scholarly journals Goblet Cells and Mucin Related Gene Expression in Mice Infected withEimeria papillata

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Dkhil ◽  
Denis Delic ◽  
Saleh Al-Quraishy
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Fecal Output ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Coccidian Infection ◽  
Considerable Economic Loss

Coccidiosis causes considerable economic loss in the poultry industry. The current study aimed to investigate the response of goblet cells as well as the induced tissue damage duringEimeria papillatainfection. Mice were infected with sporulatedE. papillataoocytes. On day 5 postinfection, the fecal output was determined. Also, the jejunum was prepared for the histological, histochemical, and molecular studies. Our results revealed that the intestinal coccidian infection withE. papillatainduced a marked goblet cell hypoplasia and depleted mucus secretion. Also, the infection was able to alter the jejunal architecture and increased the apoptotic cells inside the villi. In addition, the real-time PCR results indicated that the inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, iNOS, IFN-γ, and IL-1β, were significantly upregulated. In contrast, the mRNA expression patterns of IL-6 in response toE. papillatainfection did not differ significantly between control and infected mice. Moreover, the mRNA expression of TLR4 was significantly upregulated, whereas the expression of MUC2 is significantly downregulated upon infection. Further studies are required to understand the regulatory mechanisms of goblet cells related genes.

scholarly journals A Comparative Perspective on Functionally-Related, Intracellular Calcium Channels: The Insect Ryanodine and Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Receptors

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1031
Author(s):  
Umut Toprak ◽  
Cansu Doğan ◽  
Dwayne Hegedus
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Insect Cells ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Insect Development ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Inositol 1,4,5 Trisphosphate ◽  
Target Sites

Calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis is vital for insect development and metabolism, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a major intracellular reservoir for Ca2+. The inositol 1,4,5- triphosphate receptor (IP3R) and ryanodine receptor (RyR) are large homotetrameric channels associated with the ER and serve as two major actors in ER-derived Ca2+ supply. Most of the knowledge on these receptors derives from mammalian systems that possess three genes for each receptor. These studies have inspired work on synonymous receptors in insects, which encode a single IP3R and RyR. In the current review, we focus on a fundamental, common question: “why do insect cells possess two Ca2+ channel receptors in the ER?”. Through a comparative approach, this review covers the discovery of RyRs and IP3Rs, examines their structures/functions, the pathways that they interact with, and their potential as target sites in pest control. Although insects RyRs and IP3Rs share structural similarities, they are phylogenetically distinct, have their own structural organization, regulatory mechanisms, and expression patterns, which explains their functional distinction. Nevertheless, both have great potential as target sites in pest control, with RyRs currently being targeted by commercial insecticide, the diamides.

scholarly journals Ex vivo mRNA expression of toll-like receptors during latent tuberculosis infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Birhan Alemnew ◽  
Soren T. Hoff ◽  
Tamrat Abebe ◽  
Markos Abebe ◽  
Abraham Aseffa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fold Change ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Relative Expression ◽  
Latently Infected ◽  
Latent Tb ◽  
Latent Tb Infection

Abstract Background Understanding immune mechanisms, particularly the role of innate immune markers during latent TB infection remains elusive. The main objective of this study was to evaluate mRNA gene expression patterns of toll-like receptors (TLRs) as correlates of immunity during latent TB infection and further infer their roles as potential diagnostic biomarkers. Methods Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were analysed in a total of 64 samples collected from apparently healthy children and adolescents latently infected with tuberculosis (n = 32) or non-infected (n = 32). Relative expression in peripheral blood of selected genes encoding TLRs (TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-6 and TLR-9) was determined with a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using specific primers and florescent labelled probes and a comparative threshold cycle method to define fold change. Data were analysed using Graph-Pad Prism 7.01 for Windows and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results An increased mean fold change in the relative expression of TLR-2 and TLR-6 mRNA was observed in LTBI groups relative to non-LTBI groups (p < 0.05), whereas a slight fold decrease was observed for TLR-1 gene. Conclusions An increased mRNA expression of TLR-2 and TLR-6 was observed in latently infected individuals relative to those non-infected, possibly indicating the roles these biomarkers play in sustenance of the steady state interaction between the dormant TB bacilli and host immunity.

