Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Safety Evaluation of Papain (Carica papayaL.) Using In Vitro Assays

Papain, a phytotherapeutic agent, has been used in the treatment of eschars and as a debriding chemical agent to remove damaged or necrotic tissue of pressure ulcers and gangrene. Its benefits in these treatments are deemed effective, since more than 5000 patients, at the public university hospital at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, have undergone papain treatment and presented satisfactory results. Despite its extensive use, there is little information about toxic and mutagenic properties of papain. This work evaluated the toxic and mutagenic potential of papain and its potential antioxidant activity against induced-H2O2oxidative stress inEscherichia colistrains. Cytotoxicity assay, Growth inhibition test, WP2-Mutoxitest and Plasmid-DNA treatment, and agarose gel electrophoresis were used to investigate if papain would present any toxic or mutagenic potential as well as if papain would display antioxidant properties. Papain exhibited negative results for all tests. This agent presented an activity protecting cells againstH2O2-induced mutagenesis.

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Assessment of the Mutagenic Activity of Extracts of Brazilian Propolis in Topical Pharmaceutical Formulations on Mammalian CellsIn VitroandIn Vivo

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1093/ecam/nen049 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Juliana Marques Senedese ◽

Aline Rafaela Rodrigues ◽

Michelle Andrade Furtado ◽

Viviane Dias Faustino ◽

Andresa A. Berretta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chromosomal Aberrations ◽

Mutagenic Activity ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Test System ◽

Negative Control ◽

Continuous Treatment ◽

Mutagenic Potential ◽

Topical Formulations

Propolis possesses various biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anesthetic and antioxidant properties. A topically applied product based on Brazilian green propolis was developed for the treatment of burns. For such substance to be used more safely in future clinical applications, the present study evaluated the mutagenic potential of topical formulations supplemented with green propolis extract (1.2, 2.4 and 3.6%) based on the analysis of chromosomal aberrations and of micronuclei. In thein vitrostudies, 3-h pulse (G1phase of the cell cycle) and continuous (20 h) treatments were performed. In thein vivoassessment, the animals were injured on the back and then submitted to acute (24 h), subacute (7 days) and subchronic (30 days) treatments consisting of daily dermal applications of gels containing different concentrations of propolis. Similar frequencies of chromosomal aberrations were observed for cultures submitted to 3-h pulse and continuous treatment with gels containing different propolis concentrations and cultures not submitted to any treatment. However, in the continuous treatment cultures treated with the 3.6% propolis gel presented significantly lower mitotic indices than the negative control. No statistically significant differences in the frequencies of micronuclei were observed between animals treated with gels containing different concentrations of propolis and the negative control for the three treatment times. Under the present conditions, topical formulations containing different concentrations of green propolis used for the treatment of burns showed no mutagenic effect in either test system, but 3.6% propolis gel was found to be cytotoxic in thein vitrotest.

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Biological Safety Evaluation of 99mTc-DTPA-Ketoconazole for Diagnosis of Fungal Infection

Indonesian Journal of Physics and Nuclear Applications ◽

10.24246/ijpna.v2i1.1-8 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Maula Eka Sriyani ◽

Hendris Wongso ◽

Eva Maria Widyasari ◽

Rizky Juwita Sugiharti ◽

Iim Halimah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Fungal Infection ◽

Radiochemical Purity ◽

Safety Evaluation ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Toxic Response ◽

