ClenEx had significant decreases in %fat (−17.6%) and fat mass (−19.5%) at week 2, which was similar to Clen; however, this group had a different FFM response, which significantly increased (+4.4%) at week 6. Con showed no changes ( P > 0.05) in any variable at any time. These results suggest that exercise training and clenbuterol have additive effects with respect to %fat and fat mass but antagonistic effects in terms of FFM. Furthermore, chronic clenbuterol administration causes significant repartitioning in the horse, even when administered in therapeutic doses.

Voluntary exercise training enhances glucose transport but not insulin signaling capacity in muscle of hypertensive TG(mREN2)27 rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 357-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Lemieux ◽  
Cody J. Diehl ◽  
Julie A. Sloniger ◽  
Erik J. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Voluntary Exercise ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase ◽  
Muscle Glucose Transport

Male heterozygous TG(mREN2)27 rats (TGR) overexpress a murine renin transgene, display marked hypertension, and have insulin resistance of skeletal muscle glucose transport and insulin signaling. We have shown previously that voluntary exercise training by TGR improves insulin-mediated skeletal muscle glucose transport (Kinnick TR, Youngblood EB, O’Keefe MP, Saengsirisuwan V, Teachey MK, and Henriksen EJ. J Appl Physiol 93: 805–812, 2002). The present study evaluated whether this training-induced enhancement of muscle glucose transport is associated with upregulation of critical insulin signaling elements, including insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase-3. TGR remained sedentary or ran spontaneously in activity wheels for 6 wk, averaging 7.1 ± 0.8 km/day by the end of week 3 and 4.3 ± 0.5 km/day over the final week of training. Exercise training reduced total abdominal fat by 20% ( P < 0.05) in TGR runners (2.64 ± 0.01% of body weight) compared with sedentary TGR controls (3.28 ± 0.01%). Insulin-stimulated (2 mU/ml) glucose transport activity in soleus muscle was 36% greater in TGR runners compared with sedentary TGR controls. However, the protein expression and functionality of tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor and IRS-1, IRS-1 associated with the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and Ser473 phosphorylation of Akt were not altered by exercise training. Only insulin-stimulated glycogen synthase kinase-3β Ser9 phosphorylation was increased (22%) by exercise training. These results indicate that voluntary exercise training in TGR can enhance insulin-mediated glucose transport in skeletal muscle, as well as reduce total abdominal fat mass. However, this adaptive response in muscle occurs independently of modifications in the proximal elements of the insulin signaling cascade.

Abdominal Fat and Percentage Water as Predictors of Body-Fat in Adult Maned Duck, Chenonetta-Jubata

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
SV Briggs ◽  
SA Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Best Fit

We derived 10 best fit regression equations for estimating body fat mass in maned duck carcasses. Body fat can be estimated from abdominal fat mass (females, R*2=0.86; males, R*2=0.81), percentage water (combined sexes, R2=0.83), and the Child-Marshall index (combined sexes, R*2=0.91). We recommend that body fat be estimated by the Child-Marshall equation where carcasses can be dried, and by abdominal fat equations otherwise.

scholarly journals Assessment of adipose tissue distribution by computed axial tomography in obese women: association with body density and anthropometric measurements

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Ferland ◽  
Jean-pierre DesprÉS ◽  
Angelo Tremblay ◽  
Sylvie Pinault ◽  
AndrÉ Nadeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Axial Tomography ◽  
The Absolute

1. Abdominal obesity is associated with numerous metabolic complications. Deep abdominal adipose tissue is critical in the association between the level of abdominal obesity and cardiovascular risk factors.2. Adipose tissue localization was assessed by computed axial tomography (CAT), and its association with body density and anthropometric measurements was investigated in a sample of fifty-one obese women (percentage body fat 45·9 (SD 5·6)) aged 35·7 (SD 5·5) years. The CAT scans were performed at three levels: lower chest, abdomen and mid-thigh.3. The total adipose tissue volume computed from these three scans was highly correlated with body fat mass (r 0·94, P < 0·001). The proportion of deep abdominal fat as measured by the ratio of deep: total adipose tissue areas at the abdominal level was not significantly correlated with body fat mass, but it was moderately associated with the ratio of waist: hip circumferences (WHR) (r 0·49, P < 0·001). The absolute amount of deep abdominal fat was, however, significantly correlated with body fat mass (r 0·72, P < 0·001).4. The subscapular (r 0·38) and the abdominal (r 0·38) skinfolds were the only two skinfolds that were significantly associated with the proportion of deep abdominal fat (P < 0·01). These skinfolds were also those which showed the highest correlation with the absolute amount of deep abdominal fat (r 0·65, P < 0·001, for both skinfolds).5. A three-site CAT-scan procedure can be used for the estimation of body fat mass in premenopausal obese women.6. In these obese women, there was no significant association between total adiposity and the proportion of deep adipose tissue at the abdominal level.7. In premenopausal obese women, the absolute amount of deep abdominal fat can be predicted from anthropometric measurements with more accuracy than the relative amount of deep abdominal fat.

Serum leptin concentration is associated with total body fat mass, but not abdominal fat distribution

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 536-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Shimizu ◽  
Y Shimomura ◽  
R Hayashi ◽  
K Ohtani ◽  
N Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body
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