scholarly journals Where Do AQP4 Antibodies Fit in the Pathogenesis of NMO?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Kinoshita ◽  
Yuji Nakatsuji
Keyword(s):  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Specific Disease ◽  
Disease Marker ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Aqp4 Antibody

Recent advances in the field of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) research provided convincing evidence that anti-AQP4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) not only serves as a highly specific disease marker, but also plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Although it is now widely recognized that AQP4-Ab induces astrocytic necrosis in a complement-dependent manner, additional triggers are also suspected as a prerequisite for the development of the disease. Unraveling these unresolved aspects of the disease will provide substantial insight into still controversial issues in the pathogenesis of NMO.

Nucleosome dynamics

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Stockdale ◽  
Michael Bruno ◽  
Helder Ferreira ◽  
Elisa Garcia-Wilson ◽  
Nicola Wiechens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Chromatin Structure ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Nucleosome Dynamics ◽  
Sharp Focus ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Chromatin Structure And Dynamics

In the 30 years since the discovery of the nucleosome, our picture of it has come into sharp focus. The recent high-resolution structures have provided a wealth of insight into the function of the nucleosome, but they are inherently static. Our current knowledge of how nucleosomes can be reconfigured dynamically is at a much earlier stage. Here, recent advances in the understanding of chromatin structure and dynamics are highlighted. The ways in which different modes of nucleosome reconfiguration are likely to influence each other are discussed, and some of the factors likely to regulate the dynamic properties of nucleosomes are considered.

scholarly journals Control of microtubule dynamics using an optogenetic microtubule plus end–F-actin cross-linker

2017 ◽  
Vol 217 (2) ◽  
pp. 779-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca C. Adikes ◽  
Ryan A. Hallett ◽  
Brian F. Saway ◽  
Brian Kuhlman ◽  
Kevin C. Slep
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Actin Binding ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Exclusion Zone ◽  
Actin Networks ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster S2 Cells ◽  
Actin Binding Domain ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Insight Into

We developed a novel optogenetic tool, SxIP–improved light-inducible dimer (iLID), to facilitate the reversible recruitment of factors to microtubule (MT) plus ends in an end-binding protein–dependent manner using blue light. We show that SxIP-iLID can track MT plus ends and recruit tgRFP-SspB upon blue light activation. We used this system to investigate the effects of cross-linking MT plus ends and F-actin in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells to gain insight into spectraplakin function and mechanism. We show that SxIP-iLID can be used to temporally recruit an F-actin binding domain to MT plus ends and cross-link the MT and F-actin networks. Cross-linking decreases MT growth velocities and generates a peripheral MT exclusion zone. SxIP-iLID facilitates the general recruitment of specific factors to MT plus ends with temporal control enabling researchers to systematically regulate MT plus end dynamics and probe MT plus end function in many biological processes.

Gotta catch ‘em all: the microscale quest to understand cancer biology

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1203-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenwei Ma ◽  
Christopher Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Insight Into

We highlight recent advances in the innovative use of microscale engineered technologies to gain new insight into the integrative biophysical mechanisms that drive cancer initiation and progression.

Insight into the practical models for prediciting the essential role of the cytochrome P450-mediated biotransformation in emodin-associated hepatotoxicity

Toxicology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 462 ◽  
pp. 152930
Author(s):  
Tingting Zhang ◽  
Xiaomei He ◽  
Lanlan Sun ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
Shuya Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract 372: The Smad3 Pathway Critically Regulates Myofibroblast Proliferation And Synthetic Activity In Healing Myocardial Infarcts

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Dobaczewski ◽  
Marcin Bujak ◽  
Carlos Gonzalez ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Xiao-Fan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Proliferative Activity ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Cardiac Fibroblasts ◽  
Cardiac Fibroblast ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tenascin C ◽  
Infarcted Heart

