The Role of Endocannabinoid Signaling in Motor Control

Physiology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 230-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. El Manira ◽  
A. Kyriakatos
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Retrograde Signaling ◽  
Motor Circuits ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Different Parts

Cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoid signaling are distributed throughout the rostrocaudal neuraxis. Retrograde signaling via endocannabinoid mediates synaptic plasticity in many regions in the central nervous system. Here, we review the role of endocannabinoid signaling in different parts of the vertebrate motor system from networks responsible for the execution of movement to planning centers in the basal ganglia and cortex. The ubiquity of endocannabinoid-mediated plasticity suggests that it plays an important role in producing motion from defined circuitries and also for reconfiguring networks to learn new motor skills. The long-term plasticity induced by endocannabinoids may provide a long-term buffer that stabilizes the organization of motor circuits and their activity.

scholarly journals Neuroinflammation in Sepsis: Molecular Pathways of Microglia Activation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Carolina Araújo Moraes ◽  
Camila Zaverucha-do-Valle ◽  
Renaud Fleurance ◽  
Tarek Sharshar ◽  
Fernando Augusto Bozza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Frequently underestimated, encephalopathy or delirium are common neurological manifestations associated with sepsis. Brain dysfunction occurs in up to 80% of cases and is directly associated with increased mortality and long-term neurocognitive consequences. Although the central nervous system (CNS) has been classically viewed as an immune-privileged system, neuroinflammation is emerging as a central mechanism of brain dysfunction in sepsis. Microglial cells are major players in this setting. Here, we aimed to discuss the current knowledge on how the brain is affected by peripheral immune activation in sepsis and the role of microglia in these processes. This review focused on the molecular pathways of microglial activity in sepsis, its regulatory mechanisms, and their interaction with other CNS cells, especially with neuronal cells and circuits.

scholarly journals Multiple Sclerosis and the Blood-Central Nervous System Barrier

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan M. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Humanized Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cns Side Effects ◽  
Cell Adhesion Molecule 1

The central nervous system (CNS) is isolated from the blood system by a physical barrier that contains efflux transporters and catabolic enzymes. This blood-CNS barrier (BCNSB) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). It binds and anchors activated leukocytes to permit their movement across the BCNSB and into the CNS. Once there, these immune cells target particular self-epitopes and initiate a cascade of neuroinflammation, which leads to the breakdown of the BCNSB and the formation of perivascular plaques, one of the hallmarks of MS. Immunomodulatory drugs for MS are either biologics or small molecules, with only the latter having the capacity to cross the BCNSB and thus have a propensity to cause CNS side effects. However, BCNSB penetration is a desirable feature of MS drugs that have molecular targets within the CNS. These are nabiximols and dalfampridine, which target cannabinoid receptors and potassium channels, respectively. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, present on endothelial cells of the BCNSB, also serves as a drug discovery target since it interacts with α4-β1-integrin on leucocytes. The MS drug natalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against α4-β1-integrin, blocks this interaction and thus reduces the movement of immune cells into the CNS. This paper further elaborates on the role of the BCNSB in the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of MS.

Role of a nurse in the rehabilitation of children using ReviMotion hardware and software complex

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
T. Shirshova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Equipment Management ◽  
School Age ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Software Complex ◽  
Trained Personnel ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Disorders of the musculoskeletal system in school-age children occupy 1-2 places in the structure of functional abnormalities. Cognitive impairment without organic damage to the central nervous system is detected in 30-56% of healthy school children. Along with the increase in the incidence rate, the demand for rehabilitation systems, which allow patients to return to normal life as soon as possible and maintain the motivation for the rehabilitation process, is also growing. Adaptation of rehabilitation techniques, ease of equipment management, availability of specially trained personnel and availability of technical support for complexes becomes important.

The Role of Neuropeptide Y and Peptide YY in the Development of Obesity via Gut-brain Axis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 750-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wu ◽  
Hengxun He ◽  
Zhibin Cheng ◽  
Yueyu Bai ◽  
Xi Ma
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Gut Peptides ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Obesity is one of the main challenges of public health in the 21st century. Obesity can induce a series of chronic metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver, which seriously affect human health. Gut-brain axis, the two-direction pathway formed between enteric nervous system and central nervous system, plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of obesity. Gastrointestinal signals are projected through the gut-brain axis to nervous system, and respond to various gastrointestinal stimulation. The central nervous system regulates visceral activity through the gut-brain axis. Brain-gut peptides have important regulatory roles in the gut-brain axis. The brain-gut peptides of the gastrointestinal system and the nervous system regulate the gastrointestinal movement, feeling, secretion, absorption and other complex functions through endocrine, neurosecretion and paracrine to secrete peptides. Both neuropeptide Y and peptide YY belong to the pancreatic polypeptide family and are important brain-gut peptides. Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY have functions that are closely related to appetite regulation and obesity formation. This review describes the role of the gutbrain axis in regulating appetite and maintaining energy balance, and the functions of brain-gut peptides neuropeptide Y and peptide YY in obesity. The relationship between NPY and PYY and the interaction between the NPY-PYY signaling with the gut microbiota are also described in this review.

The Yin and Yang of BK Channels in Epilepsy

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 272-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yudan Zhu ◽  
Shuzhang Zhang ◽  
Yijun Feng ◽  
Qian Xiao ◽  
Jiwei Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Bk Channels ◽  
Bk Channel ◽  
Potential Shape ◽  
Yin And Yang ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Action Potential Shape ◽  
Excitability Of Neurons

Background & Objective: The large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channel, extensively distributed in the central nervous system (CNS), is considered as a vital player in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, with evidence implicating derangement of K+ as well as regulating action potential shape and duration. However, unlike other channels implicated in epilepsy whose function in neurons could clearly be labeled “excitatory” or “inhibitory”, the unique physiological behavior of the BK channel allows it to both augment and decrease the excitability of neurons. Thus, the role of BK in epilepsy is controversial so far, and a growing area of intense investigation. Conclusion: Here, this review aims to highlight recent discoveries on the dichotomous role of BK channels in epilepsy, focusing on relevant BK-dependent pro- as well as antiepileptic pathways, and discuss the potential of BK specific modulators for the treatment of epilepsy.

scholarly journals Self-buffering capacity of a human sulfatase for central nervous system delivery

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wen ◽  
Nazila Salamat-Miller ◽  
Keethkumar Jain ◽  
Katherine Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
The Self ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Formulation Design ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Enzymes ◽  
Intrathecal Space

AbstractDirect delivery of therapeutic enzymes to the Central Nervous System requires stringent formulation design. Not only should the formulation design consider the delicate balance of existing ions, proteins, and osmolality in the cerebrospinal fluid, it must also provide long term efficacy and stability for the enzyme. One fundamental approach to this predicament is designing formulations with no buffering species. In this study, we report a high concentration, saline-based formulation for a human sulfatase for its delivery into the intrathecal space. A high concentration formulation (≤ 40 mg/mL) was developed through a series of systematic studies that demonstrated the feasibility of a self-buffered formulation for this molecule. The self-buffering capacity phenomenon was found to be a product of both the protein itself and potentially the residual phosphates associated with the protein. To date, the self-buffered formulation for this molecule has been stable for up to 4 years when stored at 5 ± 3 °C, with no changes either in the pH values or other quality attributes of the molecule. The high concentration self-buffered protein formulation was also observed to be stable when exposed to multiple freeze–thaw cycles and was robust during in-use and agitation studies.

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