scholarly journals Dietary, Metabolic, and Potentially Environmental Modulation of the Lysine Acetylation Machinery

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Go-Woon Kim ◽  
Goran Gocevski ◽  
Chao-Jung Wu ◽  
Xiang-Jiao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Chromatin Dynamics ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Good State ◽  
Therapeutic Development ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
External Stimuli

Healthy lifestyles and environment produce a good state of health. A number of scientific studies support the notion that external stimuli regulate an individual's epigenomic profile. Epigenetic changes play a key role in defining gene expression patterns under both normal and pathological conditions. As a major posttranslational modification, lysine (K) acetylation has received much attention, owing largely to its significant effects on chromatin dynamics and other cellular processes across species. Lysine acetyltransferases and deacetylases, two opposing families of enzymes governing K-acetylation, have been intimately linked to cancer and other diseases. These enzymes have been pursued by vigorous efforts for therapeutic development in the past 15 years or so. Interestingly, certain dietary components have been found to modulate acetylation levelsin vivo. Here we review dietary, metabolic, and environmental modulators of the K-acetylation machinery and discuss how they may be of potential value in the context of disease prevention.

scholarly journals Nutraceuticals in Thyroidology: A Review of in Vitro, and in Vivo Animal Studies

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1337
Author(s):  
Salvatore Benvenga ◽  
Silvia Martina Ferrari ◽  
Giusy Elia ◽  
Francesca Ragusa ◽  
Armando Patrizio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Complementary Medicines ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Dietary Components

Nutraceuticals are defined as a food, or parts of a food, that provide medical or health benefits, including the prevention of different pathological conditions, and thyroid diseases, or the treatment of them. Nutraceuticals have a place in complementary medicines, being positioned in an area among food, food supplements, and pharmaceuticals. The market of certain nutraceuticals such as thyroid supplements has been growing in the last years. In addition, iodine is a fundamental micronutrient for thyroid function, but also other dietary components can have a key role in clinical thyroidology. Here, we have summarized the in vitro, and in vivo animal studies present in literature, focusing on the commonest nutraceuticals generally encountered in the clinical practice (such as carnitine, flavonoids, melatonin, omega-3, resveratrol, selenium, vitamins, zinc, and inositol), highlighting conflicting results. These experimental studies are expected to improve clinicians’ knowledge about the main supplements being used, in order to clarify the potential risks or side effects and support patients in their use.

scholarly journals Small-Molecule Inhibitor Targeting Protein Kinase D: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Die Lv ◽  
Hongli Chen ◽  
Yun Feng ◽  
Bomiao Cui ◽  
Yingzhu Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Protein Kinase D ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Calcium Calmodulin Dependent ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Molecule Inhibitor

The protein kinase D (PKD) family is a family of serine-threonine kinases that are members of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK) superfamily. PKDs have been increasingly implicated in multiple pivotal cellular processes and pathological conditions. PKD dysregulation is associated with several diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and obesity. Over the past few years, small-molecule inhibitors have emerged as alternative targeted therapy with fewer adverse side effects than currently available chemotherapy, and these specifically targeted inhibitors limit non-specific toxicities. The successful development of PKD inhibitors would significantly suppress the growth and proliferation of various cancers and inhibit the progression of other diseases. Various PKD inhibitors have been studied in the preclinical setting. In this context, we summarize the PKD inhibitors under investigation and their application for different kinds of diseases.

scholarly journals Recent advances in understanding circular RNAs

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constanze Ebermann ◽  
Theodor Schnarr ◽  
Sabine Müller
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Experimental Protocols

Exonic circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been discovered in all kingdoms of life. In many cases, the details of circRNA function and their involvement in cellular processes and diseases are not yet fully understood. However, the past few years have seen significant developments in bioinformatics and in experimental protocols that advance the ongoing research in this still-emerging field. Sophisticated methods for circRNA generation in vitro and in vivo have been developed, allowing model studies into circRNA function and application. We here review the ongoing circRNA research, giving special attention to recent progress in the field.

scholarly journals Rapid nucleus-scale reorganization of chromatin in neurons enables transcriptional adaptation for memory consolidation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Peter ◽  
Dominik F. Aschauer ◽  
Renata Vaz Pandolfo ◽  
Anne Sinning ◽  
Florian Grössl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Nuclear Architecture ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
Active Chromatin ◽  
Chromatin Dynamics ◽  
Transgenic Mouse Line ◽  
Transcriptional Adaptation ◽  
Chromatin Reorganization