Effects of Maternal Diabetes on Fetal Expression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein MRNAs in the Rat

1995 ◽  
Vol 147 (2) ◽  
pp. R5-R8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randal D. Streck ◽  
Veeraramani S. Rajaratnam ◽  
Renata B. Fishman ◽  
Peggy J. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Maternal Diabetes ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Igf Binding Proteins ◽  
Increased Risk

ABSTRACT Matemal diabetes is associated in humans and rats with an increased risk for fetal growth abnormalities and malformations. Therefore, the effect of maternal diabetes on expression of genes that regulate fetal growth and differentiation is of considerable interest. Developmental growth is regulated in part by the expression and availability of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). Postnatal expression of a subset of the IGFs and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) has been demonstrated to be regulated in response to diabetes and other metabolic conditions. We used in situ hybridization to analyze the effect of maternal diabetes, induced by streptozotocin (STZ) prior to mating, upon prenatal rat IGF and IGFBP mRNA expression. At gestational day (GD) 14, the most striking effect of maternal diabetes on fetal IGF/IGFBP gene expression was a marked increase in the abundance of IGFBP-1 mRNA within the liver primordia of fetuses isolated from diabetic dams compared to age-matched controls. This upregulation cannot be entirely due to the approximately one-half-day delay in fetal development (based on limb bud staging) associated with maternal diabetes, as there was no gross difference in the level of IGFBP-1 mRNA between GD13 and GD14 control fetal livers. In contrast, the fetal mRNA expression patterns of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-2, -3, -4, -5 and -6 were not grossly altered by maternal diabetes. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that IGFBP-1 produced within the fetal liver and secreted into fetal circulation may play a role in regulating rat fetal growth.

scholarly journals Birdsong Decreases Protein Levels of FoxP2, a Molecule Required for Human Speech

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 2015-2025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie E. Miller ◽  
Elizabeth Spiteri ◽  
Michael C. Condro ◽  
Ryan T. Dosumu-Johnson ◽  
Daniel H. Geschwind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Vocal Learning ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Area X

Cognitive and motor deficits associated with language and speech are seen in humans harboring FOXP2 mutations. The neural bases for FOXP2 mutation-related deficits are thought to reside in structural abnormalities distributed across systems important for language and motor learning including the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. In these brain regions, our prior research showed that FoxP2 mRNA expression patterns are strikingly similar between developing humans and songbirds. Within the songbird brain, this pattern persists throughout life and includes the striatal subregion, Area X, that is dedicated to song development and maintenance. The persistent mRNA expression suggests a role for FoxP2 that extends beyond the formation of vocal learning circuits to their ongoing use. Because FoxP2 is a transcription factor, a role in shaping circuits likely depends on FoxP2 protein levels which might not always parallel mRNA levels. Indeed our current study shows that FoxP2 protein, like its mRNA, is acutely downregulated in mature Area X when adult males sing with some differences. Total corticosterone levels associated with the different behavioral contexts did not vary, indicating that differences in FoxP2 levels are not likely attributable to stress. Our data, together with recent reports on FoxP2's target genes, suggest that lowered FoxP2 levels may allow for expression of genes important for circuit modification and thus vocal variability.

scholarly journals Reverse Feeding Suppresses the Activity of the GH Axis in Rats and Induces a Preobesogenic State

Endocrinology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (3) ◽  
pp. 869-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla A.-M. Glad ◽  
Edward E. J. Kitchen ◽  
Gemma C. Russ ◽  
Sophie M. Harris ◽  
Jeffrey S. Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Phase Inversion ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Dark Phase ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Gh Secretion