Biological Safety ◽

Safety Parameters

Infectious diseases have become one of the leading cause of mortality around the world, including in the Southeast Asia. One of the microbial that cause infection is fungi. Occasionally, deep-seated fungal infection is difficult to detect using conventional diagnosis methods and therefore leads to inaccurate detection. Our previous research was conducted in order to obtain the labeled compound of 99mTc-DTPA-Ketoconazole with a high radiochemical purity (98.40 ± 0.86%). Moreover, the in-vitro assays showed that 99mTc-DTPA-Ketoconazole can potentially bind to Candida albicans. On the other hand, in clinical routine use, diagnostic kit should be safe for the patients. Consequently, this research was conducted to determine the biological safety parameters of 99mTc-DTPA-Ketoconazole on the animal study, including single dose and acute toxicity test, sterility, and apirogenicity test. The results showed that both the single dose at 34.6 μCi and dose until 149 times of the single dose did not stimulate the toxic response to the animals. In addition, the sterility data revealed that there was no microbial growth after 7 days of incubation at 37°C as well as fungal growth after 14 days of incubation at 25°C. Furthermore, the apirogenicity test using rabbits revealed that there was no increase in temperature more than 0.6°C for each animal and not more than 1.5°C of total increase of temperature for all the animals. It is concluded that the 99mTc-DTPA-Ketoconazole is satisfy the requirements of biological safety of a radiopharmaceutical and therefore was acceptable for fungal detection in nuclear medicine.

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Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content in Shiitake Mycelial Exudates

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1100600622 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 1934578X1100600 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Weihuan Huang ◽

Joo-Shin Kim ◽

Hau Yin Chung

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Total Phenolic Content ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Reducing Power ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Shiitake Mushroom ◽

Ferrous Ions

Exudates (DE) secreted from two shiitake mushroom mycelia (strains 1358 and L5458) were evaluated for their antioxidative properties and phenolic content. 1358DE and L5458DE showed distinct antioxidant activity in different in vitro assays, including scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide; the ability to chelate ferrous ions; reducing power; hemolysis inhibition activity in rat erythrocyte; and lipid peroxidation inhibition (IC50 values of 1358DE and L5458DE were 3.3 and 132.6; 44.5 and > 1000; 26.9 and 53.7; 153.6 and >175.0; 176.0 and 521.0; 26.7 and 746.4; 47.8 and 736.9; and 3.1 and > 1000 μg/mL, respectively). Their total phenolic content was 237.33 and 24.08 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of dry DE, respectively. Overall, these results show that 1358DE generally possesses better antioxidant properties than L5458DE, possibly due to its larger total phenolic content. Shiitake mushroom mycelial exudates, particularly of 1358DE, could be a good source of natural antioxidants.

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Phenol Profiling and Nutraceutical Potential of Lycium spp. Leaf Extracts Obtained with Ultrasound and Microwave Assisted Techniques

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8080260 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 260 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Luna Pollini ◽

Rachele Rocchi ◽

Lina Cossignani ◽

Jordi Mañes ◽

Dario Compagnone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Properties ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Array Detector ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Phenol Compounds ◽

Microwave Assisted ◽

Assisted Extraction

In recent years, agricultural and industrial residues have attracted a lot of interest in the recovery of phytochemicals used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. In this paper, a study on the recovery of phenol compounds from Lycium spp. leaves is presented. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) have been used with alcoholic and hydroalcoholic solvents. Methanolic UAE was the most successful technique for extracting phenols from Lycium leaves, and we used on leaves from L. barbarum and L. chinense cultivated in Italy. The extracts were then characterized as regards to the antioxidant properties by in vitro assays and the phenol profiling by a high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Chlorogenic acid and rutin were the main phenol compounds, but considerable differences have been observed between the samples of the two Lycium species. For example, cryptochlorogenic acid was found only in L. barbarum samples, while quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-rhamnoside only in L. chinense leaves. Finally, multivariate statistical analysis techniques applied to the phenol content allowed us to differentiate samples from different Lycium spp. The results of this study confirm that the extraction is a crucial step in the analytical procedure and show that Lycium leaves represent an interesting source of antioxidant compounds, with potential use in the nutraceutical field.