AbstractThe interphase nucleus is functionally organized in active and repressed territories defining the transcriptional status of the cell. However, it remains poorly understood how the nuclear architecture of neurons adapts in response to behaviorally relevant stimuli that trigger fast alterations in gene expression patterns. Imaging of fluorescently tagged nucleosomes revealed that pharmacological manipulation of neuronal activity in vitro and auditory cued fear conditioning in vivo induce nucleus-scale restructuring of chromatin within minutes. Furthermore, the acquisition of auditory fear memory is impaired after infusion of a drug into auditory cortex which blocks chromatin reorganization in vitro. We propose that active chromatin movements at the nucleus scale act together with local gene-specific modifications to enable transcriptional adaptations at fast time scales. Introducing a transgenic mouse line for photolabeling of histones, we extend the realm of systems available for imaging of chromatin dynamics to living animals.

scholarly journals Regulation of Brain Primary Cilia Length by MCH Signaling: Evidence from Pharmacological, Genetic, Optogenetic and Chemogenic Manipulations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wedad Alhassen ◽  
Yuki Kobayashi ◽  
Jessica Su ◽  
Brianna Robbins ◽  
Henry Ngyuen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Primary Cilia ◽  
Designer Drugs ◽  
Genetic Manipulations ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Melanin Concentrating Hormone ◽  
Agonist And Antagonist ◽  
And Migration ◽  
External Stimuli

AbstractThe melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) system is involved in numerous functions including energy homeostasis, food intake, sleep, stress, mood, aggression, reward, maternal behavior, social behavior, and cognition. MCH acts on a G protein-coupled receptor MCHR1, which expresses ubiquitously in the brain and localizes to neuronal primary cilia. Cilia act as cells’ antennas and play crucial roles in cell signaling to detect and transduce external stimuli to regulate cell differentiation and migration. Cilia are highly dynamic in terms of their length and morphology; however, it is not known if cilia length is causally regulated by MCH system activation in-vivo. In the current work, we examined the effects of the activation and inactivation of MCH system on cilia lengths by using different methodologies, including pharmacological (MCHR1 agonist and antagonist GW803430), germline and conditional genetic deletion of MCHR1 and MCH, optogenetic, and chemogenetic (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD)) approaches. We found that stimulation of MCH system either directly through MCHR1 activation, or indirectly through optogenetic and chemogenetic- mediated excitation of MCH neurons, causes cilia shortening. Contrarily, inactivation of MCH signaling through pharmacological MCHR1 blockade or through genetic manipulations - germline deletion of MCHR1 and conditional ablation of MCH neurons - induces cilia lengthening. Our study is the first to uncover the causal effects of the MCH system in the regulation of the length of brain neuronal primary cilia. These findings place MCH system at a unique position in the ciliary signaling in physiological and pathological conditions, and implicate cilia MCHR1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pathological conditions characterized by impaired cilia function.

In vivo biochemistry: quantifying ion and metabolite levels in individual cells or cultures of yeast

2011 ◽  
Vol 438 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Bermejo ◽  
Jennifer C. Ewald ◽  
Viviane Lanquar ◽  
Alexander M. Jones ◽  
Wolf B. Frommer
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Time Resolution ◽  
Subcellular Distribution ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Fluorescent Indicators ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Over the past decade, we have learned that cellular processes, including signalling and metabolism, are highly compartmentalized, and that relevant changes in metabolic state can occur at sub-second timescales. Moreover, we have learned that individual cells in populations, or as part of a tissue, exist in different states. If we want to understand metabolic processes and signalling better, it will be necessary to measure biochemical and biophysical responses of individual cells with high temporal and spatial resolution. Fluorescence imaging has revolutionized all aspects of biology since it has the potential to provide information on the cellular and subcellular distribution of ions and metabolites with sub-second time resolution. In the present review we summarize recent progress in quantifying ions and metabolites in populations of yeast cells as well as in individual yeast cells with the help of quantitative fluorescent indicators, namely FRET metabolite sensors. We discuss the opportunities and potential pitfalls and the controls that help preclude misinterpretation.

scholarly journals Properties of mouse and human IgG receptors and their contribution to disease models

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 119 (24) ◽  
pp. 5640-5649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Bruhns
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Igg Receptors ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
First Time ◽  
Human And Mouse

Abstract Impressive advances in defining the properties of receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulins (FcR) have been made over the past several years. Ligand specificities were systematically analyzed for both human and mouse FcRs that revealed novel receptors for specific IgG subclasses. Expression patterns were redefined using novel specific anti-FcR mAbs that revealed major differences between human and mouse systems. The in vivo roles of IgG receptors have been addressed using specific FcR knockout mice or in mice expressing a single FcR, and have demonstrated a predominant contribution of mouse activating IgG receptors FcγRIII and FcγRIV to models of autoimmunity (eg, arthritis) and allergy (eg, anaphylaxis). Novel blocking mAbs specific for these activating IgG receptors have enabled, for the first time, the investigation of their roles in vivo in wild-type mice. In parallel, the in vivo properties of human FcRs have been reported using transgenic mice and models of inflammatory and allergic reactions, in particular those of human activating IgG receptor FcγRIIA (CD32A). Importantly, these studies led to the identification of specific cell populations responsible for the induction of various inflammatory diseases and have revealed, in particular, the unexpected contribution of neutrophils and monocytes to the induction of anaphylactic shock.