Reversed feeding (RF) is known to disrupt hormone rhythmicity and metabolism. Although these effects may be mediated in part by phase inversion of glucocorticoid secretion, the precise mechanism is incompletely characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that acute nocturnal food deprivation in male rats suppressed the amplitude of spontaneous GH secretion during the dark phase by 62% (P &lt; 0.001), without affecting baseline secretion. Prolonged RF, which reduced pituitary weight (by 22%; P &lt; 0.05), also suppressed GH pulse height sufficiently to reduce skeletal growth (by 4–5%; P &lt; 0.01) and terminal liver weight (by 11%; P &lt; 0.001). Despite this suppression of the GH axis, proportionate adiposity was not elevated, probably due to the accompanying 16% reduction in cumulative food intake (P &lt; 0.01). We demonstrate that RF also resulted in phase inversion of core clock gene expression in liver, abdominal white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle, without affecting their expression patterns in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. In addition, RF resulted in phase inversion of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 mRNA expression, a 3- to 5-fold elevation in fatty acid synthase mRNA in WAT in both light- and dark-phase samples (P &lt; 0.01) and an elevation in muscle uncoupling protein 3 mRNA expression at the beginning of the light phase (P &lt; 0.01). Consumption of a high-fat diet increased inguinal (by 36%; P &lt; 0.05) and retroperitoneal WAT weight (by 72%; P &lt; 0.01) only in RF-maintained rats, doubling the efficiency of lipid accumulation (P &lt; 0.05). Thus, RF not only desynchronizes central and peripheral circadian clocks, and suppresses nocturnal GH secretion, but induces a preobesogenic state.

scholarly journals Selenium status affects selenoprotein expression, reproduction, and F1 generation locomotor activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (11) ◽  
pp. 1918-1931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Penglase ◽  
Kristin Hamre ◽  
Josef D. Rasinger ◽  
Staale Ellingsen
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Gpx Activity ◽  
Se Status

Se is an essential trace element, and is incorporated into selenoproteins which play important roles in human health. Mammalian selenoprotein-coding genes are often present as paralogues in teleost fish, and it is unclear whether the expression patterns or functions of these fish paralogues reflect their mammalian orthologues. Using the model species zebrafish (Danio rerio; ZF), we aimed to assess how dietary Se affects key parameters in Se metabolism and utilisation including glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, the mRNA expression of key Se-dependent proteins (gpx1a, gpx1b, sepp1a and sepp1b), oxidative status, reproductive success and F1 generation locomotor activity. From 27 d until 254 d post-fertilisation, ZF were fed diets with graded levels of Se ranging from deficient ( < 0·10 mg/kg) to toxic (30 mg/kg). The mRNA expression of gpx1a and gpx1b and GPX activity responded in a similar manner to changes in Se status. GPX activity and mRNA levels were lowest when dietary Se levels (0·3 mg/kg) resulted in the maximum growth of ZF, and a proposed bimodal mechanism in response to Se status below and above this dietary Se level was identified. The expression of the sepp1 paralogues differed, with only sepp1a responding to Se status. High dietary Se supplementation (30 mg/kg) decreased reproductive success, while the offspring of ZF fed above 0·3 mg Se/kg diet had lower locomotor activity than the other groups. Overall, the novel finding of low selenoprotein expression and activity coinciding with maximum body growth suggests that even small Se-induced variations in redox status may influence cellular growth rates.

scholarly journals Cryopreservation of microglia enables single-cell RNA sequencing with minimal effects on disease-related gene expression patterns

iScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 102357
Author(s):  
Brenda Morsey ◽  
Meng Niu ◽  
Shetty Ravi Dyavar ◽  
Courtney V. Fletcher ◽  
Benjamin G. Lamberty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Single Cell Rna Sequencing ◽  
Disease Related Gene

scholarly journals FOXP2 exhibits projection neuron class specific expression, but is not required for multiple aspects of cortical histogenesis

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J Kast ◽  
Alexandra L Lanjewar ◽  
Colton D Smith ◽  
Pat Levitt
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Projection Neuron ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Neuron Populations ◽  
Mouse Cortex ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Molecular Phenotypes ◽  
And Function

The expression patterns of the transcription factor FOXP2 in the developing mammalian forebrain have been described, and some studies have tested the role of this protein in the development and function of specific forebrain circuits by diverse methods and in multiple species. Clinically, mutations in FOXP2 are associated with severe developmental speech disturbances, and molecular studies indicate that impairment of Foxp2 may lead to dysregulation of genes involved in forebrain histogenesis. Here, anatomical and molecular phenotypes of the cortical neuron populations that express FOXP2 were characterized in mice. Additionally, Foxp2 was removed from the developing mouse cortex at different prenatal ages using two Cre-recombinase driver lines. Detailed molecular and circuit analyses were undertaken to identify potential disruptions of development. Surprisingly, the results demonstrate that Foxp2 function is not required for many functions that it has been proposed to regulate, and therefore plays a more limited role in cortical development than previously thought.

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