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Anthocyanins, Colour and Antioxidant Properties of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and Violet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Peel Extracts

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-2006-7-810 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 61 (7-8) ◽

pp. 527-535 ◽

Cited By ~ 76

Author(s):

Eva Sadilova ◽

Florian C. Stintzing ◽

Reinhold Carle

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Capsicum Annuum ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Solanum Melongena ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Capsicum Annuum L ◽

Food Colour ◽

Acetone Extracts

Acetone extracts from eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and violet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) peels both belonging to the Solanaceae plant family were characterized with respect to their anthocyanin profiles, colour qualities and antioxidant capacities. According to HPLC-DAD-MS3 analyses the major anthocyanin in eggplant was delphinidin-3-rutinoside, while the predominant pigment in violet pepper was assigned to delphinidin-3-transcoumaroylrutinoside- 5-glucoside. Since virtually all anthocyanins were delphinidin-based, the effect of acylation and glycosylation patterns on colour stability and antioxidant capacity could be assessed. Application of two in vitro-assays for antioxidant capacity assessment revealed that eggplant generally exhibited higher values compared to violet pepper which was ascribed to 3,5-diglycosylated structures predominating in the latter. The higher extent of acylation in violet pepper was reflected by a more purplish colour shade of the extracts, but did not translate into a higher stability against fading which again was attributed to additional glycosyl substitution at C5. These findings support the relevance of structurerelated activities of anthocyanins both for understanding food colour and their particular nutritional value.

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Antioxidant properties of mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum) phenolic extracts against oxidative damage using biological in vitro assays

Food Chemistry ◽

10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.038 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 111 (1) ◽

pp. 98-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Rosana Chirinos ◽

David Campos ◽

Marie Warnier ◽

Romina Pedreschi ◽

Jean-François Rees ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Damage ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Tropaeolum Tuberosum ◽

Phenolic Extracts

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Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of stems of Smilax zeylanica in vitro

Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1515/jbcpp-2014-0114 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mohammad Nasir Uddin ◽

Taksim Ahmed ◽

Sanzida Pathan ◽

Md. Mamun Al-Amin ◽

Md. Sohel Rana

Keyword(s):

Petroleum Ether ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Dpph Assay ◽

Cytotoxic Potential ◽

Phytochemical Study ◽

Methanolic Extracts ◽

Standard Procedures

AbstractPlant-derived phytochemicals consisting of phenols and flavonoids possess antioxidant properties, eventually rendering a lucrative tool to scavenge reactive oxygen species. This study was carried out to evaluate in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of methanolic extract and petroleum ether extracts ofPhytochemical screening was done following standard procedures. Antioxidant activity was tested using several in vitro assays, viz., 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, NO assay, HPreliminary phytochemical study revealed the presence of flavonoids and glycosides in both extracts. Methanolic extract was found to possess stronger antioxidant potential than petroleum ether extracts in all assays. The ICThese findings demonstrate that methanolic extracts could be considered as potential sources of natural antioxidant, whereas petroleum ether extracts could be explored for promising anticancer molecules.

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In Vitro Antidiabetic Effects and Antioxidant Potential ofCassia nemophilaPods

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2018/1824790 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gauhar Rehman ◽

Muhammad Hamayun ◽

Amjad Iqbal ◽

Saif Ul Islam ◽

Saba Arshad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glucose Uptake ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Antioxidant Potential ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Dpph Radical ◽

Dpph Radical Scavenging

The antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract ofCassia nemophilapod (EECNP) was evaluated by three in vitro assays, including yeast glucose uptake assay, glucose adsorption assay, and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The result revealed that the extracts have enhanced the uptake of glucose through the plasma membrane of yeast cells. A linear increase in glucose uptake by yeast cells was noticed with gradual increase in the concentration of the test samples. Moreover, the adsorption capacity of the EECNP was directly proportional to the molar concentration of glucose. Also, the DPPH radical scavenging capacity of the extract was increased to a maximum value of 43.3% at 80 μg/ml, which was then decreased to 41.9% at 100 μg/ml. From the results, it was concluded that EECNP possess good antidiabetic and antioxidant properties as shown by in vitro assays.