We have recently demonstrated that the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β/Smad3 pathway is activated in healing infarcts and plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of cardiac remodeling. Smad3 −/− mice were protected from the development of ventricular dilation following infarction and exhibited markedly reduced fibrosis of the peri-infarct area and the remodeling non-infarcted heart. Accordingly, we hypothesized that Smad3 signaling plays an essential role in regulating cardiac fibroblast function and gene expression in myocardial infarction. Surprisingly, Smad3 −/− infarcts exhibited increased peak infiltration with myofibroblasts, associated with evidence of enhanced proliferative activity. Smad3 −/− mice had a higher density of Ki-67-positive proliferating myofibroblasts in the infarcted myocardium in comparison with wildtype (WT) animals (Smad3−/− 917±291 cells/mm 2 vs. WT 614±115 cells/mm 2 , p<0.05). In vitro experiments suggested that TGF-β inhibits murine cardiac fibroblast proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner and that the antiproliferative effects of TGF-β are abrogated in Smad3 −/− fibroblasts. On the other hand Smad3 signaling was essential for extracellular matrix protein synthesis by cardiac fibroblasts. TGF-β-mediated induction of procollagen type III and of the matricellular protein tenascin-C in cardiac fibroblasts was dependent on Smad3. In addition, TGF-β-induced Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 and -2 upregulation was also abrogated in Smad3 −/− fibroblasts, suggesting that Smad3 signaling regulates matrix metabolism. In vivo, Smad3 −/− infarcts exhibited attenuated tenascin-C and collagen deposition in the infarct and in the remodeling non-infarcted heart. Our findings suggest that the Smad3 pathway critically regulates fibroblast function in healing myocardial infarction. In Smad3 −/− mice, the healing infarct contains abundant myofibroblasts that exhibit enhanced proliferative activity, but have markedly decreased ability to synthesize extracellular matrix proteins and to produce TIMPs. In the absence of Smad3, attenuated matrix deposition in the remodeling non-infarcted heart results in decreased dilation and ameliorated diastolic dysfunction. This research has received full or partial funding support from the American Heart Association, AHA South Central Affiliate (Arkansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma & Texas).

scholarly journals A Mini Review: Recent Advances in Surface Modification of Porous Silicon

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seo Lee ◽  
Jae Kang ◽  
Dokyoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Porous Silicon ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Developed Surface ◽  
The Many ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Biomedical Fields

Porous silicon has been utilized within a wide spectrum of industries, as well as being used in basic research for engineering and biomedical fields. Recently, surface modification methods have been constantly coming under the spotlight, mostly in regard to maximizing its purpose of use. Within this review, we will introduce porous silicon, the experimentation preparatory methods, the properties of the surface of porous silicon, and both more conventional as well as newly developed surface modification methods that have assisted in attempting to overcome the many drawbacks we see in the existing methods. The main aim of this review is to highlight and give useful insight into improving the properties of porous silicon, and create a focused description of the surface modification methods.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease: practical considerations

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Juryńczyk ◽  
Anu Jacob ◽  
Kazuo Fujihara ◽  
Jacqueline Palace
Keyword(s):  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Transverse Myelitis ◽  
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein ◽  
Lesion Volume ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Visual Disability ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Aqp4 Antibody

The field of central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory diseases has recently broadened to include a new condition associated with pathogenic serum antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). This is distinct from multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). MOG antibody-associated disease phenotypes are varied and range from classical neuromyelitis optica to acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis and cortical encephalitis. The diagnosis depends on using a reliable, specific and sensitive assay of the antibody. Clinical and imaging features of MOG-associated syndromes overlap with AQP4 antibody NMOSD but can be usually distinguished from MS: in particular, the silent lesions typical of MS that progressively increase lesion volume are rare in MOG antibody disease. The disease can relapse but medium-term immunosuppression appears to be protective. Permanent disability, particularly severe ambulatory and visual disability, is less frequent than in AQP4 antibody NMOSD and usually results from the onset attack. However, sphincter and sexual dysfunction after a transverse myelitis is common. Here we review the practical aspects of diagnosing and managing a patient with MOG antibody-associated disease.

