scholarly journals Analysis on Residents’ Travel Activity Pattern in Historic Urban Areas: A Case Study of Historic Urban Area of Yangzhou, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mao Ye ◽  
Miao Yu ◽  
Xiucheng Guo ◽  
Yingshun Liu ◽  
Zhibin Li
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Mnl Model

Travel behaviors and activity patterns in the historic urban area of a city are expected to be different from the overall situations in the city area. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the residents’ travel activity patterns in historic urban area. Based on survey data conducted in the historic urban area of Yangzhou, the travel activities of local residents in a whole day were classified into five types of patterns. The multinomial logit (MNL) model was developed to evaluate the impacts of explanatory variables on the choices of activity patterns. The results showed that the choice of activity pattern was significantly impacted by five contributing factors including the gender, age, occupation, car ownership, and number of electric bikes in household. The other variables, which were the family population, preschoolers, number of conventional bikes in household, motorcycle ownership, and income, were found to be not significantly related to the choice of activities. The results of this study from historic urban area were compared to findings of previous studies from overall urban area. The comparison showed that the impacts of factors on activity pattern in the historic urban area were different from those in the overall area. Findings of this study provide important suggestions for the policy makings to improve the traffic situations in historic urban areas of cities.

Cordaid’s Post-Disaster Shelter Strategy in Haiti: Linking Relief and Development

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Harmen Janse ◽  
Kees van der Flier
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Post Disaster

Haiti was struck by a heavy earthquake in 2010 and international aid poured into the country. News reports in 2011 were not very positive about the results of post-disaster reconstruction: “The relief efforts are only putting Haiti on life-support instead of evolving into the next stage of development”. One of the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) involved in Haiti was Cordaid, implementing a ‘transitional shelter strategy’ to support the transformation of neigh-bourhoods from a state of life-support into a state of self-sustaining development. The strategy was implemented in both a rural and an urban area. The main feature of the strategy was the provision of structures that could be adapted from simple shelters to permanent houses. Since the results of the strategy were mixed and ambiguous, a comparative case study was conducted to evaluate the shelter strategy in both areas. The objective was to draw lessons about what has to be taken into account when formulating future urban shelter strategies. The case study is discussed in this article. The main finding from the case study is that producing the intended number of shelters within the financial and time budgets that were set (efficiency), was more difficult in the urban area than in the rural area. But the conditions for linking relief and development (effectiveness) are more favourable in the urban context. NGOs may achieve long-term (effective) results in the urban context when a lower efficiency can be justified. That is why NGOs need to engage in a debate about the extent to which they are able to focus on long-term shelter or housing strategies. The important element in the debate is communication with the donors who are often focused on short-term relief measures. However urban areas cannot be rebuilt with only short-term interventions. The link between relief and development has to be made by a process-orientated approach focusing on capacities of local participants.

scholarly journals Modeling the Commuting Travel Activities within Historic Districts in Chinese Cities

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mao Ye ◽  
Miao Yu ◽  
Zhibin Li ◽  
Fengjun Yin ◽  
Qizhou Hu
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Historic District ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Historic Districts ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Endogenous Variables

The primary objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of commuting activities within the historical districts in cities of China. The impacts of various explanatory variables on commuters’ travels are evaluated using the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The household survey was conducted in the historical districts in Yangzhou, China. Based on the data, various individual and household attributes were considered exogenous variables, while the subsistence activity characteristics, travel times, numbers of three typical home-based trip chains, trip chains, and travel mode were considered as the endogenous variables. Commuters in our study were classified into two main groups according to their working location, which were the commuters in the historic district and those out of the district. The modeling results show that several individual and household attributes of commuters in historic district have significant impacts on the characteristics of travel activities. Additionally, the characteristics of travel activities within the two groups are quite different, and the contributing factors related to commuting travels are different as well.

scholarly journals MIGRATIONS, POWER AND URBAN SPACES IN SICILIJA THROUGH AN ETHNOGRAPHIC CASE STUDY

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Daria Settineri
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Social Connections ◽  
Ethnographic Case Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
Extra State

In this article, the author, based on concrete factual material, explores the specifics of modern migration processes considered within an urban area localized in Palermo (Sicily). In the context of this complex heterotopic space, resorting to the conceptual apparatus of M. Foucault, this kind of rhizome, if we operate with the concepts of J. Deleuze and F.Guattari, the author analyzes the actions of various actors of power – local and transnational – which dominate in this closed socio-urban environment, outlined by the framework of certain city blocks, – formal and informal, institutionalized and not, state and extra-state, legal and illegal, political, social, ecclesiastical, economic, criminal, the objects of projection and manifestation of which are migrants (primarily illegal) concentrated in these urban areas, who coexist there with the local population. The author also studies reactions of “newcomers” to the factors that affect them, including their ways of understanding and familiarizing with of their new place of residence as a micro- and the macrocosm, in all the diversity and complexity of the social connections that permeate this habitat and the factors that affect it.