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Exploring the Potential of Icelandic Seaweeds Extracts Produced by Aqueous Pulsed Electric Fields-Assisted Extraction for Cosmetic Applications

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md19120662 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (12) ◽

pp. 662

Author(s):

Natalia Castejón ◽

Kristin Anna Thorarinsdottir ◽

Ragnhildur Einarsdóttir ◽

Kristberg Kristbergsson ◽

Gudrún Marteinsdóttir

Keyword(s):

Electric Fields ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Pulsed Electric Fields ◽

Mean Value ◽

Global Market ◽

Hot Water ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Palmaria Palmata ◽

Alaria Esculenta

A growing concern for overall health is driving a global market of natural ingredients not only in the food industry but also in the cosmetic field. In this study, a screening on potential cosmetic applications of aqueous extracts from three Icelandic seaweeds produced by pulsed electric fields (PEF) was performed. Produced extracts by PEF from Ulva lactuca, Alaria esculenta and Palmaria palmata were compared with the traditional hot water extraction in terms of polyphenol, flavonoid and carbohydrate content. Moreover, antioxidant properties and enzymatic inhibitory activities were evaluated by using in vitro assays. PEF exhibited similar results to the traditional method, showing several advantages such as its non-thermal nature and shorter extraction time. Amongst the three Icelandic species, Alaria esculenta showed the highest content of phenolic (mean value 8869.7 µg GAE/g dw) and flavonoid (mean value 12,098.7 µg QE/g dw) compounds, also exhibiting the highest antioxidant capacities. Moreover, Alaria esculenta extracts exhibited excellent anti-enzymatic activities (76.9, 72.8, 93.0 and 100% for collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase and hyaluronidase, respectively) for their use in skin whitening and anti-aging products. Thus, our preliminary study suggests that Icelandic Alaria esculenta-based extracts produced by PEF could be used as potential ingredients for natural cosmetic and cosmeceutical formulations.

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Antiproliferative Activity and Apoptotic Efficiency of Syzygium cumini Bark Methanolic Extract against EAC Cells In Vivo

Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871520620666200811122137 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

Author(s):

Mst. Ayesha Siddika ◽

Plabon K. Das ◽

Saharia Y. Asha ◽

Suraiya Aktar ◽

Abu Rahyan M. Tareq ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anticancer Activity ◽

Antiproliferative Activity ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Syzygium Cumini ◽

Anticancer Activities ◽

Eac Cells

Background: Syzygium cumini, one of the evidence-based traditional medicinal plant used in the treatment of various ailments. Objectives: Herein, the antioxidant property and anticancer property of Syzygium cumini against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) were examined in search of effective chemotherapeutics. Methods: In vitro assays, phytochemical and chromatographic analysis were used to determine antioxidant properties and chemical constituents of Syzygium cummini bark methanolic extract (SCBME). Functional assays were used to measure the anticancer activity of SCBME. Fluorescence microscopy and RT-PCR were used to examine morphological and molecular changes of EAC cells followed by SCBME treatment. Results: Phytochemical and GC–MS analysis confirmed the presence of compounds with antioxidant and anticancer activities. Accordingly, we have noted a strong antioxidant activity of SCBME with an IC50 value of 10μg/ml. Importantly, SCBME exerted a dose-dependent anticancer activity with significant inhibition of EAC cell growth (71.08 ± 3.53%; p<0.001), reduction of tumour burden (69.50%; p<0.01) and increase of life span (73.13%; p<0.001) of EACbearing mice at 75mg/kg/day. Besides, SCBME restored the blood toxicity towards normal in EAC-bearing mice (p<0.05). SCBME treated EAC cells showed apoptotic features under a fluorescence microscope and fragment DNA in DNA laddering assay. Moreover, up-regulation of the tumour suppressor p53 and pro-apoptotic Bax and down-regulation of NF-κB and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 genes, implied induction of apoptosis followed by SCBME treatment. Conclusion: The antiproliferative activity of SCBME against EAC cells is likely due to apoptosis, mediated by regulation of p53 and NF-κB signalling. Thus, SCBME can be considered as a useful resource in cancer chemotherapy.

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