scholarly journals Dislocation–grain boundary interactions: recent advances on the underlying mechanisms studied via nanoindentation testing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhan Javaid ◽  
Habib Pouriayevali ◽  
Karsten Durst
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Displacement Curve ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Slip Transfer ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Dislocation Interactions ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract To comprehend the mechanical behavior of a polycrystalline material, an in-depth analysis of individual grain boundary (GB) and dislocation interactions is of prime importance. In the past decade, nanoindentation emerged as a powerful tool to study the local mechanical response in the vicinity of the GB. The improved instrumentation and test protocols allow to capture various GB–dislocation interactions during the nanoindentation in the form of strain bursts on the load–displacement curve. Moreover, the interaction of the plastic zone with the GB provides important insight into the dislocation transmission effects of distinct grain boundaries. Of great importance for the analysis and interpretation of the observed effects are microstructural investigations and computational approaches. This review paper focused on recent advances in the dislocation–GB interactions and underlying mechanisms studied via nanoindentation, which includes GB pop-in phenomenon, localized grain movement under ambient conditions, and an analysis of the slip transfer mechanism using theoretical treatments and simulations. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Avicenna’s Ideas and Arguments about Mind and Brain Interaction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Jamali ◽  
Mehdi Golshani ◽  
Yousef Jamali
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effect ◽  
Philosophical Analysis ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Islamic Philosophy ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Matter Interaction ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
Physics Literature ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The Brain

Mind and brain/matter interaction is one of the important and controversial issues in Islamic philosophy. In fact, in the resources of Islamic philosophy, one of the basic parts of philosophical discussions is related to mind&rsquo;s nature and its interaction with the brain. Especially, in Avicenna&rsquo;s philosophy, there are many articles and books which have addressed the topic of mind and brain and the relation between them. Avicenna was a profound philosopher, an expert physicist and a proficient physician of his time. Because of his experimental proficiency in medicine and surgery and his deep philosophical analysis, his discussion about mind and brain is very interesting for our time, due to recent advances in neuroscience. In this article, we have explained one of Avicenna&rsquo;s arguments (in his famous opus &ldquo;al-Isharat&rdquo;) about the incorporeity of mind (self), which is very close to modern neuroscience and physics literature. In addition, we explain his model of mind and brain interaction. Avicenna described the mechanism of the causal effect of mind on the brain via a third identity, which works as an interface between them (in his main book &ldquo;al-Shifa&rdquo;). We try to illustrate his model by the use of some examples, inspired from modern physics. Also, we explore the philosophical constraints which must be considered in any model of mind-matter interaction, within the Islamic philosophy framework. In fact, we propose a new understanding of Avicenna&rsquo;s philosophy which is in agreement with modern physics and neuroscience.

scholarly journals picd-1, a gene that encodes CABIN1 domain-containing protein, interacts with pry-1/Axin to regulate multiple processes in Caenorhabditis elegans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avijit Mallick ◽  
Shane K. B. Taylor ◽  
Sakshi Mehta ◽  
Bhagwati P. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Scaffolding Protein ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Downstream Effectors ◽  
Cellular Components

ABSTRACTAXIN family members control diverse biological processes in eukaryotes. As a scaffolding protein, AXIN facilitates interactions between cellular components and provides specificity to signaling pathways. Despite its crucial roles in metazoans and discovery of a large number of family members, the mechanism of AXIN function is not very well understood. The C. elegans AXIN homolog PRY-1 provides a powerful tool to identify interacting genes and downstream effectors that function in a conserved manner to regulate AXIN-mediated signaling. Previous work demonstrated pry-1’s essential role in developmental processes such as reproductive system, seam cells, and a P lineage cell P11.p. More recently, our lab carried out a transcriptome profiling of pry-1 mutant and uncovered the essential role of the gene in lipid metabolism, stress response, and aging. In this study, we have extended the work on pry-1 by reporting a novel interacting gene picd-1 (pry-1-interacting CABIN1 domain containing). Our findings have revealed that picd-1 plays an essential role in C. elegans and is involved in several pry-1-mediated processes including regulation of stress response and lifespan maintenance. In support of this, picd-1 expression overlaps with pry-1 in multiple tissues throughout the lifespan of animals. Further experiments showed that picd-1 inhibits CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator homolog CRTC-1 function, which promotes longevity in a calcineurin-dependent manner. These data provide evidence for an essential role of the CABIN1 domain protein PICD-1 in mediating PRY-1 signaling in C. elegans.

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