scholarly journals The impact of housing transformation to livability in North Bandung Peri-urban area

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-268
Author(s):  
Romi Bramantyo Margono ◽  
Yulia ◽  
Siswanti Zuraida ◽  
Wiwik Dwi Pratiwi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Spatial Transformation ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

Urbanization is an undeniable phenomenon that happens globally, including in Indonesia. Indonesian cities are growing, causing urban sprawl and transformation of rural areas into urban areas. In between the urban and rural there is peri-urban area that has unique mixed characteristics of both. Areas with such characteristics can be found easily in the outskirts of Bandung city. The growth of peri-urban areas in Bandung occurs simultaneously with the growing tourism industries. This phenomenon caused a spatial transformation especially to the existing houses, which gives impacts to the livability of the area. This article would focus upon how housing transformation in peri-urban areas can affect the livability of the area by using the North Bandung peri-urban area as a case study. The result shows that the spatial transformation that happens in peri-urban areas gives positive impacts to social, economy, and spatial aspects, but unfortunately not the environmental aspects. 

Exploration of Contributing Factors Related to Driver Errors on Highway Segments

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (38) ◽  
pp. 22-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Razaur Rahman Shaon ◽  
Xiao Qin ◽  
Zhi Chen ◽  
Jian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Multinomial Probit Model ◽  
Driver Error

A significant portion of crashes occurred on highway segments, with more than 90% of crashes associated with driving errors. To avoid a crash, a driver needs to detect a hazard, decide the safest driving maneuvers, and execute them properly. Driver errors at any of these sequential phases may lead to a crash; therefore, it is necessary to identify the contributing factors and assess their influence on driver behavior. To assist this investigation, a multinomial probit model was employed to study driver errors reported in crashes in rural and urban areas. The modeling results identified many highway geometric features, traffic conditions, roadway events, and driver characteristics as statistically correlated to different types of driver error. Following the extensive list, the impacts of error-contributing factors were discussed within each error category. This exercise helps to gain a better understanding of similar or varying effects of explanatory variables across different error categories. The broad and insightful information will help researchers and safety professionals to better understand when, where, and how the driver error may lead to a crash and to develop cost-effective preventive countermeasures.

scholarly journals Detection of Seasonal Deformation of Highway Overpasses Using the PS-InSAR Technique: A Case Study in Beijing Urban Area

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 3071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyuan Lyu ◽  
Yinghai Ke ◽  
Xiaojuan Li ◽  
Lin Zhu ◽  
Lin Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Structural Deformation ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Persistent Scatterers ◽  
Concentration Degree ◽  
Seasonal Indices

In urban areas, deformation of transportation infrastructures may lead to serious safety accidents. Timely and accurate monitoring of the structural deformation is critical for prevention of transportation accidents and assurance of construction quality, particularly in areas with regional land subsidence, such as the city of Beijing. In this study, we proposed a method for the detection of seasonal deformation of highway overpasses using the integration of persistent scatterers Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) techniques and seasonal indices, i.e., deformation concentration degree (DCD) and deformation concentration period (DCP) indices. Taking eastern Beijing urban area as a case study area, we first used the PS-InSAR technique to derive time series surface deformation based on 55 TerraSAR-X images during 2010–2016. Then, we proposed DCD and DCP indices to characterize seasonal deformation of 25 highway overpasses in the study area, with DCD representing to what degree the annual deformation is distributed in a year, and DCP representing the period on which deformation concentrates in the year. Our results showed that the maximum annual deformation rate reached −141.3 mm/year in Beijing urban area, and the PS-InSAR measurements agreed well with levelling measurements (R2 > 0.97). For PS pixels with DCD ≥ 0.3, the monthly deformation showed obvious seasonal patterns with deformation values during some months greater than those during the other months. DCP revealed that the settlement during autumn and winter was more serious than that in spring and summer. The seasonal patterns seemed to be related to the location, structure, and construction age of the overpasses. The upper-level overpasses, the newly constructed overpasses, and those located in the subsidence area (rate < −40 mm/year) tended to show a greater seasonal pattern. The seasonal deformation variations were also affected by groundwater-level fluctuation, temperature, and compressible layer.

scholarly journals A GIS-based model to estimate flood consequences and the degree of accessibility and operability of strategic emergency response structures in urban areas

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2847-2865 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Albano ◽  
A. Sole ◽  
J. Adamowski ◽  
L. Mancusi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Proposed Model