Human Positron Emission Tomography Neuroimaging

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 551-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob M. Hooker ◽  
Richard E. Carson
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Quantitative Modeling ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Therapeutic Development

Neuroimaging with positron emission tomography (PET) is the most powerful tool for understanding pharmacology, neurochemistry, and pathology in the living human brain. This technology combines high-resolution scanners to measure radioactivity throughout the human body with specific, targeted radioactive molecules, which allow measurements of a myriad of biological processes in vivo . While PET brain imaging has been active for almost 40 years, the pace of development for neuroimaging tools, known as radiotracers, and for quantitative analytical techniques has increased dramatically over the past decade. Accordingly, the fundamental questions that can be addressed with PET have expanded in basic neurobiology, psychiatry, neurology, and related therapeutic development. In this review, we introduce the field of human PET neuroimaging, some of its conceptual underpinnings, and motivating questions. We highlight some of the more recent advances in radiotracer development, quantitative modeling, and applications of PET to the study of the human brain.

ING function in apoptosis in diverse model systemsThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled CSBMCB’s 51st Annual Meeting – Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sitar Shah ◽  
Heather Smith ◽  
Xiaolan Feng ◽  
Derrick E. Rancourt ◽  
Karl Riabowol
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Peer Review Process ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Chromatin Dynamics ◽  
Cellular Processes

Genetic studies in model organisms have shown that programmed cell death (apoptosis) plays a significant role during development, where a deficiency in apoptosis results in severe and diverse diseases. Dysregulation of apoptosis also contributes to a variety of human diseases, such as cancer and autoimmune diseases. ING family proteins (ING1–ING5) are involved in many cellular processes, and appear to play a significant role in apoptosis. Loss or downregulation of ING protein function is frequently observed in different tumour types, many of which are resistant to apoptosis, thus warranting their classification as type II tumour suppressors. Several different in vitro and in vivo models have explored the role of ING proteins in regulating apoptosis. In this review, we discuss the progress that has been made in understanding ING protein function in apoptosis using in vitro studies and Mus musculus, Xenopus laevis, and Caenorhabditis elegans experimental models, with an emphasis on ING1 and ING3.

scholarly journals Regulation of Brain Primary Cilia Length By MCH Signaling: Evidence From Pharmacological, Genetic, Optogenetic And Chemogenic Manipulations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wedad Alhassen ◽  
Yuki Kobayashi ◽  
Jessica Su ◽  
Brianna Robbins ◽  
Henry Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Primary Cilia ◽  
Designer Drugs ◽  
Genetic Manipulations ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Melanin Concentrating Hormone ◽  
Agonist And Antagonist ◽  
And Migration ◽  
External Stimuli

Abstract The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system is involved in numerous functions, including energy homeostasis, food intake, sleep, stress, mood, aggression, reward, maternal behavior, social behavior, and cognition. MCH acts on a G protein-coupled receptor MCHR1, which expresses ubiquitously in the brain and localizes to neuronal primary cilia. Cilia act as cells' antennas and play crucial roles in cell signaling to detect and transduce external stimuli to regulate cell differentiation and migration. Cilia are highly dynamic in terms of their length and morphology; however, it is not known if cilia length is causally regulated by MCH system activation in-vivo. In the current work, we examined the effects of activation and inactivation of MCH system on cilia lengths by using different methodologies, including pharmacological (MCHR1 agonist and antagonist GW803430), germline and conditional genetic deletion of MCHR1 and MCH, optogenetic, and chemogenetic (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD)) approaches. We found that stimulation of MCH system either directly through MCHR1 activation, or indirectly through optogenetic and chemogenetic-mediated excitation of MCH neurons, causes cilia shortening. In contrast, inactivation of MCH signaling through pharmacological MCHR1 blockade or through genetic manipulations - germline deletion of MCHR1 and conditional ablation of MCH neurons - induces cilia lengthening. Our study is the first to uncover the causal effects of the MCH system in the regulation of the length of brain neuronal primary cilia. These findings place MCH system at a unique position in the ciliary signaling in physiological and pathological conditions, and implicate cilia MCHR1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pathological conditions characterized by impaired cilia function.

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