Abstract. Efficient decision-making regarding flood risk reduction has become a priority for authorities and stakeholders in many European countries. Risk analysis methods and techniques are a useful tool for evaluating costs and benefits of possible interventions. Within this context, a methodology to estimate flood consequences was developed in this paper that is based on GIS, and integrated with a model that estimates the degree of accessibility and operability of strategic emergency response structures in an urban area. The majority of the currently available approaches do not properly analyse road network connections and dependencies within systems, and as such a loss of roads could cause significant damages and problems to emergency services in cases of flooding. The proposed model is unique in that it provides a maximum-impact estimation of flood consequences on the basis of the operability of the strategic emergency structures in an urban area, their accessibility, and connection within the urban system of a city (i.e. connection between aid centres and buildings at risk), in the emergency phase. The results of a case study in the Puglia region in southern Italy are described to illustrate the practical applications of this newly proposed approach. The main advantage of the proposed approach is that it allows for defining a hierarchy between different infrastructure in the urban area through the identification of particular components whose operation and efficiency are critical for emergency management. This information can be used by decision-makers to prioritize risk reduction interventions in flood emergencies in urban areas, given limited financial resources.

scholarly journals A Spatiotemporal Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Peri-Urban Areas: A Case Study of Arshaly District, Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onggarbek Alipbeki ◽  
Chaimgul Alipbekova ◽  
Arnold Sterenharz ◽  
Zhanat Toleubekova ◽  
Meirzhan Aliyev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Multispectral Images ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
The Republic

In this study, the spatiotemporal dynamics of land use and land cover (LULC) were evaluated in the peri-urban area of the Arshaly district, which borders the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Landsat multispectral images were used to study the changes in LULC. The analysis of LULC dynamics was carried out using supervised classification with a multi-temporal interval (1998, 2008, and 2018). During the study period, noticeable changes occurred in LULC. There was an increase in the area of arable land and forests and a reduction in the pastures. There was a sharp increase in the built-up area; that is, there was an intensification of land use through an increase in the share of arable land as well as the transformation of agricultural land for development. However, in general, the influence of urban sprawl in this peri-urban area has so far been accompanied by only a slight focus on its sustainable development.

scholarly journals Integrative Groundwater Studies in a Small-Scale Urban Area: Case Study from the Municipality of Penafiel (NW Portugal)

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Freitas ◽  
Helder I. Chaminé ◽  
Maria José Afonso ◽  
Helen Meerkhan ◽  
Tiago Abreu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Gis Mapping ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Contamination Sources ◽  
Potential Index ◽  
Hydrogeochemical Facies ◽  
Key Issues

The occurrence of groundwater in urban hard rock areas is mostly controlled by secondary permeability caused by the fracturing degree and weathering grade. Vulnerability GIS-mapping, monitoring, and infiltration/recharge of water resources, and the delineation of the environmental protective background are key issues in evaluating, planning, managing, and decision-making for urban water systems. A small-scale urban area in Penafiel City was used as a case study. Historical and current scenarios were compared using hydrogeological GIS-based modelling. Water sources and potential contamination sources were mapped around the study area. Groundwater is mainly acidic, with a low mineralization and a Cl-Na to Cl-SO4-Na or Cl-Ca to Cl-SO4-Ca hydrogeochemical facies. Considering potential contamination sources, the moderate and the moderate-high classes dominate the area. The combined approach of the vulnerability indexes suggests that most of the area has a low to moderate vulnerability to contamination. The Infiltration Potential Index in urban areas (IPI-urban) indicates the prevalence of a low to moderate infiltration. Groundwater recharge evaluation indicates values < 2.3 mm/year and <60 mm/year for summer and winter scenarios, respectively. Finally, the investigation addresses insights for decision-makers for the appropriate planning and sustainable management of groundwater resources in small-scale urban areas.

Prediction and Factor Identification for Crash Severity: Comparison of Discrete Choice and Tree-Based Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (9) ◽  
pp. 640-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyi Wang ◽  
Sung Hoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Crash Severity ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Crash Data ◽  
Collision Type ◽  
Mnl Model

Crash severity is one of the most widely studied topics in traffic safety area. Scholars have studied crash severity through various types of models. Using the publicly available 2017 Maryland crash data from the Department of Maryland State Police, the authors develop a multinomial logit (MNL) model and a random forest (RF) model, which belong to discrete choice and tree-based models, respectively, to (1) identify factors contributing to crash severity and (2) compare prediction performances and interpretation abilities between the two models. Based on the model results, major contributing factors of crash severity are identified, including collision type, occupant age, and speed limit. For the given dataset, RF has a higher prediction accuracy than MNL based on multiple measures (precision, recall, and F1 score), even though the differences are not dramatic. Sensitivity analysis results show that RF is less sensitive than MNL. RF can automatically capture the non-linear effects of continuous variables and reduce the influence of collinearity relationships existing among explanatory variables. This study shows the possibility of conducting sensitivity analysis to enhance understanding of MNL and RF results, and uncovers unique characteristics of the discrete choice and tree-based models.

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